IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SS0 

(716)  872-4S03 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notaa  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquas 


Tha  Instituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  In  tha 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mattjod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  baiow. 


L'tnstitut  a  microfilm*  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu'ii  lui  a  M  possibia  da  sa  procurar.  Las  details 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  sont  paut-Atra  uniquas  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modifier 
una  image  raproduite,  ou  qui  pauvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thoda  normaia  da  filmaga 
sont  indiqu^ls  ci-dessous. 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

I      I   Covers  damaged/ 


D 


D 


D 
D 


n 


D 


Couverture  endommagie 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  reataurte  et/ou  pellicula 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I — j    Coloured  mapa/ 


Cartea  giographiquaa  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  )u  noirel 


□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illuatrations/ 
Planchea  et/ou  iliuatrationa  an  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avac  d'autrea  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cauae  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rioura 

Blank  leaves  added  during  reatoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certainas  pagea  blanches  ajoutAea 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaiasant  dana  la  texte, 
maia,  lorsque  cela  ttait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmAas. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairas  supplAmentaires; 


r~|   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


D 


Pagee  de  couleur 

Pagea  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  reataurias  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Q    Pages  discoloureril,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d4color4es,  tachatAes  ou  piquies 

□    Pages  detached/ 
Pagea  ditachias 

□    Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Q    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  in^gala  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material^ 
Comprend  du  matiriji  supplAmantaire 


f:-- 


r~~|    Only  edition  available/ 


Seule  idition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  Jtc.  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  pages  totalement  ou  partiellamant 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  palure, 
etc.,  ont  iti  filmies  i  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmdk  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

ax 

26X 

aox 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


^nmenf 


Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  has  b««n  r«produe«d  thanks 
to  th«  ganarosity  of: 

Seminary  of  Quebec 
Library 


L'ajiampiaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  k  ia 
g^nAroaitA  da: 

SAminaire  de  QuMiec 
Bibiiothique 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  urn  tha  baat  quality 
poaaibia  conaldaring  tha  condition  and  laglbillty 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacif Icationa. 


Laa  imagaa  auhrantaa  ont  4t*  raproduitaa  avae  ia 
plua  grand  soln,  compta  tanu  da  ia  condition  at 
da  ia  nattat*  da  I'axamplaira  film*,  at  9n 
conformltA  avac  laa  conditions  du  contrat  da 
fllmaga. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  fllmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
sion,  or  tha  bacic  covar  whan  appropriate.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatrated  impree- 
sion.  and  ending  on  the  iaet  page  with  a  printad 
or  illuatrated  impreaaion. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  «-^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meening  "END"), 
whichever  epplies. 


Lee  exempleiree  originaux  dont  ia  couverture  en 
papier  eat  imprimAe  sent  fllmte  en  commenpant 
par  ia  premier  plat  at  en  terminent  soit  per  la 
dernMre  pege  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impreeaion  ou  d'iilustration,  solt  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  ia  caa.  Tous  lea  autrea  exempiaires 
originaux  sent  fllmte  en  commen^ant  par  la 
pramlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
dimpreealon  ou  d'iilustration  at  en  terminent  par 
la  darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
emprelnte. 

Un  dea  symbolea  suivants  apparattra  sur  ia 
demlAre  Imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
caa:  la  symbole  — *•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbole  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 


Meps.  plataa,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoaura  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  ae 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lee  cartea.  planches,  tableeux.  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
fllm^e  A  dea  taux  de  rAduction  diff  Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reprodult  en  un  seul  cilchA.  ii  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  i'angle  supArleur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  haut  mt  baa,  an  pranant  ia  nombra 
d'Imagea  nAcaaaaira.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illuatrent  ia  mAthode. 


t 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Br 


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j^. 


AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY: 

O  R, 

An  historical  ACCOUN 
Of  those  persons 
who  have  been  distinguished  ii* 

America, 


A  I 


ADVENTURERS, 

STATESMEN, 

PHILOSOPHERS, 


DIVINES, 

WARRIORS, 

AUTHORS, 


And  other  remarkable  CHARACTERS. 

Comprehending  a  Recital  of 

The  EVENTS  conneaed  with  their  LIVES  and 

ACTIONS. 

VOL.    I.  """^ 

BY  JEREMY    BELKNAP,    d.  d. 


*'  Hie  manus  ob  patriam  piignando  vulnera  pafli 
Quique  facerdotes  cafti,  cum  vita  manebat : 
Quiquc  pii  vates,  ct  Phcebo  digna  locuti  : 
Inventas  aut  qui  vitam  excoluere  per  artes : 
Quique  fui  memores  alios  fecere  merendo  :" 

VIRGIL, 

PubliisfieD  accocoiflg  to  Sift  of  CongreCer* 


PRINTED  at  505  TON, 

•  y  ISAIAH  THOMAS  AND  EBENEZERT.  ANDREWS. 

Faust'i  Statuk,  No  45,  Newbury   Stkekt. 


ie  S6tx.inaire  de  Qufebec 
3,  rue  de  VUi^versit6, 
Qufebec  4,  QUE- 


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I.--. 


A  D  V  E  RTISEM  E  N  T.     . 

NO  apology  is  neceflary  for  the  appearance  of  this  work, 
if  its  utility  be  admitted. 

My  iirft  intention  was  to  place  the  names  in  alphabetical  order  ; 
but,  on  farther  confideration,  it  was  found  to  be  impraQicaUe, 
unlefs  the  whole  work  were  before  me  at  one  view.  A  chronolog- 
ical arrangement  appeared,  on  the  whole,  equally  proper,  and  mora 
in  my  power.  Should  any  deviation  from  the  exa£l  order  take 
place,  it  muft  be  afcribed  to  a  deficiency  of  materials ;  which 
however,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  fupplied,  at  fome  future  time. 

Boston,  January,  1794. 


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Tv*  .'^I'^fi')     MfiO;'  >"f    .311/? 


PRELIMINARY  DISSERTATION. 

On  the   Circumnavigation  of   Africa  by  the  An- 
cients;   and  its  probable  Confequence,  the  Popu- 
vlationo/ fame  Parte/  AuEKic A,  uii  » 


,t,^> 


i  HE  firft  navigators,  of  whom  we  have  any 
account,  were  the  Phenicians,  who  were  fcattered 
along  the  coafts  of  the  Mediterranean  and  of  the 
Red  Sea.  As  early  as  the  days  of  Mofes,  they  had 
extended  their  navigation  beyond  the  pillars  of 
Hercules,  on  the  weftern  coaft  of  Africa,  toward 
the  fouth ;  and  as  far  northward  as  the  ifland  of 
Britain,  whence  they  imported  tin  and  lead,*  which 
according  to  the  univerfal  teftimony  of  the  anciepts, 
were  not  then  found  in  any  other  country. 

From  the  accounts  given  in  ancient  hiftory  of  the 
expeditions  of  Sefoftris,  King  of  Egypt,  fome  have 
been  led  to  conclude,  that  he  made  a  difcovery  of 
all  the  coafts  of  Africa.t  However  this  might  I  , 
there  is  no  doubt  that  he  opened,  or  revived  a  com- 
mercial intercourfe  with  India  and  Ethiopia,  by 
way  of  the  Red  Sea,  It  hath  alfo  been  thought, 
that  the  voyages  of  the  Phenicians  and  Hebrews  to 
Ophir,  in  the  time  of  Solomon,  were  nothing  more 
nor  lefs  than  circumnavigations  of  Africa.  J 

But 

*  See  Numbers,  chap,  xxxi,  ver.  22. 

+  Forfter's  Hiftory  of  Voyages  and  Difcoveri««,  page  7. 


+  Ibid. 


A3 


■''t, 

** 


h. 


Preliminary  Dissertation. 


% 


But,  leaving  thefe,  for  the  prefent,  in  the  region 
of  conjecture  ;   the  earlieft  regular  account  which 
we  have,  of  any  voyage  round  the  contiiient  of  Af- 
rica, is  that  performed  by  order  of  Nccho,  King  of 
Egypt,  and  recorded  by  Herodotui ;  the  moft  an- 
cient  hiflorian,  except   the  facred  writers,  whofe 
works  have  come  down  to  our  time.     His  charafter 
as  a  hiilorian  is,  ^<  candid  in  his  acknowledgment 
of  wh^t  is  uncertain,  and  ablblute  when  he  fpeaks 
of  what  he  knows. '     The  dat^  of  Net  ho 's  reign  is 
fixed  by  Rollin  616  years  before  Chrift.     The  date 
of  Herodotus'  hillory  is  placed  by  Dufr^fnoy  in  the 
third  year  of  the  83d  Olympiad,  anfwering  to  446 
years  before  Chrift.     So  that  he  muft  have  penned 
his  narration  of  this  voyage,  in  lefs  than  two  centu- 
ries after  it  was  performed.    I  fhall  give  his  account 
9t  large,  in  a  literal  tranflation,  from  the  Genevs^ 
edition  of  his  work,  in  Greek  and  Latin,  by  Stepha- 
nus.*    In  defcribing  the  feveral  great  divifions  of 
the  earth,  he  fpeaks  thus :  1 

"  I  wonder  at  thole  who  have  divided  and  diftin- 
guilhed  Lybia,+  Afiaand  Europe,  between  which 
there  is  not  a  little  difference.  If  indeed  Europe 
agrees  with  the  others  in  length,  yet  in  breadth  it 
does  not  feem,  to  me,  worthy  to  be  compared.  For, 
Lybia  fhews  itfelf  to  be  Jurrounded  by  the  fea,  ex-» 
cept  where  it  joins  to  Afia.  Necos,  King  of  the 
Egyptians,  being  the  firft  of  thofe,  whom  we  know, 

to 

*  Lib.  iv,  chap.  4a. 

+  Lybia  is  the  name  by  which  the  whole  continent  of  Africa 
w^s  called  by  the  Greeks. 


! 


h 


iPr  P;i£LIMINARY    DISSERTATION.  f 

to  dein(^  .Urate  it.  After  he  had  defifted  from  dig- 
ging a  Jitch  from  the  Nile  to  the  Arabian  gulf  (in 
which  work  above  twenty  thoufand  Egyptians  pc< 
rifhed  ;  he  betook  himfelf  to  raifing  armies  and 
building  fhips,  partly  in  the  north  fea*  and  partly  in 
the  Arabian  gulf,  at  the  Red  Sea,  of  which  they 
yet  (how  fome  remains. t)  He  fent  certain  Pheni- 
cians  in  fhips,  commanding  them,  that  having  pafT- 
ed  the  pillars  of  Hercules,  they  Aiould  penetrate  the 
north  fea,  and  fo  return  to  Egypt.  The  Pheni- 
cians  therefore  loofing  from  the  Red  Sea,  went 
away  into  the  fouthern  fea,  and,  direding  their 
fhips  to  land,  made  a  feed  time,  at  the  end  of  au- 
tumn, that  they  might  expe6i  a  harveft,  and  might 
afliduoufly  coaft  Lybia.  Then,  having  gathered 
the  harvefl,  they  failed.  J  Thus,  two  years  being 
confumed ;  in  the  third  year,  coming  round  the 
pillars  of  Hercules,  they  returned  to  Egypt ;  re- 
porting things  which  with  me  have  no  credit,  but 
may  perhaps  with  others,  that  in  failing  round  Lybia 
they  had  the  Sun  on  the  right  hand'§  In  this  manner 
it  was  firfl  known.  '      -.    * 

"In    the    fecond  place,    the    Carthaginians, 
have    faid,    that    a    certain    Satafpes,    fon    of 

Tcafpis 

*  By  the  north  fea  is  meant  the  Mediterranean,  which  lies  north 

of  Egypt. 

+  Lib.  ii,  chap.  48. 

J  "  Into  whatever  part  of  Lybia  featnen  came,  they  waited  for 
harveft,  and  when  they  had  reaped,  they  loofed  from  the  Ihore." 

(Note  of  Stephanus. 

§  i.  e.  They  being  in  the  fouthern  hemlfphere  and  failing  nortlr 
ward,  faw  the  Sun  rife  on  the  right  hand.  ,.,   , 

A4» 


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•fi 


'9'%' 


9  Preliminary  Dissertation; 

of  Teafpis,  a  man  of  the  Achamenidcs  did  not  fail 
round  Lybia,  when  he  was  fent ;  but  being  deter- 
red by  the  length  of  the  navigation  and  the  folitude 
of  the  country,  returned  home,  having  not  fulfilled 
the  labour  which  his  mother  enjoined  him.  For 
he  had  violated  a  virgin,  daughter  of  Zopyrus,  the 
fon  of  Megabyfus ;  and  for  that  caufe,  being  by 
Xerxes  condemned  to  be  crucified,  his  mother, 
who  was  fiftcr  to  Darius,  liberated  him ;  becaufe, 
ihe  faid,  fhe  would  impofe  on  him  apunifhment 
greater  than  the  King's  command.  Wherefore  it 
became  neceffary  for  him  to  fail  round  all  Lybia, 
till  he  fliould  come  to  the  Arabian  gulf.  Xerxes 
confenting  to  this,  Satafpes  went  into  Egypt,  and, 
having  there  taken  a  Ihip  and  companions,  failed 
to  the  pillars  of  Hercules.  Having  pafl'ed  them, 
and  having  doubled  the  promontory  of  Lybia  call- 
ed Syloes,*  he  kept  a  fouthern  courfe.  Having 
traverfed  much  of  the  fea  in  many  months,  and  find- 
ing much  more  time  neceffary,  he  turned  about  and 
came  back  to  Egypt.  Returning  to  Xerxes,  he  re- 
ported, that  in  vifiting  the  rcmoteft  coalts,  he  had 
ken  fmall  men,  clothed  in  Phcnician  garments; 
who,  at  the  approach  of  his  fhip,  lied  to  the  moun- 
tains and  left  their  villages ;  which  he  entered,  and 
took  nothing  from  them  but  cattle.  He  gave  this 
rcafon  for  not  having  failed  round  Lybia,  that  his 
(hip  could  fail  no  farther ;  but  was  flopped.  Xer- 
xes did  not  believe  him,  and  becaufe  he  had  not 

performed 
*  Now  called  Cjipc  Bojador  in  the  26th  degree  of  north  lati- 
tude. ' 


#^        Preliminary  Dissertation*  9 

performed  his  engagement,  ordered  him  to  under- 
go his  deftined  punifhmem."  /^x  "•  f--'^*>» 

To  the  authenticity  of  this  circumnavigation  of 
the  African  continent,  the  following  objeftions  have 
been  made  :   '•'•^*  ■  ••  •  «  • '  *"  •'»'  «*»»« 

Firrt,  it  is  fa  id  that**  the  veffcls  which  the  ancients 
employed,  were  fo  fmall  as  not  to  afford  ftowage 
for  provifions,  fufficient  to  fubflft  a  crew  during  a 
longvoyage."  '  '.  "t,'      -  ^'<-^? 

'  Secondly,  "  their  conflruflion  was  fuch  that  they 
could  feldom  venture  to  depart  far  from  land,  and 
their  mode  of  fteering  along  the  coaft  was  fo  circuit- 
ous and  flow,  that  we  may  pronounce  a  voyage 
from  the  Mediterranean  to  India,  by  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  to  have  been  an  undertaking  beyond 
their  power  to  accomplifti ;  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to 
render  it  in  any  degree  fubfervient  to  commerce. 
To  this  decifion,  the  account  preferved  by  Herodo- 
tus of  a  voyage  performed  by  fome  Phenician  (hips 
employed  by  the  King  of  Egypt,  can  hardly  be  con- 
fidcred  as  repugnant."*  '^  ' 

I  have  chgfen  to  coufider  both  thefe  objeBiont 
together,  becaufe  that  each  one  helps  to  deftroy 
■  -■• -'  -■  •     ■  '''»^'  -v'  '-'  .•  "  "  ■'-;.'  .     the 

*  Robertfcfh's  India,  p.  175,  American  edition.  , 

The  objeftions  taken  from  this  learned  author  were  not  ma  je 
direftly  againft  the  voyage  mentioned  by  Herodotus  ;  but  rather 
againft  the  poffibility  of  a  paflage  to  India  by  way  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  round  the  African  continent.  However,  as  he  bring? 
this  voyage  into  view  in  the  fame  argument,  and  fpeaks  of  il  du- 
bioufiy,  it  is  conceived  that  his  fentimcnts  arc'  not  mifreprefented 
in  the  above  quotations. 


lO 


Preliminary  Dissertation. 


'^ 


the  other.  For  if  the  veffels  were  fo  fmall,  as  not 
to  contain  provifions  for  a  long  voyage,  tliis  was  one 
reafon  for  the  navigators  to  keep  their  courfe  near 
the  land ;  that  they  might  Bnd  water,  fruits,  game 
and  cattle,  on  the  (hore,  as  well  as  R(h,  on  the  Ihoals 
and  rocks  near  the  coafl,  for  their  fubiiftance.  And 
ifit  was  their  defign  to  keep  near  the  land,  for  the 
fake  of  difcovery,  fmall  veiTels  were  beft  adapted 
to  the  purpofe ;  becaufe  they  could  pafs  over  flioals, 
through  fmall  openings,  between  iflands  and  rocks, 
which  are  generally  fituate  near  the  coaRs  of  great 
continents.  Befides,  ^f  the  veffels  were  fmall,  they 
could  carry  but  fmall  crews,  who  would  not  require 
very  large  quantities  of  provifion. 

But  Herodotus  h(^  helped  us  to  folve  the  diffi- 
culty refpefting  provifions,  in  a  manner  perfeftly 
agreeable  to  the  pra6lice  of  antiquity,  though  un- 
known to  modern  navigators.  They  went  on  ftiore 
and  fowed  corn,  and  when  it  was  ripe  gathered  the 
harveft.  This  enables  us  to  account  for  two  circum- 
{lances  attending  the  voyage  of  Necho ;  the  length 
of  time  employed,  and  the  fupply  of  provifion,  at 
leaft  of  bread,  confumed  in  it. 

Nor  was  the  fowing  and  reaping  any  lofs  of  time ; 
for  the  monfoons  in  the  Indian  ocean  would  not 
permit  them  to  proceed  any  faftcr.  A  fhip  failing 
from  the  Red  Sea  with  the  N.  E.  monfoon,  in  the 
fummer  or  autumn,  would  meet  with  the  S.  W. 
monfoon,  in  the  beginning  of  December,  which 
muft  have  detained  her  in  fome  of  the  harbours,  on 

the 


t 


Preliminary  Dissertation! 


li 


the  eafterh  eoaft  of  Africa,  till  the  next  April. 
During  this  time,  in  that  warm  climate^  com  might 
be  fown  and  reaped ;  and  any  other  articles,  eitheif 
of  provifion  or  merchandife,  might  be  tak^n  on 
board.     Then  the  N.  E.  monfoon   would  carry* 
her  to  the  fouthern  parts  of  Africa,  into  the  region 
of  variable  winds.     This  regular  courfe  and  chang- 
ing of  the  monfoons  was  familiarly  known  to  the 
navigators  of  Solomon's  fhips,  and  was  the  caufe  of 
their  fpending  three  years,  in  the  voyage  to  andfVom 
Ophir.  «  In  going  and  returning,  they  changed  the 
monfoon  fix  times,  which  made  thirty  fix  months. 
They  needed  no  longer  tinie  to  complete  the  voy- 
age, and  they  could  not  perform  it  in  lefs."t   '^  t^*V 
It  is  not  pleaded,  that  the  voyage  of  Necho  was 
undertaken  for  the  fake  of  commerce ;  or,  if  the 
authenticity  of  it  were  eftablifhed,  that  it  would 
prove  the  prafticability  of  a  voyage  from  the  Medi- 
terranean to  India,  round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
by  the  veflels  then  in  ufe,  and  the  nautical  fkill 
then  acquired.     The  voyage  of  which  Herodotus 
fpeaks  might  have  been  a  voyage  of  difcovery; 
fuch  an  one  as  was  perfe6lly  agreeable  to  the  genius 
of  the  people  by  whom  it  was  performed,  and  of  the 
prince,  by  whofe  order  and  at  whofe  expcnfe  it  was 
undertaken.    "  The  progrefs  of  the  Phenicians  and 
Carthaginians,  in  their   knowledge  of  the  globe, 
was  not  owing  entirely  to  the  defire  of  extending 
their  trade  from  one  country  to  another.     Com- 
merce was  followed  by  its  ufual  effefts,  among  both 

thofe 
+  Bruce's  travels-r-B,  ii,  chap,  4, 


«iH 


PiCeliminary  Dissertation* 


thofe  people.  It  awakened  curiofity,  enlarged  the 
ideas  and  deiires  of  men,  and  incited  them  to  bold 
cnterprifes.  Voyages  were  undertaken,  the  folc 
obje£i  of  which  was  to  ^^  difcover  new  countries  and  to 
explore  unknown  fea^."*  The  knowledge  acquired 
in  thefe  voyages  of  difcovery  might  afterwards  be 
fubfervient  to  commerce ;  and  though  the  Pheni- 
cians  might  not  think  it  convenient,  to  circumnavi- 
gate Africa,  more  than  once,  yet  that  they  carried 
on  a  commercial  intercourfe  with  different  parts  of 
that  country,  and  particularly  with  places  fituate  on 
the  eaftern  coaft,  in  the  Indian  ocean,  we  have  evi- 
dence from  the  facred  writings.  In  the  reign  of 
Solomon  "  the  king's  ftiips  with  the  fervants  of 
Hiram  and  the  navy  of  Tharfhifh  every  three  years 
brought  ivory,t  apes  and  peacocks,  befides  filver 
and  the  gold  of  Ophir,"  which  is  with  great  reafon 
fuppofed  to  be  the  country  now  called  Sofala  on 
the  eailern  coaft  of  Africa,  in  the  fouthern  hemif- 
phere ;  as  the  learned  Bruce,  in  his  late  book  of 
travels,  has  fatisfaftorily  proved. 

The  prophet  Ezekiel,  who  was  contemporary 
with  Necho,  King  of  Egypt,  in  the  account  which  he 
gives  of  the  merchandife  of  Tyre,  enumerates  fev- 
cral  commodities,  which  it  is  well  known  belong  to 
Africa, "  horns  of  ivory  and  ebony,  and  the  perfons 
of  men."*  We  may  form  fome  idea  of  the  ftrength 
and  materi?'s  of  the  fliips  of  the  Tyrians,  and   of 

their 

•  Robertfon's  America — Vol.  I,  p.  ii,  4th  edit. 
+  a  Chron.  viii.  18,  ix.  21. 

•  Ezekielj  chap,  xxvii,  ver,  1 3,  1 5. 


'W'^'-'  -  -"^"f! 


Preliminary  DissERtATiON.  13 

their  (kill  in  na^i      ;on,fromthe  following  paltagcsin 
his  apoftrophe  uy  h  ynis.    «  They  have  made  all  thy 
fhip-boards  of  fir  trees  of  Senir;  they  have  taken 
cedars  of  Lebanon  to  make  mafts  for  thee ;  of  th^ 
oaks  of  Baiiian  have  they  made  thine  oars.     Thy 
wife  men,  O  Tyrus,  were  thy  pilots.     The  ancients 
ofGebal,  the  wife  men  thereof  were  thy  calkers. 
The  Ihips  of  Tharfhifh  did  fmg  of  thee ;  thou  waft 
repleniftied  and  made  very  glorious  in  the  midft 
of  the  feas  ;    thy  rowers  have  brought  thee  into 
great  waters."    Though  we  have  no  particular  dcf- 
cription  of  the  fize  or  model  of  their  (hips;  yet 
they  certainly  had  mafts,   fails  and   oars;    their 
pilots  and  calkers  were  wife  men,  and  they  were 
not  afraid  to  fail  in  great  waters,,  by  which  is  proba- 
bly meant  the  Ocean,  in  diftin6lion  from  the  Medi- 
terranean.      ^^^  ^.-  ^^^__  ^  _   .J...,.i^ t  ^rv.  >  «»*^,f.,«-.,^f  :i.r. ri*j&-a<'^ 

Of  the  form  and  ftriifture  of  the  Grecian  veneid 
we  have  a  more  particular  knowledge.  "  They 
were  of  inconfiderable  burden,  and  moftly  without 
decks.  They  had  only  one  maft,  and  were  ftrang- 
erstotheufe  of  anchors."*  But  then  it  muft  be 
remembered,  that "  the  Phenicians,  who  inftrufted 
the  Greeks  in  other  ufeful  arts,  did  not  communi- 
cate to  them  that  extenfive  knowledge  of  naviga- 
tion, which  they  themfelves  poffefled.'*t  We  may 
hence  conclude  that  the  fhips  of  the  Phenicians 
were  fuperior  to  the  Grecian  velTels ;  and  we  have 
no  evidence  from  the  ftrufture  of  their  veffels  or 
their  mode  of  failing,  to  warrant  a  doubt  of  the  abil- 

•  Robertfon's  America— Vol.  1,  p.  15. 
f  Ibid.  p.  14* 


^-  fl. 


TW- 


/* 


t4 


Preliminary  Dissertation. 


ftyof  theiffhips  or  feamen,  to  perform  a  voyagtf 
1toii*id  the  cbrttih^nt  of  Africa  ihthfee  years.  ^ 

' '  I'd  ah  Elirbpean  theorift  fuch  i  voyage  may  feeiii 
left  pA€l!cat)le  than  to  an  American.  The  Euro- 
)i/tins  have'  ufually  etr» ployed  none  but  fliips  of  great 
ijui'deh,  ih'Aheir  trade  to  India  and  China;  but 
fincethe  AmeHcans  have  vifited  thofe  countries, 
ilbdpis  of  fifty  or  fixty  tons  have  failed  round  the 
Cap^tolf  Good  Hope  to  China,  and  round  Cape 
Horn  to  the  northweft  coaR  of  America,  and  acrofs 
the  north  Pacific  Ocean.  If  any  doubt  can  yet  re- 
main, it  may  be  entirely  removed  by  the  recolleftion 
ot  a  voyage  performed  in  the  year  1789,  by  Lieii- 

.ji^hant  Bligh' of    the   Britifh  navy;   who,   being 

"turned  adrift  by  his  mutinous  crew,  traverfed  the 

>.»4outh    Pacific    Ocean,    above  twelve    hundred 

,    %agues,  in  a  bpat  of  twenty  three  feet   long,  with- 

.  .  vout  a  deck,  in  much  ftormy  weather,  with  fcanty 

provifions;   and  having  pafled   many  dangerous 

>ifocks  and  ihoals,  among  unknown  iilands,  arrived 

in  forty  one  days  at  a  Dutch  fettlement  in  Timor, 

.one  of  the  Moluccas.*    The  pbj  eftions  then  againft 

the  reality  of  Necho's  voyage,  from  the  fize   and 

^  ftruEiure  p^  the  Phenician  vefiels,  and  the  want  of 

'  proviiion,  are  not  fo  formidable  on  examination,  as 

■  1  at  the  firft  appearancct        '%Wikk:i^'W -^  M  . 

*  v^  * •  Set  til*  pHhted  narrative  dv  Lieut,  mieii,   '    "    , '? 

"■'■..■  *  •'  °       ':    -  -^ I ■■•■■,;»"  r"''''i  t'l'f 

^    +  Sinte  this  diflertatioh  Was  fent  to  the  prefsj  kave  met  with 

Aei  following  account  6f  an  adventure  which  adds  to  the  credibil- 
ity of  the  circumnavigation  of  Africa  in  fmall  embarkations. 


In 


t,  I 


•^ift' 


Preliminary  DissERTAtiON.  i^ 

J[  A  third  objeftion  againft  the  credibility  of 
iTiis  early  circumnavigation  is,  that  P^veral  writers 
of  the  greatell  eminence  among  the  ancients,  and 
moft  diftinguifhed  for  their  knowledge  of  geogra- 
phy, regarded  this  account  rather  as  an  amuiinj^ 
tale,  than  the  hiftory  of  a  real  tranra6tion  ;  and^ 
either  entertained  doubts  concerning  the  poffibility 
of  failing  round  Africa,  or  abfoluteiy  denied  it.*^ 
t  That     ' 

■  In  1534  when  the  Portiiguefe  had  eflabUihed  a  government  in 
India;  Badur  King  of  Kambaya  being  at  war  with  the  greajC 
Mogul  (ought  a(fiftanc$  from  the  Portugueie  and  offered  them  the 
liberty  of  building  a  fort  at  Diu.  As  foon  as  this  liberty  was 
granted  and  the  plan  of  the  fort  was  drawn,  James  Botello  a  per« 
ion  (kilful  in  the  affairs  of  India,  having  been  in  Aifgnct  with 
JohnKingof  Portugal,  and  being  anxious  to  reccveir  the  favour 
of  that  Prince  refoived  to  carry  the  firft  news  of  it  to  him.  Hav- 
ing  obtained  a  copy  of  the  plan  he  let  out  firom  India  in  a  bark  of 
Jixteenfeet  and  a  half  long,  nine  broad  and  four  and  a  half 
deep  :  with  three  Portuguefe,  two  others,  and  his  own  flavei. 
He  pretended  that  he  was  going  to  Kambaya,  but  whin  he  wac  oilt 
atfea,  made  known  his  defign  to  go  to  Lifbon  ;  at  which  they 
were  all  aftoniihed.  Being  overcome  by  fair  words  they  proceeded 
on  their  way,  till  finding  themfelves  reduced  to  diflrefs,  the  flaves 
agreed  to  kill  Botello  ;  but  after  killing  a  fervant  they  were  put 
to  death  themfelves.  With  the  lour  who  remained,  Botello  held 
on  his  courfe,  doubled  the  ibuthern  cape  of  Africa  and  at  length 
arrived  at  Lifbon  ;  where  the  bark  was  immediately  burnt  ;  that 
no  man  might  fee  it  was  poOible  to  perform  that  voyage  in  fo 
fmall  a  velTel.  The  King  was  greatly  pleafed  with  the  news,  and 
reftored  Botello  to  his  favour,  without  any  other  reward  for  fo 
darine  an  adventure.  ;.,  - 

See  a  colleflion  of  Voyages  and  Travels,  in  qumrto,  printed  at 
London,  1745,  by  Thomas  AfMey.     Vol.  1.  p.  82. 

♦  Robertfon's  India, p.  175.  ,,     '       ^ 


I.- 


^ 


16 


Prsliminary  Dissertation. 


'    i       V 


That  the  Roman  geographers  and  hiftorians  did 
doubt  and  difbclieve  the  (lory  is  very  evident ;  and* 
the  Cetufes  are  not  far  to  be  fought. 
.^  The  firft  was  the  jealoufy  of  the  Phe'hicians. 
••  Whatever  acquaintance  with  the  remote  regions 
df  the  earth  the  Phenicians  or  Carthaginians  acquir- 
cdf  was  concealed  from  the  reft  of  mankind  with  a 
mercantile  jealoufy.  Every  thing  relative  to  the 
courfe  of  navigation  was  a  fecret  of  ftate,  as  well 
as  a  myftery  of  trade.  Extraordinary  fafts  are 
recorded  concerning  their  folicitude  to  prevent 
other  nations  from  penetrating  intb  what  they  wifh-* 
cd  (hould  rerhain  undivulgcd."*  One  of  thefe 
extraordinary  fafts  is  thus  related  by  Strabo.  The 
Romans,  being  deiirous  to  difcover  the  places^ 
whence  the  Carthaginians  fetched  tin  and  amiber, 
"  fent  a  veflel,  with  orders  to  fail  in  the  wake  of  a' 
Phenician  veHel.  This  being  obferved  by  the 
Carthaginian,  he  purpofely  ran  his  vefli^l  am9ng 
rocks  and  fand  banks ;  fo  that  it  was  loft,  together 
with  that  of  the  inquifitive  Roman.  The  patriotic 
tommander  of  the  former  was  indemnified  for  his 
lofsby  his  countrv.''t  ,,.....,  .  ,  .,      ,   * 

A  iecond  reafon  was  the  pride  of  the  Rpmanl. 
If,  as  Pope  tells  us, 

V     "  With  honeft  fcorn,  the  firft  fam'cl  Cato  view'd 
''W^    Rdme,  learning  arU  from  Greece  whom  flie  fubdu'd  j" 

*the  fame  pride  would  make  their  wife  men  fcdrn'fo 
learn  geography  or  navigation,  theoretically,  from 
thole  who  were  heft  able  to  teach  them.     It  is  ac- 

^,  ,,4.."  ,  knowledged 

♦  Robertfon's  America,  vol.  i,  p.  ig. ' 

+  Forllci's  Hiftory  of  Voyages  and  Difcoverics,  chap,  i. 


1^ 


^tUif-'% 


Pr£Liminaiiy  Dissertation. 


»7 


knowledged  that  the  Romans  «*  did  not" imbibe  that    > 
commercial  fpirit  and  ardor  for  difcovery  which 
d|ftingv>ilhed  their  rivals."*     It  muft  alfo  be  obferv- 
ed,  that  there  was  but  little  intercourfc  between 
them;  and  that  the  Carthaginians  were  deficient  in 
thofe  fciences  for  which  the  Romans  were  famous. 
Among  the  Phenicians  and  Cardiaginians,  the  ftudy^ 
and  knowledge  of  their  youth  were  confined  to  writ- ^ 
ing,  arithmetic,  and  mercantile  accounts;   whildf/ 
polite   literature,  hiftory  and  philolbphy  were  in- 
little  repute;   and  by  a  law  of  Carthage,  the  ftudyr'^ 
of  the  Greek  language  was  prohibited;   left  any,H 
communication  (hould  be  carried  on  with  their  eT:f 
nemies.t 

i\  third  reafon  was  the  opinion  which  the  wifeft 
men  among  the  Romans  had  formed,  and  to  which/ 
they    obftinately   adhered,    concerning   the    fivoj- 
zones,  and  the  impoflibility  of  pailing  from  ons.;** 
hemifphere  to  the  other,  becaufe  of  the  torrid  zone  k 
lying  between.     This  doftrine  of  the  zones  is  fo 
fully  rcprefented  by  Dr.  Robertfon,J  that  I  need 
only  refer  the  reader  to  what  he  has  written  on  the  *^ 
ftibje£l.  !  .  vt- 

.  But  notwithftanding  the  doubts  and  the  infidehV 
ty  of  the  Roman  pbilofophers,  and  tlie  great  def- ' 
crence  paid  to  them   by  this  learned  and  cautious 
inquirer;  there  is  one  circumftance  which  almoji 
convinced  him  of  the  reality  of  Necho's  voyage, 


•  Robertfon's  America,  vol.  i,  p.  14. 

+  RolHn's  Ancient  Hiftory,  book  ii,  part  i,  fcfl,  y, 

J  Robertfon's  America,  vol.  i,  note  8. 


as 


}nU,r 


.SCIT 


Ul 


4^y*  V^'A'  TT 


\t 


i-ir.if      \ 


.8 


Preliminary  Dissertation* 


■;> 


as  related  by  Herodotus.  It  is  this,  that  the  PheU 
iiicians,  in  failing  round  Africa,  "  had  the  Sun  ok 
their  right  hand;'*  which  Herodotus,  with  hit  ufual 
jtiodefty  and  candor  fays,  "  with  me  has  no  credit, 
though  it  may  with  others."  On  this  the  Dodbr, 
judicioufly  remarks,  "The  fcience  of  aftronOiiiy 
was  in  that  early  period  fo  imperfeft,  that  it  was 
by  experience  only,  that  the  Phenicians  could 
come  at  the  knowledge  of  this  faft ;  they  durft  not, 
without  this,  have  ventured  to  aflert  what  would 
have  appeared  to  be  an  improbable  fiftion."*  In- 
deed if  they  had  not  known  it  by  experience,  there 
is  not  the  leaft  conceivable  reafon  for  their  invent- 
ing fuch  a  report  j  nor  even  for  the  entrance  of 
fuch  an  ideajnto  their  imagination.  The  modeft 
doubt  of  Herodotus  is  another  argument  in  favour 
bf  the  truth  and  genuinenefs  of  it ;  for  as  he  had 
410  experience  to  guide  him,  and  the  idea  was  new, 
it  was  very  proper  for  him  to  hefitate  in  admitting 
it,  though  he  fliowed  his  impartiality  by  inferting  it 
in  his  relation. 

So  much  for  the  voyage  performed  by  the  Phe- 

^  hicians  under   the  orders  of  Necho,  which  is  the 

Jirfl;  proof  produced  by  Herodotus,  of  his  pofition, 

that "  Lybia  is  furrounded  by  the  fea,  except  where 

it  joins  Afia." 

' '   Hiifecond  proof  is  not  fo  conclufive,  nor  is  the 
defign  of  his  introducing  it  fo  obvious.     It  is  the 
relation  of  a  voyage  undertaken  by  Satafpes  a  Per- 
fian,  whofe  punifhment  was  commuted  from  cruci- 
fixion 
*  Robertfon's  India,  note  54»       , 


4t 


r 


\ 


Phe-' 
the 
ition, 
vherc 

'  « ^ 

the 

5  the 

Per- 

ruci- 

n 


P^£LiMiNAtiY  Dissertation.  jo 

fixiori'to  failing  round  Lybia;  which  vdyage  he; 
began,  but  returned  by  the  fame  route,  not  having 
completed  it.  The  rcafon  vhich  he  gave  for  re- 
turning was,  that  ^  his  (hip  was  (topped  and  could 
fail  UQ farther,"  which  hisfovereigndidiiot  believe, 
and  therefore  pUt  him  to  death,  to  which  he  had 

^before  been  condemned. 

|,  The  only  evidence  which  this  (lory  cin  afford 
is,  that  the  circumnavigation  of  the  African  con- 

,  tinent  was^  at  that  time,  thought  pra6licable  The 
mother  of  Satafpes  thought  fo,  or  (he  would  not 
have  propofed  it ;  and  Xerxes  thdtight  to^  or  he 
would  not  have  difbelieved  th^  (lory  of  the  (hip 
being  (lopped ;  by  which  expreflioh  was  meant 
that  the  fea  was  no  farther  navigable,  by  reafon  of 
land. 

The  exa6l  date  of  this  Voyage  is  not  alcertarA* 
ed ;  but  as  Xerxes  reigned  twelve  years,  slnd  died 

\in  the  year  473  before  Chrift,  it  could  hot  have 

;  been   much  more  than  thirty  year&,  preceding  tbe 

'  time  when  Herodotus  publilhed  his  hiflory. 

The  voyage  of  Hanno,  the  Carthaginian,  is  thus 
briefly  mentioned  by  Pliny  :     **  In  the  flourilhing 

'  date  of  Carthage,  Hanno  having  failed  round 
from  Gade^  [Cadiz]  to  the  border  of  Arabia,  com- 
mitted to  writing  an  account  of  his  voyage  ;  as  did 
Himilco,  who  was  at  the  fame  time  fent  to  difcover 
the  extreme  parts  of  Europe."*  The  charaQer  of 
Plinyj  as  a  hiftorian,  is,  that  "  he  coUefted  from  all 

authors, 

,.>'s  •  Pliny's  Natural  Hiftory,  lib*  8,  cap.  67. 

B  a 


>  t 


* 


'w 


20  PRELIMINAIIY   JDlSSERTATION. 

authors,  good  and  bad,  who  had  written  before 
him  ;  and  that  his  work  is  U  mixture  of  truth  and 
error,  which  it  \i  difficult  t6  fcparate."  Art  in- 
ftancCj  in  confinnsltion  df  this  remark,  occtifs  in 
this  very  thaptef  ;  where  he  fpeiks  of  fotht  mer- 
chants, failing  from  India,  and  thrown  bya  tcm- 
peft,  on  the  coaft  of  Germany.  He  aHbmemiotis 
a  voyage,  made  by  Eudoxus,  from .  the  At^him 
'gulf  to  Gades  ;  and  ftnothfcr  of  Cdelius  Aritipat«r, 
from  Spain  tb  Ethiopia.    ''"-*'  "^ 

Of  thefe  voyages,  that  of  Hanno  is  bell  amhenk 
ticated.  He  failed  from  Carthage  with  fixty  gal- 
lies,  each  carrying  fifty  oars,  having  oh  board 
thirty  thoufand  men  and  women,  with  prpvifions 
and  articles  of  tfaific.  The  deHgn  of  this  equip- 
ment was  to  plant  colonies  along  the  weftcrn  fhorc 
of  Africa,  which  the  Carthaginians,  fro.n  priority 
of  difcovery,  and  from  its  contiguity  to  their  ter- 
ritory, confidcred  as  their  own  dominion.  Haii- 
00  was  abfent  five  years,  on  this  colonizing  expe- 
ditioji ;  but  there  is  no  certainty  of  his  having  pro- 
ceeded any  farther  fouthward,  than  the  bay  of 
Benin,  in  the  eighth  degree  of  north  latitude.  A 
fragment  of  his  journal,  which,  at  his  return,  he 
depofited  in  the  temple  of  Saturn,  at  Carthage,  is 
now  extant  ;  and  though  it  has  been  treated  as 
fabulous  by  feveral  authors,  ancient  and  modern, 
yet,  its  authenticity  has  been  vindicated  by  M. 
Bougainville,  in  the  26th  volume  of  the  Memoirs 
of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Infcriptions  and  Belles 

Lettres; 


m 


'\ 


Preliminary  >Di5SERTATioii;l 


I^etues  ;  whefca  French  tranflation  of  ii  i*  given:* 
rom  Uie  Qrcek,  into  vrluch  l»n|*i»ge  it  was  ren» 
dere4  froiB  the  original  Punic   :u  .  »  )     -  '.^ 

Concfirniog.  die  voyage  of  Eudoxus^  the  fol-i 
lowing  account  is  given  by  Bruce.*     He  was  fent 
by  PtoJomy  Euergetes^  as  an  ambaflador  to  India, 
to  remove,  tiie  ba4  c(fe6ls  €(  the  King's  ccMiduB  in 
the  beginning  of  his  reign,  who  had  extorted  con* 
tribuiions  from  merchants  of  that  aqd  other  trad- 
ing countries.     Eudoxus  returned  after  the  King's 
death,  and  was  wrecked  on  the  coaft  of  Ethiopia  y 
wherp  he  difcovered  the  prow  of  a  fhip,  which  had? 
fuffered  the  fame  fate.  It  was  the  hgure  of  a  horfe ;: 
and  a  failor,  who  had  been  employed  in  European 
voyages,  knew  tliis  to  have  been  part  of  one  of 
thofe  veflels,  whiqh  traded  on  the  Atlantic  ocean ; 
of  which  trade  Gades  was  the  principal  port.     This 
circumllance  amounted  to  a  proof,  tihat  diere  was  a 
paflage  round  Africa,  from  the  Indian  to  the  Atlani^ 
tic  ocean.     The  difcoVery  was  oT  no  greater  im- 
portance to  any  perfon,  than   to  Eudoxus  himfelf ; 
for,  fometimc  afterward,  falling  under  the  difpiea- 
fure  of  Ptolemy  Lathyrus,  and  being  in  danger  of 
his  life,  he  fled  ;  and  embarking  on  the  Red  Sea,^ 
failed  round  Africa  and  came  to  Gades. 

This  voyage  of  Eudoxus  was  treated  as  a  fabl^ 
by  Strabo,  the  Roman  geographer,  who  wrote  about 
a  century  and  a  half  after  the  time  when  it  is  faid  to 
have  been  performed.     The   true  caufe  of  the  in- 


! 


^»;"5if  ^^.,^■¥* 


.  I>'^I 


K' 


credulity 


*  Travels,  book  Ii,  chap.  5.     The  voyage  of  Eudoxus  was  orig* 
iiially  written  by  Pofidonius,  but  I  have  not  met  with  that  autho 


A  • 


1^ 

1 

* 
1 

il 

1 

/ 

28 


.# 


PRKLIMINAHY  DlStERTATlOH. 


M 


credulity  of  him  and  of  other  Roman  authors  in,' 
rcfpe£l  to  thefe  voyages  and  difcoveries,   wai   :h6 
doctrine  of  the  zones  ;   to  which  they  inilexihly  \ 
ailhered)  s^nd  which   entirely  precluded  all  copi     ^ 
vi£iion.  ,  I  . 

\  Thefe  are  all  the  evidences  which  I  hav«  had 
opportunity  to  examine  refpe6iing  the  queftion  of 
the  circumnavigation  of  Africa,^  and,  upon  the^-^ 
whole,  there  appears  to  be  this  peculiarity  attending 
the  fubje£l,  that  it  was  believed  by  thofe  who  liv-« 
ed  neareft  to  the  time  when  the  voyage  of  Necho 
is  faid  to  have  been  made  ;  and,  that  in  propor- 
tion to  the  diftance  of  time  afterward,  it  was  doubt- 
ed, difbelieved  and  denied  ;  till  its  credibility  was 
cftablifhed  beyond  all  doubt  by  the  Portueuefp  ad- 
venturers in  the  fifteenth  century. 
f  The  credibility  of  the  Egyptian  or  Phenician 
voyages,  round  the  continrfTt  of  Africa,  being  ad- 
mitted, and  the  certainty  of  the  Carthaginian  voyr 
ages  and  cqlonies  on  the  weftern  flipre  of  Africa 
being  eftablifhed  ;  we  may  extend  our  inquiry  to 
the  probability  of  what  has  been  advanced  \>y  fome 
writers,  and  doubted  or  denied  by  others,  the  popu- 
lation of  fome  part  of  America  froni  beyond  \h^ 

Atlantir.  -.v-f  .■c-'-^.  ,*♦...>■  n''' '  I")  ■■ 


Atlantic, 


.^^■1^^    ■ 


>*.     '.'.■..>%.      .!>.'• 


.JN.._ 


.f      .'.t'l 


f  Dr.  Forfievy  in  his  biftory  of  voyages  anc(  flifcoyenes^chap.  i) 
refers  to  three  German  authors,  Gefner^  Schlozer  and  Michadis, 
whfv  have  written  on  this  fubjeft,  and  obferves,  that  "  the  circum- 
of  Africa  by   the   Phenicians  and  Egyptians  is  proved 


navig.",t.  • 


,iflcnJ«irtion. 


Prbliminarv  Dissertation. 


«8 


The  difcovcry  of  the  Canary  iflands  by  the  Car- . 
thaginians  isafaft  well  attellcd.  Pliny  Ipeaks  of 
them  as  then  deftitute  of  inhabitants,  but  containing 
(vejligia  tedificiorum)  he  rcuiaiiis  of  buildings. 
From  this  circumftance,  it  niitft  appear,  thar  they 
had  been  inhabited  before  the  Carthaginian  diicov 
cry.  In  Plutarch's  time, the  Fortunate  Iflands  were 
riL':  only  inhabited,  but  were  fo  celebrated  tor  their 
J.  /  ..iity,  that  they  were  fuppofed  to  be  the  feat  of 
tfee  blelTed. 

When  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo  were  difcover- 
cd  by  the  Nonnans  and  Portuguefe,  both  were  un- 
inhabited. A  queftion  then  arifes,  if  thefe  iflands 
were  fometimes  inhabited  and  at  other  times  defrrt- 
ed,  what  became  of  their  inhabitants  ?  It  muft  have 
been  fome  uncommon  event  which  could  induce 
them  to  abandon  fo  plealant  and  fruitful  a  countr; ' 
without  leaving  a  fingle  family  behind.  If  they 
periftied  in  the  iflands,  it  is  ftill  more  extraordinary ; 
for  it  is  a  moft  Angular  circumftance  that  all  the 
inhabitants  ot  any  place  fliould  be  deftroyed  and  yet 
the  place  itfelf  remain.  George  Glas,  who  publilh- 
ed  ahiftory  of  thefe  iflands  in  1764,  attempts  to 
folve  the  inquiry  thus.*  '\r,r 

"  Almoft  two  thirds  of  the  Canary  iflands  are 
eoyered  with  calcined  rocks,  pumice  ftones,  and 
black  aflics,  which  have  been  formerly  thrown  out 
from  volcanos ;  the  remains  of  which  are  ftill  to  be 
feen,  in  every  one  of  thefe  iflands.     Many  of  the 


j«,v> 


"•■"I 


•  Page  167,  4to. 


natives 

,     ,-1  ,n  .    .. .  ,  , 


H 


l^RELiMlMARY    DlSSERTATIO!l#»* 


ni 


natives  might  have  been  deftroyed  by  thefe  "^'iolent 
eruptions,  and  the  remainder  being  terrified,  might 
abandon  their  country,  and  go  in  queft  of  new  habi- 
tations: but,  where  they  went,  is  a  queftion  not  eafi- 
ly  folved ;  tliough  fome  aflert,  that  they  pafTed  over 
to  America."  An  event  exaftly  fimilar  is  faid 
by  the  fame  author  to  have  happened  about  thirty 
years  before  he  wrote.*     "  A  \  olcano  broke   out 

0 

in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  ifland  of  Lancerotta,  near 
the  fea,  but  remote  from  habitation  ;  which  threw 
out  fucb  an  immenfe  quantity  of  afhes  and  ftones, 
with  fo  dreadful  a  noife,  that  many  of  the  natives 
deferted  their  houfes,  and  fled  to  Fuertaventura, 
another  ifland,  for  the  prefervation  of  their  lives." 
But,  whether  wf  admit  the  conjeBure,  that,  be- 
ing thus  obliged  to  quit  the  iflands,  they  "  paffed 
over  to  America,"  or  not ;  yet  it  is  extremely 
probable,  that,  in  fome  of  the  ancient  circumnavi- 
gations of  Africa,  or  in  paffing  to  and  from  thefe 
iflands,  or  even  in  coafting  the  continent  from  the 
ftraights  of  Gibraltar,  fome  velTels  might  be  drawn 
by  currents  or  driven  by  tempells,  within  the  verge 
of  the  trade  wind  ;  "  which  begins  not  far  to  the 
fbuthward  of  the  ftraights,  and  blows  nine  months 
of  the  year,  on  the  coaft  of  Morocco."  In  this 
cafe,  it  would  be  next  to  iinpoflible,  for  thofe  who 
had  met' with  any  confiderable  damage  in  their 
mafts,  lails,  or  rigging,  to  run  in  any  other  direftion, 
tjian  before  the   wind   to   the  weftward ;  and   this 

courfc 
*  Page   noo. 


Preliminary  Dissertation. 


«5 


Courfe  mud' bring  them  to  the  continent,  or  iflands 
of  America.  ^tT"j^}t<^*?^iif:)l^«*'  nV^^'  W^:i*^^^'-^-'f'-'^ir 
In  confirmation  of  this  remark,  feveral  faQs  have 
been  adduced  by  way  of  proof.  One  is  thus  relat- 
ed by  Glas;*  "  A  few  years  ago,  a  fmall  bark 
laden  with  corn  and  palfengers,  bound'  from  Lan- 
cerotta  to  TencrifFe,  met  with  fome  difafter  at  fea^ 
by  which  (he  was  rendered  incapable  of  getting  to 
any  of  the  Canary  iflands  ;  and  was  obliged  to 
run  many  days  before  the  wind,  till  Ihe  came 
within  two  days  fail  of  the  coaft  of  Caraccas,  in 
South  America ;  where  fhe  met  an  Englifli  fhip, 
which  fupplied  the  furviving  paffengers  with  water, 
and  direfted  her  to  the  port  of  La  Guiara,  on  that 
coaft."  La  Guiara  is  one  of  the  ports  to  which  the 
traH  from  the  Canaries  is  reftrifted  by  the  King  of 
pain ;  and  the  run  thither  from  Teneriffe  is  gene- 
rally performed  in  lefs  than  thirty  days,  with  the 
trade  wind.t  ""  •    /     '      •  - 

Another  faft  is  taken  from  GumillaJ  who  fays ; 
*'  In  December  1731,  whilft  I  was  at  the  town  of 
St.  Jofeph  in  the  ifland  of  Trinidad,  a  fmall  veflel 
of  Teneriffe,  with  fix  feamen,  was  driven  into  that 
ifland  by  ftrefs  of  weather.  She  was  laden  with 
vine,  and  bound  for  one  other  of  the  Canary 
iflands;  flie  had  provifion  only  for  a  few  days, 
which,  notwithftanding  the  utmoft  care,  had  been 
expended,  and  the  crew  fubfifted  wholly  on  wine. 

,'  '''"     They 

*  Introduction, 'page  5-      "  '  '      ' 

+  ibid,  page  329,  333. 

J  Cited  by  Edwards,  in  his  Inftory  of  tlie  W,  Indies,  vol.  i, 
p.  109. 


96 


Prelimii^ary  Dissertation. 


1  ^!i'; 


They  w?re  reduced  to  the  laft  extremity ;  and 
were  received  with  aftoniftiment  by  the  inhabi- 
tants) who  ran  in  crowds  to  fee  them.  Their  ema- 
ciated appearance  would  have  fufficiently  confirm- 
ed the  truth  of  their  ftory,  if  the  papers,  which  they 
produced,  had  not  put  the  matter  beyond  all 
doubt."    .,,v.  .-^..^        ,-^-^  ..^^  ^  ■  _-  r-^^.T,., 

A  third  faft  is  related  by  Herrera,  the  royal 
Spanifh  hiftorian.t  Cohimbus  in  his  fecond  voyage 
to  America,  having  difcovtred  the  ifland  of  Gua- 
daloupe,  **  found  a  piece  of  timber  belonging  to  a 
Ihip,  which  the  feamen  call  the  ftern  poft ;  which 
they  much  admired,  not  knowing  which  way  it 
fliould  come  thither,  unlefs  carried  by  tempeliuous 
weather,  from»  the  Canaries,  or  from  the  ifland 
Hifpaniola,"  where  the  Admiral's  fhip  was  call  a- 
way  in  his  former  voyage.  Ferdinand  Columbus, 
in  the  life  of  his  father,J  does  not  direftly  aflerl 
this ;  but  fpeaks  of  their  finding  "  an  iron  pan  ;** 
and  endeavours  to  account  for  it,  by  faying  that 
the  (tones  there  being  of  the  colour  of  iron,  a  per- 
fon  of  an  indifferent  judgment  might  miftake  the 
one  for  the  other."  Not  content  with  this  folution 
he  goes  on  thus ;  "  though  it  were  of  iron,  it  was 
not  to  be  admired,  becaufe  the  Indians  of  the  ifland 
of  Guadaloupe,  being  Carribbees,  and  making 
their  excurfions  to  rob,  as  far  as  Hifpaniola;  per- 
haps they  had  that  pan,  of  the  Chriflians,  or  of  the 
other  Indians  of  Hifpaniola;  and  it  ispofTiblc  they 

might 


jk'i 


+  Decad.  i,  book  ii,  chap.  7. 

J  Chapter  47,  in  Chiinliiirs  roUeflions,  vol,  ii. 


\ 


Freliminary  Dissertation. 


27 


might  carry  the  body  of  the  Jhip  the  Admiral  loft,  to 
make  ufe  of  the  ifon ;  and  though  it  were  not  the 
hulk  of  that  fhip ;  it  might  be  the  remainder  of  fome 
other  wreck,  carried  thither  by  the  wind  and  cur- 
rent from  our  parts." 

The  improbability  of  the  Indians  having  carried 
*«  the  body  or  hulk  of  the  fhip,  which  the  Admiral 
loft,"  from  the  northern  fide  of  Hifpaniola,  to  the 
caftern  fide  of  Guadaloupe,  will  appear  from  the 
diftance;  which  is  not  lefs  than  two  hundred 
leagues,  in  a  direftion  oppofite  to  the  conftant  blow- 
ing of  the  wind.  Nor  will  Herrera's  conjefture, 
that  the  ftem  poft  of  the  Admiral's  fliip  was  carried 
thither  by  a  tempeft,  be  readily  admitted,  by  any 
who  are  acquainted  with  the  navigation  of  the  Weft 
Indies ;  for  it  muft  have  pafled  through  a  multi- 
tude of  iflands  and  rocks ;  and,  without  a  miracle, 
could  fcarcely  have  come  entire,  from  fo  great  a 
diftance  in  fuch  foul  feas.  But  the  difficulty  is 
farther  increafed,  by  confidering  what  Don  Ferdi- 
nand and  Herrera  have  both  afferted ;  that  when 
Columbus  had  loft  his  ftiip,  "  he  built  a  fort  with 
the  timber,  whereof  he  loft  no  part,  but  made  ufe 
of  it  all  ;***  and  this  fort  was  afterward  burnt'  by 
the  natives.  If  therefore  there  be  any  truth  in  the 
ftory  of  the  ftcrn  poft  found  at  Guadaloupe ;  it 
muft  have  belonged  to  fome  other  veflel,  either 
foundered  at  fea,  or  wrecked  on  the  ftiore. 

Under 

f  Life  qi  Columbus,  chap,  xxxlv,     Ileireft,  book  i,  chap.  18* 


J3S' 


28 


pRELlMlft^ARY   DISSERTATION. 


Under  the  head  of  fortuitous  vifits  to  the  Ai..o- 
rlcan  continent,  may  be  included  a  circumjftance; 
meptioned  by  Peter  Martyr  ;t  that  not  far  from 
a  plac^  called  Quarequa  in  the  gulf  of  Darien, 
Vafco  Nunez  met  with  a  colony  of  negroes.  From 
the  fmallnefs  of  their  number  it  was  fuppofed  they 
had  not  been  long  arrived  on  that  coalt. J  Thefe  • 
negroes  could  have  come  in  no  other  veflels  but 
canoes;  a  circumftance  by  no  means  incredible^ 
tptjiofe  who  have  read  the  accounts  of  Cook,  and 
otbernavigators  of  the  tropical  feas.    ,5  ,  t^j  ,i«v,ji^ir?4 

To  thefe  fafts  may  be  added,  the  cafual  difcovery 
of  Brazil,  by  the  Portuguefe  commander,  Pedro 
Alvarez  Cabral,  in  his  voyage  to  India  in  the  year 
1500 ;  an  account  of  which  is  preferved  by  Dr, 
Robertfon.}  "  In  order  to  avoid  the  calms  near 
the  coaft  c^  Africa,  he  ftood  out  to  fea ;  and  kept 
fo  far  to  the  weft,  that,  to  his  furprize,  he  found 
himfelf  on  the  fhore  of  an  unknown  c6untry,  in  the 
tenth  degree  of  fouth  latitude.  He  imagined  at 
firft,  that  it  was  fome  ifland  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean ; 
but  proceeding  along  its  coaft,  for  feveral  days,  he 
was  gradually  led  to  ^believe,  that  a  country  fo  ex- 
tenfive  formed  a  part  of  fome  great  continent." 

Thefe  inftances  may  ferve  as  fo  many  fpecimens 
of  the  manner,  in  which  America  might  have  prov- 
ed 8^n  afylum,  to  fom.e  of  the  ancient  navigators  of 

•    ...        the     - 

+  De  orbe  novo,  Decad.  iii,  chap.  i. 

X  Edwards'  hift.  Weft  Indies,  vol.  i,  p.  no.     . 

§  Hift.  America,  vnl,  i,  p.  151. 


.     s 


Preliminary  Dissertation. 


29 


■■■™^ 


ihe  African  coafts,  or  of  the  Canary  iflands ;  and 
being  arrived,  it  would  be  impoffible  for  them  to 
return.  The  fame  winds  which  brought  them  hith- 
er, continuing  to  blow  from  the  eaftward,  woltld 
cither  difcOurage  them  from  making  the  attemptydr 
oblige  them  to  put  back  if  they  had  made  it.  No 
argument  then  can  be  drawn  from  hence,  in  favour 
of  a  mutual  intercourfe,  between  this  and  the  old 
continent.  Thofe  who  would  prove,  that  America 
was  known  to  the  ancients,  muft  produce  better  evi- 
dence, than  they  have  yet  produced,  if  they  con- 
tend for  any  other  knowledge,  than  what  was  acquir- 
ed by  cafual  difcoverers,  who  never  returned. 

The  opinion  that  America  was  peopled,  in  part, 
by  the  Phenicians,  was  long  fince  maintained  by 
Hornius ;  and,  though  rejected  by  many  fucceed- 
ing  writers,  has  been  lately  revived  by  Bryan  Ed- 
wards,* a  well  informed  nierchant  of  the  ifland  of 
Jamaica.  He  extends  the  argument  no  farther, 
than  to  the  Charaibe  nation ;  who  inhabited  the 
Windward  Iflands,  and  fome  part  of  the  fouthern 
continent ;  "  whofe  manners  and  charafteriftic 
features  denote  a  different  anceftry,  from  the  gene- 
rality of  the  American  nations."  In  fupport  of 
tliis  opinion,  he  has  produced,  perhaps,  as  mucli 
evidence  from  a  fimilarity  of  mannelrs  and  language, 
as  a  fubjeft  of  fuch  remote  antiquity  can  admit. 

To  this  elegant  work  I  muft  refer  the  reader, 
and  fhall  add  one  only  remark,  arifing   from  the 

preceding 

*  Ilift,  W.  Indies,  vol.  f,  p.  103.  ^t; 


m 


■^ 


80 


Preliminary  Dissertation. 


preceding  obfervations ;  that  if  any  acceflion  of 
inhabitants  was  made  to  America,  by  the  dcfuhory 
migration  of  the  Phenician  or  Carthaginian  navi- 
gators, it  is  mod  rational  to  look  for  them  between 
the  tropics;  the  very  place  where  the  Charaibe« 
were  found.     ■  ^.,  ■  . 


'  <  ''>fi?  ■  }^tt- 


■■ .' 


■  1  ■    .'    •  -»    n  ^  i; 


t    t^'.i'iVi 


,  •■. na*-  • '. 

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a^i 


A  Chronological  Detail  of  Adventures  and  Dijcoveriesy 
made  by  the  Kv  rope  an  Nations,  m  America, 
before  the  EJlabliJhment  oj  the  Council  ©/"Ply- 
mouth, in  1620. 


i'^K 


Thofe  marked  with   f^  are  more  particularly  enlarged  upon  in  the 
,    .  Lives  of  the  Ad  venturer!.  ^      ;  •   '  .•«r% 

.  '   J*         IJIRON,  a  Norman,  accidentally  dif- 
A0m    covered  a  country  which  was  afterward  call- 
ed Winland  ;  and  is  fuppofed  to  be  a  part  of 
the  ifland  of  Newfoundland. 

Crantz,  Pontoppidan. 
1170.       MADOC,  prince  of  Wales,  emigrated ; 
8f^   and,  it  is  thought,  difcovered  a  new  country 
in  the  weft.  .  Hakluyt. 


1  . 

-        An  ifland  called  Eftotiland,  was 
^^*    ed  by  a  fiflierman  of  Frijland ;  as 


difcover- 
as  related  by 
Zeno.  Hakluyt, 

1492.  CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS,  in  the 
§1:3"    fervice  oi  Spain,  difcovered  GuanaAtin;  and 

other  iflands,  called  Bahamas  and  Antilles, 

Ferd.  Columbus. 

1493.  COLUMBUS  made  a  fecond  voyage, 
and  difcovered  Dominica  and  other  iflands, 
called  CdJn'^^^fi.  ibid. 

i^gy,      JOHN  CABOT,  with  his  fon   SEBAS- 
acr   TIAN,  in  the  fervice  of   Henry  VII^  of 
England,  difcovered  the  ifland  of  Newfound' 
land  and  fome  parts  of  a  wcftern  Continent; 


m 


.?!«;; 


32 

J498 


J  499 


1500 


1503 


1512 


1513 


'    A  Chronological  Detail  OF 

as  far  northward  as  lat.  45%  and  as  far  fouth- 
ward  as  lat.  38°.  i*        Haklyt. 

COLUMBUS  made  a  third  voyage,  and 
diTcovered  the  weftern  continent,  in  lati- 
tude 10°,  N.  :  ,.    ^  -       Ferd.  Col. 

OJEDA,  «  private  adventurer,  and  AM- 
ERIGO VESPUCCI  followed  the  track  of 
Columbus,  and  difcovcred  the  weftern 
continent ;  of  which  Amerigo,  after  his  re- 
turn to  Europe,-wrote  an  account,  and  pub- 
lifhcd  it.  From  which,  the  continent  ob- 
tained the  name  of  AMERICA. 

Robert/on. 

CABRAL,  in  the  fervice  of  Portugal, 
bound  to  India,  difcovered  by  accident,  the 
contineikof  America,in  lat.io°fouth ;  which 
was  called  Brafil. 

ibid. 

COLUMBUS  made  his  fourth  and  laft 
voyage  to  the  new  continent,  in  queft  of  a 
paffage  through  it  to  India. 

Ferd.  Col. 
JOHN  PONCE,  in  the  fervice  of  Spain^ 
difcovered  the  new  continent,  in  the  lati- 
tude of  30"  N,  and  called  it  Florida, 

Herrera. 

VASCO  NUNEZ,  a  Spaniard,  travelled 
acrofs   the  ifthmus  of  Darien,  and  from  a 
mountain,  difcovered  on  the  other  fide  of 
ihfi  continent  an  (?cf<?«)\vhich, from  the  direc- 
tion 


Adventures  and  Discoveries. 


33 


.;  .'^it*   tion  in  which  he  faw  it,  took  the  name  of  the 

.1^**  South  Sea,  Roberlfon. 

1519         HERNANDO  CORTEZ,  in  the  fcr- 

iv.it.^m  vice  of  Spain,  entered  the  city  of  Mexico; 

*iM  and  in  the  fpace  of  two  years  reduced  the 

!'!*"L-.  'whole  country  under  the  dominion   of  the 

) (» i  4ii>  King  of  Spain*  j^*  -r-^ .\ r p  -VtV^  t-t      ihid, 

iSao        FERDINAND  DE  MAGELLANES, 

rsKjUf  a  Portuguefe,  in  the  fervice  of  Spain,  palfed 

(cw  ': , .  through  the  ftrait  which  bears  his  name,  and 

■>\>f:.  A  failed  acrofs  the  South  Sea,  to  which  he  gave 

!»  the  name  of  Pacific.    -He  difcovered  the 

4..  ^  vi  Philippine  iflands,  and  was  there  killed  in  a 

'.    ,t>  (kirmilh  wi  h  the  natives.     The  fhip,  un- 

^  j^.y  dcr    the     cv^rr.mand   of  Sebastian   del 

<l|,,^^.  Ca;*io,  retur.ied   to  Spain  by  way  of  the 

!  ,^    ^/  Cap6  of  Goofi  Hope,  and  thus  performed 

,'f  jrthe  firll  circumnwigation  of  the  Globe. 
'  f.ii^\An^  m.'isrvT  -i^u  t"    'T  Life  of  Magellanes. 
J 524        JOHN  DE  VLRAZ.ZANI,  a  Floren- 
tine, ill  the    fervice  of   Francis  I,    King 
, .  of  France,  difcovered  the  new  continent 
:.^^,_^in  lat.  34''  N.  failed  northward  to  lat.  41% 
jj.i    where  he  entered  a  harbour,  which   by  his 
.    dcfcriptioa    mult    be   that   of  NejiT-York. 
1:    Thence  he  failed  E.  and   N.  E.  as  far  as 
^..  i  Newfoundland  ;  apd  called  the  whole  coun- 
try A^ew-jFrance.         !-^).      ;.   Hakluyt. 
i525         STEPHEN  GOMEZ,   in   the    fervice 
of  Spain,  failed  to  Florida,  and  thence  tq 

C        -  Cifpc 


u 


:li 


I; 


llM'l 


!i''! 


I  ■* 


'..,»'.-. 


1526 


i^aS 


*534 


^535 


1536 

^539 

1542 
^543 


A  Chronological  Detail  of 

Cape  Race  in  lat.  46"  N.  in  fearch  of  a 
N.  W.  paflage  to  India.  Herrera. 

FRANCIS  PIZARRO,  failed  from 
Panama  to  Peru  and  began  the  conqueft 
of  that  rich  and  populous  country. 

Purchas. 

PAMPHILO  DE  NARVAEZ,  in  the 
fervice  of  Spain,  failed  from  Cuba  with 
400  men  to  conquer  Florida.  His  purpofe 
was  defeated  by  a  temped,  in  which  he  was 
wrecked  on  the  coaft.      Herrera.  Purchas. 

JAMES  CARTIER,  in  the   fervice  of 
France,  difcovered  and  named  the  Bay  di 
Chaleur  and  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
,  Hakluyt. 

CARTIER  made  a  fecond  voyage,  dif- 
covered the  Great  River  of  Canada,  and 
failed  up  as  far  as  Hochebga,  which  he 
D^med  Montreal.  He  wintered  m  a  little  har- 
bour near  the  weft  end  of  the  ifle  of  Orleans^ 
^vhich  he  called  Port  de  St.  Croix,  The 
next  fummer  he  returned  tt)  France,  car* 
rying  fome  of  the  natives.  Hakluyt. 

FERDINANDO  DE  SOTO  failed 
from  Cuba,  with  900  men^  to  conquer 
Florida.  He  traverfed  the  country  in  va- 
rious directions  for  three  years,  and  died 
on  the  banks  of  the  Mifliffipi.  The  fur- 
viving  part  of  his  army  returned  to  Cuba. 

Herrera.  Purchas. 
1540 


I    '^ 


Adventures  and  Discoveries. 


1540 


154a 


<->;t 


':'\a 


\t 


$  •* 


35 


C ARTIER  made  a  third    voyage    to 
Canada,  built  a  fort  ajid  began  a  fettle- 
1541     ment,  which  he  called  CharUburg,  4  leagues 
,,or      above  the  Port  de   St.  Croix.     He   broke 
up  the  fettlement  and  failed  to  Newfound- 
land. Hakluyt. 

ROBERVAL,  with  three  fhips  and  200 
perfons,  going  to  recruit  the  fettlement  in 
Canada,  met  Cartier  at  Newfoundland,  and 
would  have  obliged  him  to  return  ;  but  he 
gave  him  the  flip  and  failed  for  France. 
RoBERVAL  proceeded  up  the  river  St- 
Lawrence  4  leagues  above  the  ifland  of 
Orleans,  where  he  (bund  a  convenient  har- 
bour and  place  for  a  fortification.  Here 
he  built  a  fort,  and  remained  over  the 
winter.  The  next  year  he  returned  to 
France  with  his  colony i  m  .  >♦  ibid. 
'■  ,  During  the  fucceeding  thirty  years  the 
paffion  for  difcovery  took  another  direftion. 
Adventurers  frorti  Europe  were  feeking 
a  paflage  to  India  and  China  by  the  N.  E. 
but  were  prevented  from  accomplifliing 
their  views,  by  the  cold  and  ice  of  thofe 
inhofpitable  regions.  Forjler. 

''  In  this  interval,  the  French  of  Brittany, 
the  Spaniards  of  Bifcay,  and  the  Portu- 
guefe,  enjoyed  the  fiftiery  on  the  banks  of 
Newfoundland,  without  interruption. 

Purchas. 
C  2  1562 


i'l  III 


ll 


I!   I 


:  II 


36 
1562 


A-CiiKoNOLOGicAL  Detail  of 


Under  the  patronage  of  Ciiatillok,^ 
High  Admiral  of  France,  JOHN  RI- 
.  *i-*:BAI/r  attempted  a  fettlcment  in  Florida. 
,y.-  -K  \\q  entered  a  river,  in  lat  32%  on  the  firll 
of  Mky  j  whicli,  from  that  circumllance, ' 
hj  named  the  River  May^,  and  the  entrance 
he  called  Port  Royal.      Here  he   built  a 

•  ibrt,  which  in  honour  of  Charles  IX,  of 

.:  France,  he  called  Fort  Charles.     After  his 

departure,  the  people  mutinied  and  return- 
ed to  France.  Hakluyl  and  Purchas. 

156]  LAUD0NIF:RK    renewed    the    fettle- 

mcnt  and  called  the  country  Carolina^  after 
the  reigning  monarch  of  France.  This 
colony  ,was  on  good  terms  with  the  na- 
tives; but  fuffered  by  famine.  They  were 
relieved  bv  Sir  John  Hawkins,  an  Eng- 
lifhuian,  who  olfered  to  carry  them  to 
Franco  ;  but  the  hope  of  finding  ^/v^r  in- 
duced them  to  Hay,   till  Rib  alt    arrived 

1565     with  feven  fail  of  veffels. 

PEDRO  MELENDES,in  the  fervicc 
of  Spain,  came  with  a  fuperior  force,  killed 
Ribalt  and  mod  of  his  company,  and  took. 
poITcdion  of  the  country,  building  three 
forts.  -     .'.  ibid. 

•  1568  GOURGUES,  from  France,  with  die 
help  of  the  natives,  who  hated  the  Span- 
iards, broke  up  the  Spaififli  fetdemcnts  in 
Florida,  and  returned  to  France,  leaving 
the  country  dcfart.  .       ibid. 

157^ 


Adventurf.s  and  Discovkrif.s.         37 

1576  All  attcinpLs  to  find  a  N.  E.  pafFagc  to 
India  being  fiulliaicd,  MARTIN  FROB- 
ISIIER,  in  the  Icrvice  oF  Elizabeth, 
Qucc!^  oF  England,  failed  in  fcarcli  oF  a 
N.  W.  pafFagc.  ■     .       ^ 

1577  He  made  a  Fccond  voyage. 

1578  He  made  a  third  voyage.      * 

Thcfe  voyages  were  made  to  Greenland^ 
awd  produced  no  material  difcovcry.     He 
Failed  through  a  ftrait  which  Hill   bears   his 
name,  but  is  now  impallablc  by    reafbn   oF 
fixed  ice.  »/     Ilakluyt  ?i\\(\  Cranlz. 

■  Sir  FRANCIS  DRAKE  being  on  a 
cruiFe  againll  the  Spaniards  in  the  South 
Sea,  landed  on  the  continent  oF  America^ 
northward  oF  California,  took  pofleffion  oF 
a  harbour,  and  called  the  circumjacent 
jp  country  between  lat.  38°  and  42",  New^ 
Albion.  Hakluyt. 

1579  Sir  HUMPHRY  GILBERT,  obtain- 
ed oF  Queen  Elizabeth  a  patent  For  all 

grj-    countries  not   pofFefFed   by   any    Chriltian 

Prince.  Purchas. 

1583         GILBERT     Failed    to    Netofoundland  ; 
took  Formal  poireflTion  oF  it  and  oF  the  con- 
tinent oF  North  America,  For  the  Crown    oF,  \ 
England.     In    his    return   his    fliip   Foun- 
dered, and  he  was  loft.  ibid. 

Sir    ADRIAN    GILBERT,   obtained 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  a  patent   For   the 

diFcovcrv 

C3 


ilU'f 


3(1^'        A  Chronological   Detail  of 

difcovery  of  a  N.  W.  paffage  ;  to  remain 
in  force  five  years.  '    Hakluyt. 

^584  Sir  WALTER  RALEIGH,*  obtained 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  a  patent  for  lands 
not  polfefTed  by  any  Chriltis^n  Prince ;  by 
virtue  of  which  he  fent  PHIUPAMADAS 
^nd  ARTHUR  BARLQW  to  explore  the 
country  called  by  the  Spania^-ds  Florida. 

ibid. 

1585  Under  the  authority  of  Gilbert's 
patent,  JOHN  DAVIS  failed  from  Eng- 
land in  fearch  of  a  N.  W.  paifage. 

1586  lie  made  a  fecond  voyage. 

1587  He  mfide  a  third  voyage. 

DAVIS  explored  the  weftern  coafl;  of 
Greenland,  and  p?irt  qf  the  oppofite  coaft 
of  the  continent  of  America  ;  the  flj[Siit 
between  them  bears  his  name.  He  aifo 
difcovered  another  ftrait  which  he  callecf 
Cumberland.  •  Hakluyt. 

^585  Sir    Walter    Raleigh    fent     Sir 

RICHARD  GRENVILLE  toFlorida.  He 
landed  a  colony  of  100  people  at  Roanoak^ 
and  returned.  ibid. 

^586  l^iR  FRANCIS  DRAKE  returning  from 
his  expedition  againft  the  Spaniards,  took 
the  colony  x)n  board  and  carried  them  to 
Englz^nd.  ibid. 


f  See  life  of  John  Smith. 


Sir 


w 


Adventures  and  Discoveries.  3g 

Sir  RICHARD  GRENVILLE  arriv- 
ed after  their  departure  and  landed  anoth- 
er  fmaller  colony.  r  <  ^'^^-^^ 

1587  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  fent  another 
company  under  the  command  of  JOHN 
WHITE,  to  colonize  the  country  which 
Queen  Elizabeth  called  Virginia,  in 
honour  of  her  own  Virginity.  The  fecond 
colony  were  not  to  be  found.  One  hun- 
dred and  fifteen  perfons  were  landed  to 
make  a  third  colony,  and  the  governor 
returned  to  England  for  fupplies, 

Purchas. 

1590  GEORGE  WHITE  was  fent*  to  Vir- 
ginia, but  finding  none  of  the  third  colony 
living,  returned  to  England.  ihid. 

1592  JUAN  DE  FUCA,  a  Greek,  in  the  fcr- 
|l3"    vice  of  Spain,  was  fent  by  the  Viceroy  of 

Mexico  to  difcover  a  N.  W.  paflage,  by  ex- 
ploring the  weftern  fide  of  the  American 
continent.  He  difcovered  a  ftrait  which 
bears  his  name  in  the  48th  degree  of  N, 
latitude,  and  fuppofed  it  to  be  the  long  de- 
fired  pafTage.  Purchas, 

1593  HENRY  MAY,  an  Englifhman,  return- 
ing from  the  Eaft  Indies  in  a  French  fhip, 
was  wrecked  on  the  ifland  of  Bermuda, 
where  he  {'ounA  fwine  ;  from  which  circum- 
ftance,  it  appeared,  that  fome  other  vcffel 
had   been   there  before.      The    company 

C  4  built 


40^ 


m 


1593 
or 

^594. 


1598 


1600 


1602 


A  Chronological  Detail  of 

built  a  boat  of  cedar,  caulked  it,  and  payed 
the  feams  with  lime  mixed  with  turdes'  fat, 
and  failed  to  Newfoundland ;  wherice  they 
got  a  pafl'age  to  England.  Hakluyt. 

GEORGE  WEYMOUTH  failed  from 
England  to  difcover  a  N.  W.  paflage.  He 
vifited  th9  coaft  of  Labrador,  and  failed  30 
miles  up  an  inlet  in  the  latitude  of  56° ; 
but  made  no  material  difcovery. 

Forjler. 

DE  LA  ROCHE  obtained,  from  Hen- 
ry IV,  of  France,  a  commiflion  to  con- 
quer Canada,  and  other  countries  not  pof- 
fcfled  by  any  Chriftian  Prince.  He  failed 
from  France  with  a  colony  of  convith  from 
the  prifons ;  landed  40  on  the  ijle  of  Sable. 
After  fevcn  years,  the  furvivors,  being  12 
in  number,  were  taken  off,  and  carried 
home  to  France;  where  Henry  pardoned 
them,  and  gave  them  50  crowns  each,  as 
a  recompcnfc  for  their  fufferings. 

Purchas.     Forjler. 
Q.  ELIZABETH  eftabliflied, by  char- 
ter, a  company  of  merchants  in  England ; 
with  an  exclufive  privilege  of  trading  to 
the  Eaft  Indies.  Tablet  of  Memory* 

BARTHOLOMEW  GOSNOLD,  an 
Englifhman,  difcovercd  a  promontory  on 
the  American  coafl,  in  lat.  42°,  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  of  Cape  Cod.  He  landed 
on  an  ifland  which  he  called  EUzahttJi,  and 

built 


■'i 


V 


Adventures  akd  Discoveries* 


41 


He 


(  .  .  built  a  finall  fort;  but  the  fame  fummer 
returned  to  England.     ,  ftjir!?«i  Purchas. 

1603  DE  MONTS  obtained  of  Henry  IV, 
of  France,  a  patent  for  the  planting  of 
V Acadia  and  Canada,  from  lat.  40°  to  46°. 

'.I    "     s   ■»'"'■■    •  .^   urn'i.irf  i-.ji'Hx  4"^?."yj:^!^f  tiit-,'    ibid. 

3f3-  SAMUEL  CHAMPLAIN  failed  up 
the  Great  River  of  Canada,  and  returned 
to  France  the  fame  year.     ,  ,,r,  ;,-4;    ibid. 

1  ^04  DE  MONTS  failed  from  France  taking 
Champlain  and  Champdore  for  pilots, 
and  PouRTRiNcouRT  who  intended  a  fet- 
tlement  in  America.  They  difcovcrcd 
"  and  began  plantations  at  Port  Royal,  Si. 
Johns  and  Si.  Croix,  in  the  Bay  of  Funda. 
POURTRINCOURT  introduced  two 
Jefuits  into  Port  Royal ;  but  fome  contro- 
verfy  arifing,  the  Jefuits  went  to  Mount  De- 
fart  and  began  a  p'lantation  there.  ibid. 

1605  GEORGE  WEYMOUTH  failed  on  a 
fccond  voyage  to  difcover  a  N.  W.  paf- 
fage ;  but  falling  fliort,  made  the  land  in 
41°  30';  thence  failed  to  43"  20^  and  dif- 
covered  a  great  river  fuppofed  to  be  either 
Kcnebeck  or  Penohfcot  ;  took  on  board  five  of 
the  natives  and  returned  to  England.  He 
put  in  at  Plymouth ;    and  delivered  three 

03*  of  them  to  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges, 
then  Governour  of  Plymouth.         Gorges. 

1606  JAMES  I,  King  of  England,  by  patent, 
divided  Virginia  into   two   diilrifts,  called 

North 


4a 


A  Chronological  Detail  op 


1607 


North  and  South  Virginia.  The  fouthern 
part,  fituate  between  34"  and  41%  he  grant- 
ed to  a  London  Company ;  the  northern 
part,  fituate  between  38*  and  45°,  he  grant- 
ed to  a  Plymouth  Company.  Neither  of 
them  were  to  plant  within  100  miles  of  the 
other.  Purchas. 

CHAMPLAINjby  order  of  De  Monts, 
failed  up  the  River  of  Canada  and  fortified 
Quebecy  the  name  of  a  ftrait  in  the  river. 

ibid. 

HENRY  HUDSON,  in  the  fervice  of 
the  Englifh  Eaft  India  Company,  failed  in 
queft  of  a  N.  W.  paffage.  He  attempted 
to  pafs  ^o  the  E.  of  Greenland,  and  difcov- 
ered  Spitzbergen.  He  failed  as  far  N.  as 
82* ;  but,  finding  the  fea  obftrufted  by  ice, 
returned.  Forjler. 

CHRISTOPHER  NEWPORT  failed 

to  South  Virginia,  and  began  a  colony  at 

Jfamestown,     Edward  Wingfield  was 

tCf"    Prefident,  but  JOHN  SMITH  wasthe  life 

and  foul  of  the  colony.         Smith.  Purchas. 

GEORGE  POPHAM*  failed  to  North 
Virginia  and  began  a  plantation  at  Sagada^ 
hock,  of  which  he  was  Prefident.  In  the 
winter,  the  fhips  returned  to  England,  leav- 
ing 45  perfons  behind.  Their  Prefident 
1608    dying,  the  next  fpring  they  broke  up  the 

plantation 
•  Sec  the  Life  of  F.  Gorges. 


t-^- 


,; 


Adventures  and  Discoveries.         43  < 

planution  and  went  back  ti  England.  This 
winter  was  remarkably  fevere  both  in  Ame- 
rica  and  England.  *'<"^^^  Purchds. 
»6o8  HUDSON,  in  the  fervice  of  the  Englifh 
Eaft  India  Company,  undertook  a  fecond 
voyage  of  difcovery,  and  attempted  to  pafs 
on  both  fides  of  Nova  Zcmbla  ;  but  the  ice 
being  impenetrable,  he  returned.  '      > 

.■'i' .■>■['. ,  ^n>>'">'^'"  i-'^'v"?-'  •■*-l^.'<rrif  I*  Purckas. 

NELSON    reinforced    the   colony    of 

South  Virginia  with  120  people.         ibid. 
1609        CHAMPLAIN  returned  to  France,  leav- 
ing Capt.  Pierre  to  command  at  Quebec. 
i,    ,',("!   ■   ■-■'  ■      •,•..-,(,■.'  '.if    '.y  '^i . .'ht:'.  '»  » toid, 

HUDSON,  in  the  fervice  of  the  Dutch, 
made  a  third  voyage,  and  difcovered  the 
river  which  bears  his  name  in  lat.  41*. 
gp-       SirGEORGE  SOMERSbound  to  South 
Virginia,  was  wrecked  on  Bermuda,  whence 
;.  thofe  iflands  took  the  name  Somer  IJlands. 
^5  .      Smith.     Purchas. 

1610         CHAMPLAIN   revifited    Quebec   and 
took  the  command  there.  Purchas. 

HUDSON,  in  the  fervice  of  the  Englifh 
Eaft  India  Company,  difcovered  the  ftrait 
.  and  bay  which  bear  his  name  j  and  paffed 
the  winter  there,  intending  to  purfue  his 
difcoveriejj  in  the  enfuing  fpring;  but  his 
crew  mutinied  and  turned  him  adrift  in  his 
boat  with  feven  others,  who  were  never 
flipre  heard  of.  Purchas.  Campbell. 

Sir 


44> 

i6iO 


A  Chronological  Detail  of 


1611 


Sir  GEORGE  SOMERS  having  built  a 
pinnace  at  Bermuda,  failed  to  South  Vir- 
ginia ;  the  colony  determined  to  return  to 
England ;  but,  in  failing  down  James'  Riv- 
er, met  Lord  Delaware  with  a  reinforce- 
ment, by  which  they  were  encouraged  to 
return  and  refume  the  plantation.     Purchas. 

JOHN  GUY  with  a  company  of  40  per- 
fons  began  a  colony  at  the  bay  of  Conception, 
in  Newfoundland.  ibid. 

Sir  THOMAS  DALE  reinforced  the 
^0^    colony  of  South  Virgina  with  300  people ; 
and  Sir  Thomas   Gates  with  300  more, 
*      furnifhing  them  with  cattle  and  fwine  ;  and 
thus  that  colony  was  eftablifhed.  ibid. 

,  The  colony  at  Newfoundland  was  aug- 
mented to  60  perfons ;  but  was  for  many 
years  in  a  very  precarious  ftate.  Mr.  Guy 
returned  to  England,  and  was  afterward 
Mayor  of  Briftol.      Purchas.     Oldmixon. 

The  South  Virginia  Company  having  fold 
the  iflands  of  Bermuda  to  a  part  of  their  own 
number,  they  obtained  a  diftinft  charter, 
and  fent  a  colony  of  90  perfons  thither  ; 
their  firft  governor  was  Richard  Moor. 

Purchas. 

The  colony  at  Bermuda  was  enlarged  by 
the  addition  of  400  perfons.  ibid. 

Sir    THOMAS    DALE,   Governor  of 
Virginia,  hearing  that  the  French  had  fet- 
tled 


1612 


1613 


Adventures  and  Discoveries. 


45 


-,    tied  within  the  limits  of  the  northern  patent, 

xr   fent  Sir  Samuel  Argall  with  a  fufHcient 

,j  •  force  to  diflodge  them ;  which  he  did,  from 

..  ,  Mount  Manfel  (Defart)  St.  Croix  and  Port 

Royal  in  the  Bay  of  Funda.  Thefe  French- 

/      .  .  men  retired  to   Quebec  and  ftrengthened 

the  fettlcment  there.    Smith.  Purchas.  Keith. 

1614  Capt.  JOHN  SMITH  having  quitted 
^#-     the   colony  of  South  Virginia,   failed  for 

s        North  Virginiztj  on  a  filhing  and  whahng 

V  i  voyage;  he  ranged  the  coaft  from  Penob- 

;     .  fcot  to  Cape  Cod ;  and  made  a  map  of  the 

%     ^v.  country,  which  he  firft  called  New  England > 

-,■:■.      i      i  .%(i.t4  :l  i:  i->uii  ut-a:no>l  *ti  Smith. 

1615  ROBERT  ^YLOT  and  WILLIAM 
BAFFIN  failed  from  England  infearchof 
a   N.  W.   paflage.  ,.  ^  - 

1616  They  made  Another  voyage,  and  difcov- 
ered  the  great  northern  bay  which  bears 
Baffin's  name.  Purchas.     Forjler. 

1617  During  this  and  the  two  preceding  years, 
war,  famine,  and  peftilence,  raged  among 
the  natives  of  New  England,  by  which  great 
numbers  were  fwept  off;  and  the  fur  trade 
between  them  and  the  Europeans  was  inter- 
rupted.   V  Gorges. 

1619  THOMAS  DERMER*  failed  to  New 
England ;  found  many  places,  before  popu- 
lous, almoft  defolate,  and  the  few  remaining 

inhabitants 

*  See  the  life  of  F.  Gorges, 


46         A  Chronological  Detail,  G?<;. 


f    ]  t'jAy 


in*" 

-   'A 


1620 


I.  « *.  i. 


,-'rfr 


Inhabitants  either  fick  or  but  fcarcely  recov- 
ered. In  this  voyage  he  failed  through 
the  whole  paffage  between  the  main  land 
and  Long  I  (land  and  firit  determined  its 
in^/ar  fituation.  •%*"..        Gorges, 

A  Company  of  ENGLISH  PURI- 
TANS*, who  had  refided  twelve  years  in 
Holland,  began  a  colony  in  New  England, 
which  they  called  New  PfymoiUh.  Morton, 
KING  JAMES  1 1,  eftablifhed  at  Ply- 
mouth,  in  Devonfbire^  a  Council,  for  the 
planting,  ruling  and  ordering  of  New  Eng- 
land ;  and  thus  the  bufinefs  of  colonizationi 
was  formed  into  a  fyftem.  Gorges, 

'      'See  life  of  W.Bradford.  ^ 


t  See  lifeiof  F.  Gorges. 


.« 


f •/.  '•■•  • 


AMERICAN 


.l\.    I 


I.  i 


,fl 


n  f         I         "     r4 


AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY. 


■■rv^Xi 


-••♦'^xSStfffHPt:^^*'**'" 


rMf 


...„..•)   ...iiJT^r    B  I  R  ON.         . 

f  *   The  ancient  inhabitants  of  Norway 
and  Denmark,  coUedively  taken,  were  diftin- 
guilhed  by  the  name  of  Normans.     Their 
iituation  near  the  coaft  of  '  c  fea,  and  the  ad- 
vantages   which  that   element  prefented  to 
them  beyond  all  which  they   could   cxpedt, 
from  a  rough  foil,  in  a  cold  climate,  led  them 
at  an  early  period  to  the  fcience   and  practice 
of  navigation."     They  built  their  vcflcls   with 
the  beft  of  oak,  and  conflrudted  thehi  in  fuch 
a  manner  as  to  encounter  the  florms  and  bil- 
lows of  the  northern  ocean.     They  covered 
them  with  decks  and  furnifhed  them  with 
high  forecaftles  and  fterns.     They  made  ufc 
of  fails  a$  well  as  oars,   and  had  learned  to 

trim 


If* 

'  1 


'  4 


'm 


'M 


III 


■m 


':-. 


48 


B     I    R     O     N. 


trim  their  fails  to  the  wind,  in  almofl  any  di- 
rection. In  thefe  arts,  of  building  {hips  and 
of  navigation,  they  were  fuperior  to  the  peo- 
ple bordering  on  the  Mediterranean  fea,  who 
depended  chiefly  on  their  oars,  and  ufed  fails 
only  with  a  fair  wind,  ~  " 

About  the  end  of  the  eighth  and  beginning 
of  the  ninth  century,  the  Normans  made 
thsmfelvcs  famous  by  their  predatory  excur- 
lions.  England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  the  Ork- 
ney and  Shetland  iflands,  were  objedts  of  their 
depredations  ;  and,  in  one  of  their  piratical 
expeditions,  (a.d.  861)  they  difcovered  an 
ifland,  which  from  its  lofty  mountains,^cov-i 
crcd  with  ice  and  fnow,  obtained^the  name  of 
Iceland,  In  a  few  years  after  they  planted 
a  colony  there,  which  was  continually  aug- . 
men  ted  by  migrations  from  the  neighbouring 
countries.  Within  the  fpace  of  thirty  years 
(889)  a  new  country,  fituate  on  the  weft,  was 
difcovered,  and  from  its  verdure  during  the 
fummer  months  received  the  name  of 
Greenland.  This  was  deemed  fo  import-' 
ant  an  acquifition,  that,  under  -  the  condu(5t 
of  Eric  Raude,  or  Redhead,  a  Danifla 
chief,  it  was  foon  peopled. 

The  emigrajits    to  thefe   new  regions  were 
ftill  inflamed  with    the  paifion   for  adventure 

and 


-."^ 


B    I    R    O     N. 


49 


and  difcovery.  An  Icelander  of  the  name 
Heriolf  and  his  fon  Biron*  made  ,i  voyage 
every  year  to  different  countries,  fc  •  the  fake 
of  traffic.  About  the  beginning  of  the  elev- 
enth century  (looi)  their  (hips  were  feparat- 
cd  by  a  ftorm.  When  Biron  arrived  in  Nor- 
way, he  heard  that  his  father  was  gone  to 
Greenland,  and  he  refolved  to  follow  him } 
but  another  florm  drove  him  to  xYitfouthweJi^ 
where  he  difcovered  a  flat  country,  free  from 
rocks,  but  covered  with  thick  woods  ;  and  an 
illand  near  the  coad.  .^-m  ,5  .  /..•>-«•  ■  * 
:  r  He  made  no  longer  flay  at  either  of  thefe 
places  than  till  the  florm  abated  ;  when  by  a 
northcafi  courfe  he  hafled  to  Greenland.  The 
difcovery  was  no  fooner  known  there,  than 
Leif  the  fon  of  Eric,  who,  like  his  father, 
had  a  flrong  dcfire  to  acquire  glory  by  adven- 
tures, equipped  a  vcfTel,  carrying  twenty  five 
men ;  and,  taking  Biron  for  his  pilot,  failed 
(1002)  in  fearch  of  the  new  country.  *•'  ^^ 
His  courfe  was  fouthweft.  On  the  firfl 
land  which  he  faw,  he  found  nothing  but  flat 
rocks  and  ice,  without  any  verdure.  He  there- 
fore gave  it  the  name  of  Ilelhland^  which  fig- 


■J  i .  • » 


-'•  -      \       ^  nifies     t 

*  His  name  is  fpclled  by  different  authors    B  i  r  o  n',   B  x  o  n  v, 
Bjoern,  and  Biaern. 

D 


,t^*. 


.1.  H^I0 


$0 


B     I    R    O    N. 


nifies  rocky.     Afterward  he  came  to  a  level 
fliore,  without  any  rocks,  but  overgrown  with 
woods,   and  the  fand  was  remarkably   white. 
This  he  named  MarilanJ,  or  woody.     Two 
days  after,  he  faw  land  again,  and  an  ifland  ly- 
ing before  the  northern  coaft  of  it.     Here  he 
firfl  landed ;    and   thence   failing  weflward, 
round  a  point  of  land,  found  a  creek  or  river 
into  which  the  (hip  entered.**'  -  ^  v>r*    . ,  :  m. 
■'>f  On   the  banks  of  this  river,  were  bufhes 
beating  fwcet  berries ;  the  air  was  mild,  the 
foil  fertile,  and  the  river  well  ftored  with  fifh, 
among  which  were  very  fine  falmon.     At  the 
head  of  this,  river  was  a  lake,  on  the  ihore  of 
which  they  refolved   to  pafs   the  winter,  and 
ereded  huts   for  their  accommodation.     One 
of  their   company,  a   German  named  Tyrker, 
having  ftraggled  into  the  woods,  found  grapes  j 
from  which,  he  told  them  that  in  his  country, 
they  made  wine.  From  this  circumftancc  Leif, 
the  commander  of  the  party,  called  the  place 
Winland  dat  gode,  the  good  wine1:ountry. 
,,  *-  An  intercourfe  being  thus  opened  between 
Greenland  and  Winland,  feveral  voyages  were 
made,  and  the  new  country  was   further  ex- 
plored.    Many  iflands  were  found  near  the 
coaH;,  but  not  a  human  creature  was  feen  till 

the 


B    I    R    O    N. 


SI 


die  third  fummcr  ( 1 004)  when  three  boats 
conftrudlcd  with  ribs  of  bone,  faftened  with 
thongs  or  twigs  and  covered  with  ikins,  each 
boat  containing  three  men,  made  their  appear- 
ance. From  the  diminutive  fize  of  thefe 
people  the  Normans  denominated  them  Skra- 
/ings,*  and  inhumanly  killed  them  all  but 
one ;  who  efcaped  and  colledted  a  larger  num- 
ber of  his  countrymen,  to  make  an  attack  on 
their  invaders.  The  Normans  defended  their 
/hips  with  fo  much  fpirit,  that  the  affailants 
were  obliged  to  retire. 

After  this,  a  colony  of  Normans  went  and 
fettled  at  Winland,  carrying  on  a  barter  trade 
with  the  Skraelings  for  furs ;  but  a  controvcr- 
fy  arofe  in  t;he  colony^  v/hich  induced  fome 
to  return  to  Greenland.  The  others  difperfed 
and  mixed  with  the  Skriclings, 

In  the  next  century  (1121)  Eric,  BiHiop 
of  Greenland,  went  to  Winland,  with  a  bene- 
volent dcfign  to  recover  and  convert  his  coun- 
trymen who  had  degenerated  into  favages. 
This  prelate  never  returned  to  Greenland; 
nor  was  any  thing  more  heard  of  Winlandj 
for  feveral  centuries.    .  ,       x-  nij 

'      .,  Thi» 

*  Cut  fticks,  chips-r-D  warfs, 
P   2 


**■  •  *  -  fct 


iQ 


i 


52 


B     I     R     O     N. 


I     ■' 'M 


VM 


■•'■  This  account  of  the  difcovery  of  Winland 
is  taken  from  Pqntoppidan's  hiftory  of  Nor- 
way, Crantz's  hiftory  of  Greenland,  and  a  late 
hiftory  of  northern  voyages  by  Dr.  John 
Reinhold  Forfter.  The  fidts  are  faid  to' 
have  been  colledted  from  **  a  great  number  of 
Icelandic  manufcripts  by  Thormond  Thor- 
foeus,  Adam  von  Bremen,  Arngrim  Jonas  and 
many  other  writers,  fo  that  it  is  hardly  pofli- 
ble  to  entertain  the  leaft  doubt  concerning  tht 
authenticity  of  the  relation."  '^*^^  '^  '^*^ 

Pontoppidan  fays  that  "  they  could  fee  the 
fun  full  fix  hours  in  the  fhorteft  day  j'*  but 
Grantz  tells  u§  that  **  the  fun  rofe  on  the  fliort- 
eft  day  at  eight  of  the  clock,"  and  Forfter 
that  **  the  fun  was  eight  hours  above  the  ho- 
rizon," from  \yhich  he  concludes,  that  Win- 
land  muft  be  found  in  the  49th  degree  of 
northern  latitude ;  and  from  its  being  in  a 
fouthwefterly  diredion  from  Greenland,  he 
fuppofes  that  it  is  either  a  part  of  Newfound- 
land or  fome  place  on  the  northern  coaft  of 
xthegulf  of  St,  Lawrence;  but  whether  grapes 
are  found  in  either  of  thofe  countries  he  cannot 
fay.  However,  he  feems  fo  fully  perfuaded 
of  the  fadls,  that  he  gives  it  as  his  opinion, 
that  the  Normans  were,  ftridly  fpeaking,  the 

firft 


.   ..^    IRON.  53 

firft  difcovcrers  of  America,  nearly  five  centu- 
ries before  Columbus. -^^^^.i^jr^jf-;;  yHPiii  jtr  "f 
.  From  a  careful  perufal  of  the  firft  accounts 
of  Newfoundland,  prcferved  by  thofe  painful 
colledtors  Hakluyt  and  Purchas,  and  of  other 
memoirs   refpeding  that  ifland  and  the  coaft 
of  Labrador;  and   frominfpeding  the  moft 
approved  maps  of  thofe  regions,  particularly 
one,  in  the  American  Atlas,  delineated  agreea- 
bly to  the  adtual  furveys  of  the  late  celebrated 
navigator  Capt.   James  Cook,  the  following 
obfervations  occur. ,. ,.:    ^...1n'-  jlr.;,:     .»i?.^ir^. 
On  theN.  E.  part  of  Newfoundland,  which- 
is   moft  diredtly   acceflible  from  Greenland, 
there  is  a  long  range  of  coaft,  in   which  are 
two  bays,  the  one  called  Gander  Bay,  and  the 
other  the  Bay  of  Exploits.    Before  the  mouth 
of  the  former,  among  many  fmaller,  there  lies  ; 
one  lai'ge  ifland  called  Fogo ;    and  before  the 
mouth  of  the  latter,  another,  called  The  New. 
World.     Either  of  thefe  will  fufficiently  an- 
fwer  to  the  fituation  defcnbed  in  the  account 
of  Biron's  fecond  voyage.     Into  each  of  thefe 
bays,    runs  a  river,  which  has  its  head   in  a 
lake,  and  both  thefe  lakes  lie  in  the  49  th  de- 
gree of  north  latitude.    ''i«?.i^jm* 

The  earlieft  accounts  of  Newfoundland  after- 
its  difcovery  and  the  eftablifhment  of  a  fifliery 
^3  /k  on 


>,!  : 


iii 


;  iJii"! 


5+ 


B    I    R    O    N» 


on  its  coaft«,  have  rcfpe^l  chiefly  to  the  lands' 
about  Trinity  and   Conception  bays,  between 
the  parallels  of  48**  and  49».     Thefe  lands  arc 
rcprefented  ^s  producing  ftrawberries,  whortle-"^ 
berries,  rafpberries,  goofeberries,  pears,  wild 
cherries,  and  hazle  nuts,  in  very  great  plenty. 
The  rivers  are  faid  to  have  been   well  ftored 
with  falmon  and  trouts.     The  natives,  who 
inhabited  a  bay  lying  to  the  northward   of 
Trinity  ind  came  occalionally  thither  in  their 
canoes,  are  defcribed  as   broad  hreafted  and 
Upright,     with    black    eyes,    and     without 
beards  j  the  hair  en  their  heads  was  of  dif-  *■ 
ferent  colours  ;  fome  had  i>/ack,  fome  brown 
and  others  yellow.     In   this  variety  they  dif- 
fered from  the  other  favages  of  Norih  Ame- 
rica, who  have  uniformly  black    hair,  un-^ 
\th  it  be  grown  grey  with  age.  ^ 

The  cliniate  is  reprefented  as  more  mijd  m 
the  winter  than  that  of  England  j  but  much 
colder  in  the  fpring,  by  reafon  of  the  vaft 
iflands  of  ice  vvhich  are  driven  into  the  bays 
pr  grounded  on  the  banks.        ^  -''       *^""^  ^'^^ 

On  the  north  eaftern  coafl  of  Labrador,' 
between  the  latitudes  of  53"  and  56%  are  ma- 
ny excellent  harbours  and  iflands.  The  feas' 
;ire  full  of  cod,  the  rivers  abound  with  falmon  : 

and 


t'i  '•:' 


•   ^ 


B    I    R    O    N. 


^ 


and  fche  climate  is  faid  to  be  more  mild  than 
in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Nothing  is  faid  in  any  of  thefe  accounts  of 
vines  or  grapes,  excepting  that  fome  which 
were  brought  from  England  had  thriven  well. 
If  any-evidence  can  be  drawn  from  a  compari- 
fbn  between  the  countries  of  Newfoundland 
and  New-England  it  may  be  obferved  j 
that  all  the  above  mentioned  fruits  and  berries 
are  found  in  the  northern  arid  eaftern  parts  of 
New-England  as  far  as  Nova  Scotia,  in  the 
latitudes  of  44"  and  45"  -,  and  that  grapes, 
f'u:/'  'IpinUy  liitis  labrufca)  2xt,  known  to 
gro"     .  iierever  thefe  fruits  are  found,  -"'"i '*...' 

Du  Monts  in  his  voyage  to  Acadia,  in 
1608,  fpeaks  of  grapes  in  feveral  places  ;  and 
they  vvere  in  fuch  plenty  on  the  ifle  of  Orleans 
in  lat.  47**  that  it  was  firft  called  the  ifland  of 
Bacchus.*  Though  there  is  no  dired  and  pof- 
itive  teftimony  of  grapes  in  the  iQand  of  New- 
foundknd,  it  is  by  no  means  to  be  concluded 
that  there  were  none.  Nor  is  it  improbable 
that  grapes,  though  once  found  there,  might 
have  been  fo  fcarce,  as  not  to  merit  notice,  in 
fuch  general  defcriptions,  as  were  given  by 
the  firft  Englifh  adventurers.  H-t  The 

*  It  is  alfo  faid   that  Mr.  Ellis  met  with   the  vjne  ^bpiit  the. 
Englifh  fettlements  at  Hudfon's  Bay  ;  and  compares  the  fruit  of 
it  to  the  currants  of  the  Levant.     Morfe's  Un.  (^eo.  vol.  i,  p.  64. 
D4 


Mt: 


W  y 


C 


:i 


jgi  B    I    R    O    N. 

'The  diftancc  between  Grccniand  and Ncvir*/ 
foundland  is  not  greater  than  between  Iceland 
and  Norway  j  and  there  could  be  no  more 
diffirulty  in  navigating  the  weftern  than  the 
eaftcf  n  parts  of  the  northern  Ocean,  with  fuch 
velTels  as  were  tfien  in  ufe,  and  by  fuch  Tea- 
men as  the  Normans  are  faid  to  have  been  ^ 
though  they  knew  nothing  of  the  magnetic 
needle.  •  5^  '~ .-f^K.^1*^'"^''^  ^y^-fA:-  t^^t  'm'-^^  iit 

Upon  the  whele,  though  we  cart  conic  to 
Jio  pofitivc  conclufion  in  a  qucftion  of  fuch 
|-emote  antiquity  ;  yet  there  are  many  cir- 
pumftances  to  confirm,  and  none  to  difprov^ 
the  relation  given  of  the  voyages  of  Biron.* 
But  if  it  be  allowed  that  he  is  entitled  to  the 
honour  of  having  difcovered  America  before 
Columbus,  yet  this  difcovery  cannot  in  the 
lead  detradt  from  the  merit  of  that  cele- 
brated navigator.  For  there  is  no  reafon  to 
fuppofe  that  Columbus  had  any  knowledge 
pf  the  Norman  difcoveries  ;  which  long  be- 
fore his  time  were  forgotten,  and  would  per* 
haps  never  have  been  rccolle(5ted,  if  he  had 
,  '    <,.iy'^-,--  1^-         'i  ■'  -\,v   ■•  .        notj,    '{- 

*  At  ihy  requeft,  Governor  Went  worth,  of  Nova  Scotia, 
has  employed  a  proper  perfon,  to  make  inquiry  into  any  velliges 
of  this  ancient  colony,  which  way  yet  be  fubfifling,  lam  forry 
that  the  refult  could  not  he  had,  before  the  publication  of  th'S 
yolame  ;  but  when  it  comes  to  hand^  it  (hall  be  communicated. 


uiY  . 


B    I    R    O    N. 


S7 


not,  by  the  afloniihing  exertions  of  hi^  genius 
and  his  perfevering ,  induftry,  effe(5ted  a  dis- 
covery of  this  continent,  in  a  climate  more 
friendly  to  the  views  of  .commercial  ^flVen- 

tUrerS.  ^..--^:v!  ."■;|^  ^^  •  .  ^— r';-^  rt^t".  * 

Even  Greenland  itfelf,  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  was  known  to  the  Danes  and  NqiT:? 
mans  only  by  the  name  of  lofi  ■  Greenla;:;ci  j 
and  they  did  not  recover  their  knowledge  of 
it,  till  after  the  Englifli  had  afcertained  it^ 
exiftence  by  their  voyages  to  difcover  a  N^  W. 
paffage  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  the  Dut^j^ 
had  coafted  it  in  purfiiit  of  whales* ^^'^^^^^ 

■■.,.;..-..,/'  •'■:'.  II.  .MA  DO.C.:^/ 

,^     1^*       i  ."4         «i      ■,»?-.-.'.-,     'Jijy   rfi        -cM^v-i -^V«j-;-i     i  .  ,''M  ^'''^a"^ ' 


-"*> 


i! 


§ 


^T^^  '■■      II.    M  A  D  O  Cr*^   ^-^-^Vit 

*^'^\l  HIS  perfon  is  fuppofed  to  have  difcov- 
crcd  America,  and  brought  a  colony  of  his 
countrymen  hither,  before  the  difcovery  made 
by  Columbus.  The  ftory  of  his  emigration 
from  Wales  is  thus  related  by  Hakluyt,  whofe 
book  was  firft  publiflied  in  1589;  and  a  fec- 
ond  edition  of  it  in  1600.     *  "^  '    ''  '"^^  **'^ 


€€ 


The  voyage  of  Madoc,  the  fon  of  Owen 
Gwynneth,  Prince  of  North  Wales,  to  the 
Weft  Indies  in  the  year  1 170  j  taken  out  of 
the  hiftory  of  Wales  lately  publiflied  by  M. 
David  Powel  Dodlor  of  Divinitie." 

**  After  the  death  of  Owen  Gwynneth,  his 
fons  fell  at  debate  who  (hould  inherit  after 
him.  For  the  eldeft  fon  born  in  matrimony 
Edward  or  lorweth  Drwydion  was  counted 
unmeet  to  govern,  becaufe  of  the  maime  upon 
his  face ;  and  Howel,  that  took  upon  him 
all  the  rule,  was  a  bafe  fon  begotten  of  an  Irifh 
woman.  Therefore  David  gathered  all  tlie 
power  he  could  and  came  againfl  Howcl,  and 
fighting  with  him,  flew  him  -,  and  afterward 
enjoyed  quietly    the  whole  land   of   North 

Wales, 


M    A    D    O    C.  # 

Wales,  until  his  brother  lorweth's  ion  came 
toage.  ■,  -V  /:/ f^  ti.j^;  m    ■  ';t    '  _>■•-.-  ' 

"Ma DOC,  another  of  Owen  Gwynhcth 
his  Tons ,  left  the  land  in  contention  between 
his  brethren  and  prepared  certain  (hips,  with 
men  and  munition,  and  fought  -  adventures 
by  fca,  failing  we/i^  and  leaving  the  coaft  of 
Ireland  fo  far  north  that  he  came  to  a  land , 
unknown,  where  he  faw  many  flrange  things.  ^ 

•*  This  land  muft  needs  be  fpmc  part  of 
that  country  of  which  the  Spaniards  affirm 
themfelves  to  be  thc^firft  finders,  fmce  Han-\ 
no's  time*  [*  For  by  reafon  and  order  of  cof- 
mographie,  this  land  to  the  which  Madoc 
came,  muft  needs  be  fome  part  of  Nova  Hif- 
pania  or  Florida.]  Whereupon  it  is  manifeft 
that  that  country  was  long  [before]  by  Brit- 
tains  difcuVf^ed,  afore  [either"'  Columbus 
[or  Americus  V;fputius]  led  any  Spaniards 
thither ^   .     -r       j  ' 

**  Of  the  voyage  and  return  of  that  Madoc 
there  be  many  fables  feigned,  as  the  common 
people  do  ufe,  in  diftance  of  place  and  length 
of  time,  rather  to  augment  than  diminiih,'but 
fure  it  is  that  there  he  was.  And  after  he  had 
returned  home  and  declared  the  pleafant  and 

fruitful 

*  The  words  Included  in  crotchets  [  ]  arc  omitted  in  the  fecond 
fdition  ot  Hakliiyt's  voyages. 


6o 


A    D     O    C. 


fruitful  Countries  that  he  had  feen  without  in-' 
habitants  5    and  upon  the   contrary  part,  for 
what  wild  and  barren  ground  his  brethren  and 
nephews  did  murther.one  another,  he  prepar- 
ed a  number  of  (hips  and  got  with  him  fuch 
men  and  women  as  were  defirous  t<y  live  in 
quietnefs;    and  taking  le^ve  of  his   fiends, 
took  his  journey  thitherwards  again.  ^  ^^ji^^»^t 
, .   *•  Therefore  it  is  to  be  prefuppofed,  that  he 
and  his  people  inhabited  part  of  thofe  coun- 
tries ;  for  it  appeareth^  by  Francis  Lopez  de 
Gomara,  that  in  Acuzamil,  and  other  places, 
the  people  honoured  the  crofs.     Whereby  it 
may  be  gathered,  that  Chriftians  had  been 
there  before  the  coming   of  the  Spaniards. 
But  becaufe  this  people  were  not  many,  they 
followed  the  manners  of  the  land  they  came 
to,  and  ufed  the  language  they  found  there. 

"This  Madoc  2  'ving  in  that  weftern 
country  unto  the  which  he  came  in  the  year 
1170,  left  moft  of  his  people  there,  and  re- 
turning back  for  more  of  his  own  nation,  ac- 
quaintance and  friends,  to  inhabit  that  fair  and 
large  country,  went  thither  again,  with  ten 
fails,  as  I  find  noted  by  Gutyn  Owen.  I  am 
of  opinion  that  the  land  whereto  he  came,  was 

^       .     fome 


..  V 


M    A    D    O    C. 


6i 


fome  part  of  [Mexico;*  the  caufcs  which 
make  me  think  fo  be  thtfe."    -; '  ^ ;   ;  ^  " "  '  * 

**  I.  The  common  report  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  that  country,  which  affirm  that  their 
rulers  defcended  from  a  ftrange  nation,  that 
came  thither  from  a  far  country  ;  which  thing 
is  confefled  by  Mutezuma  King  of  that  coun- 
try, in  an  oration  made  for  quieting  of  his 
people  at  his  fubmiffion  to  the  King  of  Caf- 
tile }  Hernando  Cortez  being  then  prefent, 
which  is  laid  down  in  the  Spanifh  chronicles 
of  the  conqueft  of  the  Weft  Indies.    *  •*   ^  ^ 

"  2.  The  Britifh  words  and  names  of 
places  ufed  in  that  country  even  to  this  day 
do  argue  the  fame  ;  as  when  they  talk  to- 
gether, they  ufe  the  word  Gwrando^  which  it 
hearken  or,  liften.  Alio  they  have  a  certain 
bird  with  a  white  head,  which  they  call 
penguiriy  that  is  white  head.  But  the  ifland 
of  Corroefoy  the  riyer  of  Guyndor,  and  the 
white  rock  of  Penguyn^  which  be  all  Britifli 
or  Welch  words,  do  manifeftly  ihew  that  it 
was  that  country,  which  Madoc  and  his  peo- 
ple inhabited."] 

*«  Carmina  Meredith  filii  Rheji  mentioned 
facientia  de  Madoco  jilio  Oweni  Gwynnedd  et 

;■-■■:  v.-  .  .,,         dg-  'J 

*  In  the  fecond  Edition,  the  word  M<:xico  is  changed  for  the 
Weft  ladiis  ;  and  tBe  two  following  paugraphs  are  omitted. 


tz 


M    A    D    O    C. 


iii 


■StI 


4e  fua  navtgatkne  in  terras  incognitas,     Vixit 
hie  Meredith  circiter  annum  Domini  1477^^ 
V  ^^^    Madoc  wyf,  m\vycdic  wcdd    ^.  ^^,/^ 
..HV5     lawn  gcncu,  Owjn  Ouynned      >t -^rf 
,    ;  J    Ni  fynnum  dii,  fy  cnaid  ocdd  ^  , ,  ,,^j 
Na  da  mawr,  ond  y  moroedd.  ■ 
Thefc  verfcs  I  received  of  my  learned  friend, 
M .  William  Camden,  „_j|j|^ I  jj|  jum)iifi?jr  »v u\ 
-  %  .  V  *  .  /.      The  fame  in  Englijh .  M  a  j  r.  A/u  A  v 
**  Madoc  I  am  the  fon  of  Owen  Gwynnedd, 
With  ftature  large  and  comely  grace  adorned. 
No  lands  at  home,  nor  flore  of  wealth  m«  pleafe. 
My  mind  was  whole  to  fearch  the  Ocean  feas.'* 

^  In  this , extract  from  Hakluyt  is  contained 
all  the  original  information  which  I  have  heen 
able  to  find  refpedting  the  fuppofed  difcovcry 
of  America  by  the  Welch.  Thie  account 
itfelf  is  confufed  and  contradi(5kory.  The 
country  difcovered  by  Madoc  is  faid  to  be 
**  without  inhabitants  j"  and  yet  the  people 
whom  he  carried  thither  **  followed  the  man- 
ners of  the  land,  and  ufed  the  language  they 
found  there."  Though  the  Welch  emigrants 
loft  their  language,  yet  the  author  attempts  to 
prove  the  truth  of  his  ftory  by  the  prefer va- 
tion  of  feveral  Welch  words  in  the  American 
tongues.     Among  thefe  he  is  unfortunate   in 

the 


lit  '  A    D    O    t. 


63 


the  choice  of  **  penguin  a  bird  with  a  white 
head ;"  all  the  birds  of  that  name  on  the 
American  fliores  having  black  or  dark  brown 
heads,  and  the  name  penguin  is  faid  to  have 
been  originally  pinguedine,  from  their  exceflive 
fatnefs  *  ^*^'^^  '''^ » •  v  li>ao  .  * '^*«(fifi  ,ui*  >^';>  3;  ?  r ?  • ; 

Among  the  proofs  which  fome  late  writers 
have  adduced  in  fupport  of  the  difcovery  of 
America  by  Madbc  is  this,  that  a  language 
refcmbling  the  Welch  was  fpoken  by  a  tribe 
of  Indians  in  North- Carolina,  and  that  it  is 
flill  ufed  by  a  nation  fituate  on  fome  of  the 
weftern  waters  of  the  Miilidppi.  If  that 
part  of  the  account  preferved  by  Hakluyt  be 
true,  that  the  language  was  loft,  it  is  vain  to 
offer  an  argument  of  this  kind  in  fupport 
of  the  truth  of  the  ftory  ^  but  a  queftjon  may 
here  arife.  How  could  any  report  of  the  lofs 
of  their  language  have  been  tranfmitted  to 
Europe  at  fo  early  a  period  ?     jl  .-  i>«MiVrvr  •• 

An  attempt  has  lately  been  made  to  afccr- 
tain  the  truth  of  this  piece  of  hiftory  by  Dr. 
John  Williams.  I  have  not  feen  the  book 
itfelf,  but  if  the  Critical  Reviewers  may  be 
creditedjf  no  new  facfts  have  been  adduced. 

^^(■ij-i-v/v  ■  ^f/.  '>*-~ffif  -it  ' 
•  See  tHe  new  Encyclopedia,  under  the  article  America. 
t  Critical  Review  for  1791,  page  357, 


64  M    A     D     O     C. 

It  is  remarked  by  thcra,  that  "  if  Madoc  once 
reached  America,  it  is  difficult  to  explain  how 
he  could  return  home,  and  it  would  be  more 
improbable  that  he  (hould  arrive  in  America 
a  fecond  time  ;  of  which  there  is  not  the 
llighteft  evidence."  They  alfo  obfcrve,  that 
<*  if  Madoc  failed  weftward  from  Wales,  the 
currents  would  rather  have  carried  him  to 
Nova  Scotia  than  to  the  fouthward.'*f'^--f^i^^A' 

The  mentioning  of  Nova  Scotia  reminds 
me  of  feme  woids  in  the  native  language  of 
that  country  which  begin  with  two  fyllables 
rc(embling  the  name  of  Madoc*  A  fachem 
of  the  Pengbfcot  tribe  who  lived  in  the  end 
of  the  laft  and  in  the  beginning  of  the  prefcnt 
century  bore  the  name  of  Madokawando,  A 
village  on  Penobfcot  river  was  called  Mada- 
wankee.  One  branch  of  the  river  St.  John 
which  runs  into  the  bay  of  Funda  is  Medoc- 
tack  and  another  is  Medocfcenecafis.  The  ad- 
vocates of  this  opinion  may  avail  themfelves 
as  far  as  they  can  of  this  coincidence,  but  in 
my  apprehenfion  it  is  too  precarious  to  be  the 
bafisofanyrjuft  conclufion.    ^i^J    'i^-^vi  ritH*A* 

After  all  that  has  been,  or  can  be  faid  on 
the  iubjeift,   we  mufl:  obferve  with  the  Criti- 


cal 


*  See  Gyles'  memoirs  of  his  Captivity  in  1689. 


'IT 


M     A     ETv^    C. 


^5 


cal  Reviewers,  that,  *•  if  ^Madoc  left  Wales 
and  difcovered  any  other  country  it  muft  al- 
ways remain  uncertain  where  that  country  is.?* 
Dr.  Robertfon  thinks,  if  he  made  any  difcovery 
at  all,  it  might  be  Madeira  or  one  jf  the 
Azores  "*  '**'      *  ^         "*  *'*'"**j'*'^»   *  >n»i?.'^*t 

The  book  of  Hakluyt,  in  which  the  original 
(lory  is  preferved,  was  written  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Elizabeth, and  inthetimcof  hercjntro- 
vcrfy  with  Spain.  Thedefignof  his  bringing 
forward  the  voyage  of  Madoc  appears,  from  .'^hat 
he  fays  of  Columbus,  to  have  been,  the  affcrt- 
ing  of  a  difcovery  prior  to  his,  and  confe-t 
quently  the  right  of  the  Crown  of  England 
to  the  fovereignty  of  America  i  a  point  at 
that  time  warmly  contefted  between  the  two 
nations.  The  remarks  which  the  fame  au- 
thor makes  on  feveral  other  voyages^  evident- 
ly tend  to  the  eftablifhment  of  that  claim. 
But  if  the  ftory  of  Biron  be  true,  which 
(though  Hakluyt  has  faid  nothing  of  it)  is 
better  authenticated  than  this  of  Madoc,  the 
right  of  the  Crown  of  Denmark  is,  on  the 
principle  of  prior  difcovery,  fuperiar  to  either 
of  them. 

Perhaps  the  whole  myftery  may  be  unveil- 
ed, if  we  advert  to  this  one  circumfbance,  th^ 
E  time     - 

*  Mifl.  Amer.  vol.  i,  p.  374. 


66 


D    O     C. 


time  when  Hakluyt's  book  was  firft  publifhcd. 
National  prejudice  might  prevail  even  with 
fo  honed  a  writer,  to  convert  a  Welch  fable 
into  a  political  argument,  to  fupport,  againft 
a  powerful  rival,  the  claim  of  his  fovereign 
to  the  dominion  of  this  continent. 


'    V.       y 


.     «  ■  ' 

■  ..■•  <  •     ,  '.J      1  -..  ."  » 


i    }■■ 


t\ 


llh    ZENO. 


i>\ 


it    .' 


!ijt!l 


5,»r.      »      4^1  ■«-')•<*■  S 


lr:.:-T^ 


67 


, '♦^ 


Z    E    N    0, 


I.V  .ii-J*ir 


^  It  is  well  known  that  the  Venetians 
were  reckoned  among  the  moft  expert  and  ad- 
venturous of  the  maritime  nations.  In  that  re-* 
public,  the  family  of  Zen o  or  Zen i  is  not 
only  very  ancient,  and  of  high  rank  -,  but 
celebrated  for  illuflrious  achievements.  Nicolo 
Zeno,  having  ejfhibited  great  valour  in  a  war 
with  the  Genoefe,  conceived  an  ardent  defire, 
agreeably  to  the  genius  of  his  nation,  to  trav-» 
cl  ;  that  he  might,  by  his  acquaintance  with 
foreign  nations  and  languages,  render  hin"kfelf 
more  illuftrious  and  more  ufeful.  With  thj§ 
view  he  equipped  a  veflel  at  his  own  expenfci 
and  failed  through  the  ftraits  of  Gibraltar 
to  the  northward,  [a,  D.  1380]  with  an  in- 
tention to  vifit  Britain  and  Flanders  j  but  by 
a  florm  which  lafted  many  davs^  he  was  caft 
away  on  the  coaft  of  Frijland^ 

The  Prince  of  the  country  Zichmni  (or 
as  Parchas  fpells  it  Zichmui)  finding  Zeno 
an  expert  feaman,  gave  him  the  command  of 
his  fleet,  confifting  of  thirteen  veffels,  of  which 
two  only  were  rowed  with  oars  j  one  was  a 
fhip,  and  the  reft  were  fmall  barks.  With 
E  2  thi§ 


61 


E    N    O. 


this  fleet,  he  made  conquefls  and  depredations 
in  Ledovo  and  Ilofo  and  other  fmall  iilands  ^ 
fevcral  barks  laden  with  fifh  being  a  part  of 
his  capture. 

Nicolo  wrote  to  his  brother  Antonio  Zeno 
at  Venice,  inviting  him  to  Frifland,  whither 
he  went,  and  being  taken  into  the  fervice  of 
Zichmni,  continued  with  him  fourteen  years. 
The  fleet  failed  on  an  expedition  to  EJlland, 
where  they  committed  great  ravages ;  but  hear- 
ing that  the  King  of  Norway  was  coming  again  ft 
them  with  a  fuperior  fleet,  they  departed  j  and 
were  driven  by  a  ftorm  on  fhoals,  where  part 
of  the  fleet  wai  wrecked,and  the  reft  were  fav* 
ed  on  Grijlandy  "a  greatifland  but  not  inhab- 
ited." 

Zichmni  then  determined  to  attack  Iceland, 
which  belonged  to  the  King  of  iSIo^way  ; 
but  finding  it  well  fortified  and  defended,  and 
his  fleet  being  diminiflied,  he  retired  and  built 
a  fort  in  Brefsy  one  of  fevcn  fmall  iflands, 
where  he  left  Nicolo  and  returned  to  Frifland. 

In  the  next  fpring  Zeno,  with  three  fmall 
barksjfailed  to  the  northward  on  difcovery,  and 
arrived  at  Engroenland  ;  where  he  found  a 
monaftery  of  Friars,  and  a  Church  dedicated 
to   St.   Thomas,   fituate   near  a  volcano,  and 

heated 


ZEN  '"^.  .   ,^ 

heated  by  warm   fprings   flowing  from   the 
mountain.      •       .  /       ^     ^f:.    '  a^ 

After  the  death  of  Nicolo,  which  happen- 
ed in  about  four  years,  Antonio  fucceeded  him 
in  the  command  of  the  fleet ;  and  the  prince 
Zichmni,  aiming  at  the  fevcreignty  of  the 
fea^  undertoook  an  expedition  ivejiward,  be- 
caufe  that  fome  flihermen  had  difcovered  rich 
and  populous  iflands  in  that  quarter.     ;.  iV  ... 

The  report  of  the  fifhermen  was,  that  above 
a  thoufand  miles  weft  ward  from  Frifland,  to 
•which  diftance  they  had  been  driven  byatcm- 
peft,  there  was  aii  ifland  call  EJiotiland,  which 
they  had  difcovered  twenty  fix  years  before  ; 
that  fix  men  in  one  boat  were  driven  upon 
the  iiland,  and  being  taken  by  the  inhabitants 
were  brought  into"  a  fair  and  populous  city  ; 
that  the  King  ©f  the  place  fent  for  many  in- 
terpreters, but  none  was  found  who  could 
underftand  the  language  of  the  flihermen,  ex- 
cept one  who  could  fpeak  Latin,  and  he  had 
formerly  been  caft  afliore  on  the  ifland  -,  that 
on  his  reporting  their  cafe  to  the  King,  he 
detained  them  five  years,  in  which  time 
they  learned  the  language  j  that  one  of 
them  vifited  divers  parts  of  the  ifland,  and 
Reported,  that  it  was  a  very  rich  country, 
E  3  abounding 


■i^ 


yo 


2rE     N     O. 


,1 

m 


I 


ill 


abounding  with  all  the  commodities  of  thd 
world  ;  that  it  was  lefs  than  Iceland,  but  far 
more  fruitful,  having  in  the  middle  a  very 
high   mountain,  from  which  originated  four^ 

i '  The  inhabitants  were  defcribed  as  very  in- 
genious, having  all  mechanic  arts.     They  had 
a  peculiar  kind  of  language  and   letters  ;  and 
in  the   King's  library   were  preferved  Latin 
books,  which  they  did  not  underftand.     They 
had  all  kinds  of  metals   (but  efpecially  gold,, 
with  which  they  mightily  abounded.*)  They 
held  traffic   with  the  people  of  Engroenland, 
from    whence  they  brought  furs,   pitch   and 
brimftone.      They  had  many   great   fbrefts, 
which    fupplied  them  with   timber   for   the 
building  of  fhips,    houfes  and  fortifications. 
The  ufe  of  the  loadftone  was  not  known  5 
but   thefe   filhermen    having   the    mariner's 
compafs,    were   held  in    fo   high   eftimaticn, 
that  the  King  fent  them  with  twelve  barks  to 
a  country  at    the   fouthward,   called  Drogio  j 
where  the  moft   of  them  were   killed    and 
devoured  by  cannibals ;  but  one  of  them  faved 
himfelf  by  fhowing  the  favages  a  way  of  tak- 
ing 

*  This  pafTage  is  in  Hakluyt^s  trandation  and  the  abridgment 
fcy  Ortelius  ;  but  Dr.  Forftcr  could  not  find  it  in  the  Italian  original 
of  Ramufio,  Northern  voyages,  p.  189. 


Zen 


7^ 


ing  fi(h  by  nets,  in  much  greater  plenty  than 
by  any  other  mode  before  known  among  them. 
This  fiiherman  was  in  fo  great  demand 
with  the  princes  of  the  country^  that  they 
frequently  made  war  on  each  other  for  the 
fake  of  gaining  him.  In  this  manner  he  pafT- 
ed  from  one  to  another,  till  in  the  fpace  of 
thirteen  years,  he  had  lived  with  twenty  five 
different  princes  ;  to  whom  he  conmiunicated 
his  **  miraculous"  art  of  fi(hing  with  nets.     .4 

He  thus  became  acquainted  with  every  part 
of  the  country,  which  he  dcfcribed  to  be  fo 
extenfive  as  to  merit  the  name  of  a  new  worlds 
The  people  were  rude  and  ignorant  of  the  ufe 
of  clothing,  though  their  climate  was  cold, 
and  afforded  beafis  for  the  chace.  In  their 
hunting  and  wars  they  ufed  the  bow  and  the 
lance ;  but  they  knew  not  the  ufe  of  metal* 
'  Farther  to  the  fouthweft  the  air  was  faid 
to  be  more  temperate  and  the  people  more 
civil.  They  dwelt  in  cities,  built  temples, 
and  worfliipped  idols  to  whom  they  ofi  ed 
human  victims ;  aad  they  had  plenty  of  gold 
and  lilver* 

The  fifherman  having  become  fully  ac- 
quainted with  the  country  meditated  return. 
I^ing  fled  through  the  woods  to  Drogio, 
E  4  .     ,     after 


>    M 


m& 


•«:M|';i| 


'     "!   .  ,  '\.i 


r-^ 


E     N     O. 


after  ihrec  years  fome  boats  arrived  from  Ef- 
totiland  in  one  of  which  he  cmbarkrd  for 
that  country  ;  ;ind  having  acquired  coniuiera- 
hle  property  he  Htted  out  a  bark  of  his  cwii 
and  returned  to  Frifland* 

Such  v^as  the  report  of  the  fifb^irrmar,  j  tip- 
on  hearing  of  wiiich  ZtC'  mni  fcTolved  to 
equip"  his  fleet  and  go  in  fea^'ch  of  ♦he  new 
country  ;  Antonio  Zuno  being  she  fecond  in 
command.  But  **  the  prrparacion  foi  the 
vfjyav  to  Filotilfiid  was  begun  in  an  evil 
hour  i  the  fidierrnan  who  was  to  have  been 
the  pilot  died  three  days  before  their  depar- 
ture.'' '■■*'  ■       _ 

However,  taking  certain  mariners  who  had 
fiiiled  with  the  fifhern^an,  Zichmni  began  the 
intended  voyage.  When  he  had  failed  a  fmall 
diftance  to  the  weftward,  he  was  overtaken  by 
a  ftorm  which  lafled  eight  days,  at  the  end  of 
which  they  difcovered  land,  which  the  natives 
called  Icaria.  They  were  numerous  and  for- 
midable and  would  not  permit  him  to  come 
on  fhore.  \From  this  place  they  failed  fix 
days  to  the  weft  ward  with  a  fair  wind  ;  but  a 
heavy  gale  from  the  fouthward  drove  them 
four  days  before  it,  when  they  difcovCi  'diand, 
in  which  was  a  volcano.  The  air  ?  mild 
and  temper??*^,  it  being  the  he'gb*  o;'  ^  -tmmer. 

fhey 


m 


ZEN 


0. 


7? 


They  took  a  great  quantity  of  fifh,  of  fca  fowl 
and  their  eggs.  A  party  who  penetrated  the 
country  as  far  as  the  foot  of  the  volcano,  found 
a  fpring,  from  which  iflucd  **a  certain  water, 
like  pitch,  which  ran  into  the  fea."  They 
difcovercd  fome  of  the  inhabitants  who  were 
of  fmall  ftature  and  wild  j  and  who,  at  the 
approach  of  the  flrangers,  hid  themfelves  in 
their  caves.  Having  found  a  good  harbour ; 
Zichmni  intended  to  make  a  fettlement;  but 
his  people  oppofing  it,  hedifmiiTedpartof  the 
deet  under  Zeno  who  returned  to  Frifland.  «^ 

The  particulars  of  this  narrative  were  iirfl: 
written  by  Antonio  Zeno,  in  letters  to  his 
brother  Carlo,  at  Venice  -,  from  fome  fragments 
of  which,  a  compilation  was  made  by  Fran- 
cifco  Marcolini,  and  preferved  by  Ramufio. 
It  was  tranflated  by  Richard  Hakluyt,  and 
printed  in  the  third  volume  of  the  fecond 
edition  of  his  colle£lions,  page  121,  &c. 
From  it  Orttlius  has  made  an  extract  in  his 
T/jeatrum  orbis,        «-.    .  .^^    i.^v^,^.  t  ...  ..*^  ;  * 

Dr.  Forfter  has  taken  much  pains  to  exan;i- 
ine  the  whole  account,both  geographically  and 
hiftoric^lly.  Th^  refult  of  his  inquiry  is,  that 
Friil^'vi  is  one  of  the  Orkneys  ;  that  Porland 
is  iQ  clufter  of  iliands  called  Faro;  and  that 
Eftland  is  Shetland. 

At 


::l!l 


iff 


,:V\ 


■'it:! 


!:r,;i   -  'I  :  ,■■,'1 


74 


Z    E    N    O. 


At  firft  indeed  he  was  of  opinion  that  **  thi 
countries  defcribed  by  the  Zenos  a£lually  ex- 
ited at  that  time>  but  had  fmce  been  fwal- 
lowed  up  by  the  fea,  in  a  great  earthquake."* 
This  opinion  he  founded  on  the  probability 
that  all  the  high  iflands  in  the  middle  of  the 
fea  are  of  volcanic  original ;  as  is  evident  with 
refpefl  to  Iceland  and  the  Faro.iflands  in  the 
North  Sea  ;  the  Azores,  TcnerifFe,  Madeira^ 
the  Cape  de  Verds,  St.  Helena  and  Afcenfion 
in  the  Atlantic  j  the  Society  Iflands,  Otaheite, 
Eafter,  the  Marquefas,  and  other  iiiands  in 
the  Pacific.  This  opinion  he  was  induced 
to  relinquifh,  partly  becaufe  "  fo  great  a  re- 
volution muft  have  left  behind  it  fome  hifto- 
rical  veftiges  or  traditions  j"  but,  principally^ 
becaufe  his  knowledge  of  the  Runic  language 
fuggefted  to  him  a  refemblance  between  the 
names  mentioned  by  Zeno  and  thofe  which 
are  given  to  fome  of  the  iflands  of  Orkney, 
Shetland,  Faro  and  the  Hebrides. 

However  prefumptuous  it  may  appear  to 
call  in  queftion  the  opinion  of  fo  learned  and 
diligent  an  inquirer,  on  a  fubje(ft,  which 
his  philological  and  geographical  knowledge 


■t^i 


;•(  J '  »« '• 


muH: 


Northern  voyages,  Dublin  edition,  p.  200. 


"SP-I 


•Is 


2    E    N 


0. 


75 


ftiuft  enable  him  to  examine  with  the  greateft 
precifionj  yet,  from  the  fearch  which  I  have 
had  opportunity  to  make,  it  appears  probable 
to  me  that  his  iirfl  opinion  was  right,  as  far 
as  it  rcfpedts  Frifland,  and  perhaps  Porland. 
My  reafons  are  thefe  :  »  '  -  ^  *^*  «i»^i*  ii  v:.3 
I .  Dr.  Forfter  fays  that  Frifland  was  **  much 
larger  than  Iceland  ;"*  and  Hakluyt,  in  his 
account  of  Zeno's  voyage,  fpeaks  of  it  as 
"bigger  than  Ireland."'|'  Neither  ofiwhefe 
accounts  can  agree  with  the  fuppofition  of  its 
being  one  of  the  Orkneys  -,  for  Iceland  is  346 
miles  long  and  200  wide.  Ireland  is  3 1  o  in 
length,  and  184  in  breadth;  but  Pomona, 
the  mainland  of  the  Orkneys,  is  but  22  miles 
long  and  20  wide. 

2.  Frifland  was  feen  by  Martin  FrobiAier 
in  each  of  his  three  voyages  to  and  from 
Greenland  in  the  years  1576,  1577,  and 
i578.§  In  his  firft  voyage  he  took  his  de- 
parture from  Foula,  the  wefternmoft  of  the 
Shetland  Iflands,  in  lat.  60°  30',  and  after 
failing  W.  by  'N,  fourteen  daySy  he  made  the 
land  of  Frifland,  "  bearing  W.  N.  W.  diftant 
16  leagues,  in  lat.  6i°."  In  his  fecond  voyage 
he  failed  from  the  Orkneys  W.  N.  W.  twen* 

ty 


Page 


•^  Vo!.  iii,  p.  122, 


§  Hakluy  .,  vgl,  iil,  p.  30,  &c. 


Tm 


m 


y6  Z    E    N    O. 

iy  Jix  days^  before  he  carae   **  within  making 
of  Frirtand  ;"  which  he  thus  defcribcs. 

"July  4th.  Wc  made  land  perfcft,  and 
knew  \t  CO  be  1  iiland.  Found  ourfelvcs  in 
lat.  6o"j  and  were  fallen  in  with  the  fouth- 
crnmoft  part  of  this  land.  It  is  thought  to 
be  in  bignefs  not  inferior  *o  'England*,  and  is 
cajied  of  fomc  authors  W  eft  FriUand.  I  think 
it  lieth  more  weft  thaii  any  part  of  Europe. 
It  cxtendeth  to  the  north  very  far,  as  fcemcd 
to  us ;  and  appeareth  by  a  defcription  fet  out 
by  two  brethren  Nicolo  and  Antonio  Zeni ; 
who  l^eing  driven  off  from  Ireland  about  200 
yea ro  fmce,,' were  fhip wrecked  there.  They 
have  in  their  fca  charts  defcribed  every  part, 
and,  for  fo  much  of  the  land  as  we  have  failed 
along,  comparing  their  charts  with  the  coaft, 
we  find  it  very  agreeable;  All  along  this 
coaft  the  ice  lieth  as  a  continual  bulwark,  and 
fo  dcfendeth  the  country,  that  thofe  who 
would  lai  d  ther'i;  incur  ^reat  danger.""f-  In 
\m  third  voyage  he  found  means  to  land  on 
the  iHand.  The  inhnbitants  iled  ond  hid 
themfel vcs.  Their  tents  were  made  of  fkins 
and  their  besets  were  Hkv,  hole  of  Greenland. 
From  thefe   well  ■\    her  icated  accounts   of 

FriUand, 

•  Haklu>  ;,  vol.  iii.  p.  62 


Z    E    N     O.  ^'j 

Frifland,  and  its  fituation  ib  far  weftward  of 
the  Orkneys  and  Shetland,  it  feems  impoflihle 
that  Dr.  Forfter's  fccond  opinion  can  be  right. 

3,  One  of  the  rcafons  which  led  the  Dodtor 
to  give  up  his  firil  opinio^,  that  thel'c  lands 
once  exifled,  but  had  difappeared,  was,  that  fo 
great  a  revolution  mull  have  left  fome  veftigc 
behind.  If  no  perfon  efcaped  to  tell  the 
news,  what  better  veftigc  can  there  be,  than 
theexiftence  of  fhoals  or  rocks,  in  the  places 
where  thcfe  iflands  once  were  known  to  be  ? 
In  a  map  prefixed  to  Crantz's  hiftory  of  Grecnr 
land,  there  is  marked  a  very  extenfive  (hoal 
between  the  latitudes  of  59"  and  60%  called 
**  The  fiinken  land  of  Bufs."  Its  longitude  is 
betweei  I  Iceland  and  Greenland,  and  the  author 
fpeaks  of  it  in  thefe  words,  **  Some  are  of 
c^  in  ion  that  Frifland  was  funk  by  an  earth- 
quake and  that  it  was  fituate  in  thofe  parts 
where  tne  funken  land  of  Bufs  is  marked  in 
the  maps  ;  which  the  feamen  cautioufly  a- 
void,  bccaufe  of  the  fhallow  ground  and  tur- 
bulent waves. "*  ,  ,^  - ,.  ,.j{ ,    ,  . 

Refpedting  Bufs  Ifland  I  have  met  with  no 
other  account  than  what  is  prefcrved  by  Pur- 
chas-f  in  his  abridgment  of  the  journal  of 


Vol.  i,  p.  273. 


James 

t  Vol.  jv,  p.  815,  822. 


f^^' 


S-;  ■' 


78  ZEN     O. 

James  Hall's  voyages  from  Denmark  to 
Greenland.  In  his  firft  voyage  [a.  d.  1605] 
he  remarks  thus,  *'  Being  in  the  latitude  of 
59**^  we  looked  to  have  feen  Bufle  Ifland; 
but  I  do  verily  fuppofe  the  fame  to  be  placed 
in  a  wrong  latitude  in  the  marine  charts."  In 
his  fecond  voyage  [1606]  he  faw  land  which 
he  **  fuppofcd  to  be  Bufle  Ifland  lying  more 
to  the  weftward  than  it  is  placed  in  the  ma^ 
fine  charts,"  and  the  next  day,  viz.  July  2d, 
he  writes,  ^*  we  were  in  a  great  current  fet- 
ting  S.  S.  W.  which  I  fuppofe  to  fet  between 
Bufle  Ifland  and  Frifland  over  toward  Ameri- 
ca." 

In  a  fourth  voyage  made  in  1 6 1 2  by  the 
fame  James  Hall,  from  England,  for  the  dif- 
covery  of  a  N.  W.  pafl!age,  of  which  there  is 
a  journal  written  by  John  Gatonbe  and  pre- 
ferved  in  Churchill's  Colledions,*  they  kept 
a  good  look  out  both  in  going  and  returning 
for  the  ifland  of  Frifland  but  could  not  fee  it. 
In  a  map  prefixed  to  this  voyage,  Frifland  is 
laid  down  between  the  latitude  of  61''  and  62% 
and  Bufs  in  the  latitude  of  57".  In  Gaton- 
be*s  journal  the  dift:ance  between  Shetland  and 
Frifland  is  computed  to  be  260  leagues,  the 

fouthernmofl: 

*  Vol,  vi,  p.  260,  c68i 


''#^. 


Z    E    N    O.  79 

fouthcrnmoft  part  of  Frifland  and  the  north- 
crnmoft  part  of  Shetland  are  faid  to  be  in  the 
fame  latitude.  There  is  alfo  a  particular  map 
of  Frifland  prefcrvecj  by  Purchas*  in  which 
are  delineated  feveral  towns  and  cities ;  the 
two  iflands  of  Ilofo  and  Ledovo  are  laid  down 
to  the  weilward  of  it,  and  another  called  Stro«- 
mio  to  the  eaftward.  '    -  ^   -  -   -'  -  **    ' 

In  a  map  of  the  North  Seas  prefixed  to  an 
anonymous  account  of  Greenland,  in  Church- 
ill's Colleflion-)^  we  find  Frifland  laid  down 
in  the  latitude  62%  between  Iceland  antf 
Greenland.     .      ..^^      .      ;  v,<<   ;  w  OJ  »TV,.? 

We  have  then  no  reafon  to  doubt  the  cxif- 
tence  of  thefe  iflands  as  late  as  the  beginning 
of  the  laft  century  j  at  what  time  they  dif- 
appeared  is  uncertain,  but  that  their  place 
has  iince  been  occupied  by  a  (hoal,  we  have 
alfo  credible  teftimony.  ^      .  , 

The  appearance  and  difappearance  of  iflands 
in  the  northern  fea  is  no  uncommon  thing, 
Befldes  former  events  of  this  kind  there  is  one 
very  recent.  In  the  year  1783,  by  means  of 
a  volcanic  eruption,  two  iflands  were  produc- 
ed in  the  fea  near  the  S.  E.  coaft  of  Iceland. 
One  was  fuppofed  to  be  fo  permanent,  that  the 

King 

*  Vol.  iv,  p.  S?5x  +  Vol.  ii,  p.  378. 


i<r. 


'"■"T'Ji 


9o 


Z    E     N    O. 


mm. 


King  of  Denmark  fent  aiu^  took  formal  poi^ 
feflion  of  it  as  part  of  his  dominions ;  but  the 
Ocean,  paying  no  regard  to  the  territorial  claim 
of  a  mortal  fovereign,  has  fincc  reabforbed  it 
in  his  watery  bofom.*  , 

Thefe  reasons  incline  me  to  believe  that 
Df .  Forfter's  firft  opinion  was  well  founded,^ 
as  far  as  it  refpe6ls  Frifland.  ^., 

He  fuppofes  Porland  to  be  the  clufter  of 
idands  called  Faro-f*.  But  Porland  is  faid 
to  lie  fouthX  of  Frifland  ;  whereas  the  Faro 
Illands  lie  northwejl  of  Orkney,which  he  fup-, 
pofes  to  be  Frifland.  The  learned  Dodtor^ 
who  is  in  'general  very  accuratej^  was  not 
aware  of  this  inconfiftency. 

In  the  account  which  Hakluyt  has  given 
of  Martin  Frobiflier's  third  voyage,  we  find 
that  one  of  his  fhips,  the  Bufs  of  Bridgewater, 
in  her  return  fell  in  with  land,  50  leagues  S.  E. 
of  Frifland  **  which  (it  is  faid)  was  never 
found  before"  the  fouthernmoft  part  of  which 
lay  in  latitude  57''2'  Along  the  coaft  of  this 
land,which  they  judged  to  extend  25  leagues, 
they  failed  for  three  days.§     The  exiflence  of 

this 

*  See  a  new  Geographical  Grammar,  by  a  Sociely   in  Edift- 

burgh,  pubiifhcd  by  Alexander  Kincaid.  Vol.  ijp.  123. 

+  Northern  Voyages,  p.  207.  %  ibid,  p.  180. 
§  Hakluyt,  vol.  iii,  p.  77,  93. 


z  E  N  o: 


8i 


this  land,  Dr.  Forfter  leems  to  doubt;  but  yet 
allows  that  "  if  it  was  then  really  difcovered 
it  muft  have  funk  afterwards  into  the  fea,  as 
it  has  never  been  feen  again  i  or  elfe  thefe 
navigators  mud  have  been  miflaken  in  their . 
reckoning."        "'A  .      .  :::; 

If  fuch  an  ifland  or  clufter  of  iilands  did 
exift  in  tlfe  fituation  defcribed  by  Frobiftier, 
it  might  be  the  Porland  of  Zeno  5  for  the 
fouthernmoft  part  of  Frifland  lay  in  the  lat- 
itude of  60°^  ;  the  fouthernmoft  part  of  this 
land  in  57°^  in  a  direction  S.  E.  from  it.  It 
was  probably  called  Bufs,  by  the  Englifli,  from 
the  name  of  Frobiflier's  veflel  which  difcover- 
ed it.  ■■•    -.  '^'  '/    ',.      :    '  .,  -     r  ■    :  *,    '■ 

The  only  proof  which  can  now  be  prpduc- 
cd  of  this  fadt  muft  be  the  a<fiual  exiftence  of 
rocks  and  Ihoals  in  or  near  the  fame  place. 
Of  this,  it  is  happily  in  my  power  to  produce 
the  evidence  of  two  experienced  fhipmafters, 
of  inconteftiblc  veracity,  now  living.  The 
firft  is  Ifaac  Smith  of  Maiden,  near  Bofton, 
from  whofe  log  book  I  have  made  the  follow- 
ing extract.  **  In  a  voyage  from  Peterlburg 
to  Bofton,  in  the  (hip  Thonias  and  Sarah,  be- 
longing to  .Thomas  R^lTell,  Efq.  of  Bofton, 
.Merchant,  Thurfday,  Auguft  11,  1785,  courfe 
F  W,  N.  W. 


J, I  ..A 


t'^'iiih 


i  -Af 


82 


Z    E    N    O. 


W.  N.  W.  wind  W.  S.  W.  At  4  a.  m.  , 
difcovered  a  large  rock  a  head,  which  for  fome 
time  we  took  to  be  a  (hip  under  clofe  reefed 
topfail.  At  7,  being  within  two  miles,  faw , 
breakers  under  our  lee,  on  which  account 
wore  {hip.  There  are  breakers  in  two  places 
bearing  S.  E  -,  one  a  mile,  the  other  two  miles 
from  the  rock.  It  lies  in  lat.  57"*  38' ;  lon- 
gitude Weft  from  London  13°  36' ;  and  may 
be  difcovered  five  leagues  off.  We  founded  and 
had  .56  fathom  The  rock  appears  to  be  about 
1 00  yards  in  circumference  and  50  feet  above 
water.  It  makes  like  a  hay  ftack,  black  be- 
low and  white  on  the  top."  The  other  is 
Nathaniel  Goodwin,  of  Bofton,  who,  in  his 
homeward  paffage  from  Amftftrdam,  on  the 
15th  of  Auguft  1793,  faw  the  fame  rock. 
According  to  his  obfervation,  (which  however 
on  that  day  was  a  little  dubious)  it  lies  in  lat. 
^y"  48'  and  Ion.  13°  46'.  •  He  paffed  within 
two  miles  of  it  to  the  fouthward  and  faw 
breakers  to  the  northward  of  it.  Its  appear- 
ance he  defcribes  in  the  fame  manner  with 
Smith - 

From  thefe  authorities  I  am  ftrongly  in- 
clined to  believe  that  the  fhoal  (Jenominat- 
cd  **  the  funken  land  of  Bufs  "  is  either  j^ 

part 


2    E    N    O.  83 

part  of  the  ancient  Frifland  or  of  fome  ifland 
in  its  neighbourhood  ;  and  that  the  rock  and 
ledges  feen  by  Smith  and  Goodwin,  belonged 
to  the  duller  once  called  Porland.  If  thcfe 
conclulions  be  admitted,  there  can  be  no  fuf- 
picion  of  fi(5lion  in  the  ftory  of  Zeno,  as  far  as 
it  refpedts  Prmce  Zichmni,  and  his  expedi- 
tions.'* Shetland  may  then  weP  enough  agree 
with  Eftland,  which  is  defcribed  by  Hakluyt 
as  lying  "  between  Frifland  and  Norway."* 

The  only  place  which  in  Zeno's  relation  is 
called  by  the  fame  name,  by  which  it  is  now 
known,  is  Iceland  5  though  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  Engroenland,  or  Engroveland,  is  the 
fame  with  Greenland  ;  where,  according  to 
Crantz,  there  was  once  a  church  dedicated  to 

St.  Thomas,  and  iituate  near  a  volcano  and  a 
hot  fpring.-)- 

But  the   queftion  is,  where  fliall  we   find 

Eftotiland  ?  Dr.   Forfter  is  pofuive   that  "  it 

cannot  be  any  other  country,    than   Winlaad 

(difcovercd   in    looi)    where   the    Normans 

made  a  fettlement."     The  Latin  books  ken 

there  by  the  fifherman,  he   fuppofes  to    have 

been  the  library  of  Eric,  Bifliop  of  Greenland, 

who  WMl  thither  in  the  twelfth   century   to 

•  •    '  ;      -      ':      \     • ,  ■    •    ;      convert 

*  Vol.  iii,  p.  122. 

+  Grantz'shift.  of  Greenland,  vol.  ii,  p.  265. 

Purchas,  vol.  iv,  p.  651, 

F2 


S4 


Z     E    N    O. 


"I  ■  ii 


jiil 


;^:t '  i: :' 


!■  i''''; 


convert  his  countrymen.  He  is  alfo  of  opi-* 
nion  that  this  fiQierman  had  the  ufe  of  the 
m^tgnetic  needle  which  began  to  be  known  in 
Europe  about  the  year  13C2,  before  the 
time  of  the  Zenos.  He  aUb  thinks  that 
the  court  try  called  Drogio  is  the  fame   with 

Florida. ., ..        ,f.;:. ^^      . ., •. ^ : ■  >;  ■     -•,.;/,,■... ;^fe,  ::i;  ; , 

In  fome  of  the  old  maps,  particuMrly  in 
Sanfon's  French  Atlas,  the  name  Eftotiland 
is  marked  on  the  country  of  Labrador  }  but 
the  pompous  defcription  of  it  by  the  filher- 
man,  whether  it  be  Labrador  or  Newfound- 
land, exceeds  all  the  bounds  of  credibility, 
and  abufes  even  the  licence  of  a  traveller. 
The  atmoft  extent  of  Zichmni's  expedition, 
in  confequence  of  the  fifherman's  report,  could 
not  be  any  farther  weftward  than  Greenland, 
to  which  his  defcription  well  agrees.  The 
original  inhabitant's  were  (hort  of  ftature,  half 
wild  and  lived  in  caverns  i  and  between  the 
years  1380  and  1384  they  had  extirpated  the 
Normans  and  the  monks  of  St.  Thonaas. 

The  difcovery  of  Eftotiland  muft  therefore 
reft  on  the  report  of  the  fiflierman  ;  but  the 
defcription  of  it,  of  Drogio,  and  the  Coun- 
try S.  W.  of  Drogio  muft  be  raak^  ia  the 
fabulous  hiftory  of  America  j  aad  wbuld  pro- 
bably 


r 


*    E    N    O. 


85 


bably  have  been  long  fince  forgotten,  if  Chrif- 
topher  Cdambos  had  not  made  his  grand  dif- 
covery  5  from  the  merit  of  which,  his  rivals 
and  the  enemies  of  the  Spanifh  natiofl>  havp 
uniformly  endeavoured  to  dctrad.  ^«'^^ 


>TV<i     &l 


y^TT^fl  <-•.'- ^fJ 


/.    f' 


*C  *'^  1'  *■' 


1    .Vf,'' 


,v^r"«ifl  ,,.!.'•, 


t    'f'     si  ^:i 


'.V    fl  •'« 


1;; 


IV    CHRISTOPHER 


.»  J  '  i  \J; 


..■1 


t' if:  ♦■'•->' 


'^'^}: ,  fv^  ■■'■ 


w 


t      ^• 


^-   ,V-,/i'.   ''-i, 


it  .. 


86 


)^  A  ^--  * 


■*  ■^".'•M    i 


.mi 


'm.^' 


\i 


•!>.\ ' 


IV.  CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS.  ' 


^  -  ^  «'.>'»■. 


J.  HE  adventures  which  have  been  al- 
ready fpoken  of  were  more  the  refult  of  acci- 
dent than  defign  ;  we  are  now  entering  on 
one,  founded  in  fcience  and  conducted  by  judg- 
ment ',  an  adventure,  which  whether  v^^e  re- 
gard its  conception,  its  execution^  or  its  con- 
fequences,  will  always  refledt  the  higheft  hon- 
our on  him,  who  projedW  it. 

About  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
when  the  Portuguefe  under  the  condu(5l  of 
Prince  Henry,  and  afterward  of  King  John  II. 
were  pu(hing  their  difcoveries  along  the  wef- 
tern  (hore  of  Africa,  to  find  a  paflage  by  the 
fouth  to  India  -,  a  genius  arofe,  whofe  memory 
has  been  preferved  with  veneration  in  the  pages 
of  hiftory,  as  the  inftrument  of  enlarging  the 
region  of  fcience  and  commerce,  beyond  any 
ofhispredeceffors.  CHRISTOPHER  CO- 
LUMBUS, a  native  of  the  Republic  of 
Genoa,  was  born  in  the  year  1447,  ^"^  ^^  ^^® 
age  of  fourteen  entered  on  a  feafating  life,  as 
the  proper  fphere,  in  \/hich  his  vigorous 
mind  was  deftined  to  perform  exploits  which 

ihould 


COLUMBUS.  ^ 

fhould  aftonifh  mankind.*  He  was  educated 
in  the  fciences  of  Geometry  and  Aftronomy, 
which  form  the  bafis  of  navigation ;  and  he 
was  well  verfed  in  Cofmography,  Hiftory  and 
Philofophy.  His  adlive  and  enterprifing  ge- 
nius, though  it  enabled  him  to  comprehend 
the  old  fyftems,  yet  would  not  fufFer  him  to 
reft  in  ^eir  decifions,  however  fanflified  by 
time  or  by  venerable  names  ;  but  determined 
to  examine  them  by  a(^ual  experiment,  he 
firft  vifited  the  feas  within  the  polar  circle,  and 
afterward  thofe  parts  of  Africa,  which  the 
Portuguefe  had  difcovered,  as  far  as  the  coaft 
of  Guinea  }^  and  by  the  time  that  he  had  at- 
tained the  age  of  thirty  feven,  he  had  from, 
his  own  experience  received  the  fuUeft  con- 
viiftion,  that  the  opinion  of  the  ancients 
refpe<fting  the  torrid  and  frigid  zones  was 
void  of  any  juft  foundation. 

When  an  old  fyftem  is  found  erroneous  in 
one  point,  it  is  natural  to  fufpcdt  it  of  farther 
imperfedtions  ;  and  when  one  difficulty  is 
overcome,  others  appear  lefs  formidable.  Such 
was  the  cafe  with  Columbus  -,  and  his  views 
were  accelerated  by  an  incident,  which  threat- 
ened 

*  Life  of  Columbus  by  his  fon  Ferdinand,  Chap.  4.— See  vol. 
ii,  of  Churchill's  Collcaion  of  Voyages. 
Herrera's  Hift.  Amer.  vol.  i, 

F4 


88 


COLUMBUS. 


i:*fS, 


ened  to  put  an  end  to  bis  life.  During  one 
of  his  voyages,  the  fhip  in  which  he  failed 
took  fire,  in  an  engagement  with  a  Venetian 
galley,  and  the  crev/  were  obliged  to  leap  into 
the  fea,  to  avoid  periihing  in  the  flames.  In 
this  extremity,  Columbus,  by  the  help  of  a 
floating  oar,  fwam  upwards  of  two  leagues  to 
the  coaft  of  Portugal  near  Lifhon,  and  met 
"with  a  welcome  reception  from  many  of  his 
countrymen  who  were  fettled  there,    \><.nn  tH' 

At  Lilbon,  he  married  the  daughter  of 
Pereflrello,  an  old  fearaan^  who  bad  been  con- 
cerned in  the  difcovery  of  Porto  Santo  and 
Madeira  j  frbm  whofe  journals  and  charts, 
he  received  the  higheit  entertainment.  Pur- 
fuing  his  inquiries  in  Geography,  and  obferv^ 
ing  what  flow  progrcfs  the  Portuguefe  made 
in  their  attempts  to  find  a  \yay  round  Africa 
to  India,  "  he  began  to  refledt  that  as  the 
portuguefe  travelled  fo  far  fouthward,  it  were 
no  lefs  proper  to  fail  weflward,"  and  that 
it  was  reafonable  to  expedl  to  find  the  defired 
land  in  that  dired;ion. 

It  mufl  here  be  remembered,  that  India 
was  in  part  known  to  the  ancients,  and  that 
its  rich  and  ufeful  produdions  had  for  many 
centuries  been  conveyed  into   Europe,  either 

by 


COLUMBUS. 


89 


by  caravans  through  the  deiarts  of  Syria  and 
Arabia  j  or  by  the  way  of  the  Red  Sea, 
through  Egypt,  ^r v^  the  Mediterranean.* 
Xhis  lucrative  commerce  had  been  fueceffive- 
ly  cngroflcd  by  the  Phenicians,  the  Hcbrewa, 
the  Egyptians,  the  Affyrians,  the  Palmyrenes, 
the  Arabians,  the  Gcnoeie  and  the  Venetians. 
The  Portuguefe  were  then  fecking  it  by  at- 
tempting the  circumnavigation  of  Africa  ; 
and  their  erpedhtion  of  finding  it  in  that  di- 
re(5lion  was  [^rounded  on  ancis^nt  hiftorical 
traditions,  that  a  voyage  had  been  formerly 
made  by  the  orders  of  Necho  King  of  Egypt, 
from  the  Red  Sea,  round  the  fouthern  part 
of  Africa  to  the  flraits  of  Hercules  ;  and 
that  the  fame  route  had  been  ttaveried  by 
Hanno  the  Carthaginian,  by  Eudo^m?  the 
Egyptian,  and  others.  The  Portuguefe  had 
confumcd  about  half  a  century  ii)  .-naking  va- 
rious attemps,  and  had  advanced  no  farther, 
on  the  weftern  coaft  of  Africa,  than  juft  to 
crofs  the  Equator,  when  Columbi4$  conceived 
his  great  defign  of  finding  India  m  the  weft. 

The  caufes  which  led  him  to  -entertain  this 
idea  are  diftinguilhed  by  his  fon,  the  writer 
of  his  life,  into  thefe  three ;  *«  natural  reafon, 

.  .         ,  ;  -      the 

*  Rob?itfon's  IiKlia.     3ruce"s  Travels, 


90 


COLUMBUS. 


\4m 


wm 


the  authority  of  writers,  and  the  teftimony  of 

feilors." 

By  the  help  of  "  reafon/*  he  argv^  t  in  this 

manner :  That  the  earth  and  fea  compofed 
one  globe  or  fphcre.  This  was  known  by 
obferving  the  (hadow  of  the  earth  in  lunar 
eclipfes.  Hence  he  concluded  that  it  might 
be  travelled  over  from  eaft  to  weft,  or  from 
weft  to  eaft.  It  had  been  explored  to  the  eaft 
by  fome  European  travellers  as  far  as  Cipango, 
or  Japan  ;  and  as  far  weftward  as  the  Azores 
or  Weftern  Iflands.  The  remaining  fpace, 
though  now  known  to  be  more  than  half,  he 
fuppofed  to  be  but  one  third  part  of  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  globe.  If  this  fpace  were 
an  open  fea,  he  imagined  it  might  be  ealily 
failed  over  j  and  if  there  were  any  land  extend- 
ing caitwardly  beyond  the  known  limits  of 
Afia,  he  fuppofed  that  it  muft  be  nearer  to 
Spain  by  the  weft,  than  by  the  eaft.  For,  it 
was  then  a  received  opinion  that  the  conti- 
nent and  iflands  of  India  extended  over  one 
third  part  of  the  circumference  of  the  globe  5 
that  another  third  part  was  comprehended 
between  India  and  the  weftern  (hore  of 
Spain  ;  therefore  it  was  concluded,  that  the. 
eaftern  part  of  India  muft  be  as  near  to   Spain 

as 


:v!jf 


COLUMBUS.  91 

as  the  wcftcrn  part.  This  opinion  though 
now  known  to  be  erroneous,  yet  being  then 
admitted  as  true,  made  it  appear  to  Cohm  Su« 
very  eafy  and  prafticable  to  difcover  India  ia 
the  weft.  He  hoped  alfo  that  between  Spain 
and  India,  in  that  diredtion,  ther  n?^ht  be 
found  fome  iflands  j  by  the  hf'^n  hich, 

as  refting  places  in  his  voyage,  nc  ^t  the 
better  purfue  his  main  defign.  The  ^jiv  jabil- 
ity  of  the  exiftence  of  land  in  that  Ocean,  he 
argued,  partly  from  the  opinion  of  philofo- 
phers,  that  there  was  more  land  than  fea  on 
the  furface  of  the  globe  ;  and  partly  from  the 
neceflity  of  a  counterpoife  in  the  weft,  for  the 
imrnenfe  quantity  of  land  which  was  known 
to  be  in  the  eaft.  ,.    .   . 

Another  fource,  from  which  he  drew  his 
conclufion,  was,  **  the  authority  of  learned 
men,"  who  had  affirmed  the  poffibility  of 
failing  from  the  weftcrn  coaft  of  Spain,  to  the 
eaftern  bounds  of  India.  Some  of  the  ancient 
Geographers  had  admitted  this  for  truth,  and 
one  of  them*  had  affirmed  that  forty  days 
were  fufficient  to  perform  this  navigation. 
Thefe  authorities  fell  in  with  the  theory 
which  Columbus  had  formed  ;  and  having, 
?is  early  as  1474,  communicated  his   ideas  in 

writing 

*  Pliny. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Hiotographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


// 


^  ,,^<fc. 


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■^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


'ifc 


iHI  CQLUMBUS. 

writiiig,  to  FmA  a  learned  pbyficuin  of  Flo-^ 
muce,  hti  received  from  him  letters  of  that  date» 
coD^aaGking  hia  opinion  and  encouraging  Ms 
delign  $  accompanied  with  a  chart,  in  which 
Paul  had  laid  dawn  the  city  of  Qui&y  (fop^ 
pofed  to  be  the  capital  of  China)  but  little 
more  than  two  thou&nd  leagues  wcftward 
from  Lifbon,  which  in  h^  is  but  half  te 
diftance.  Thus,  by  arguing  from  true  prin- 
ciples, and  by  indulging  conjedlures  partly 
well  founded  and  partly  erroneous,  Columbus 
was  led  to  the  execution  of  a  plan,  bold  in  its 
conception,  and,  to  his  view,  cafily  pradticable  j 
for  great  minds  overlook  intermediate  obfla- 
clcs,  which  HEjen  of  fmaller  views  magnify 
into  infuperable  difficulties.  <  -  .  \*  v 
"'"The  third  ground  on  which  he  formed  his 
•  idea  was  *•  tfil  teflimony  of  mariners  j"  a  clafs 
of  men  who  at  that  time,  and  in  that  imper- 
fe6t  ftate  of  fcience,  were  too  prone  to  mix 
fable  with  fadt  ;  and  were  often  miflcd  by 
appearances,  which  they  could  not  folve.  In 
the  fea,  between  Madeira  and  the  Weftern 
Mands,  pieces  of  carved  wood  and  large  joints 
of  cane  had  been  difcovcred,  which  were  fup- 
pofed  to  be  brought  by  wefterly  winds.  Branch- 
es of  pine  trees,  a  covered  canoe,  and  two  hu- 
man 


•  ,yfl'^*i»'~ 


COLUMBUS- 


93 


man  bodies  of  a  complexion  (K^^rtnt  from  th« 
Europeans  and  Africans  had  been  found    oa 
the  (hores  of  thefe  idands.     Some  navigator!^ 
had  afHrmed,  that  they  had  £een   iflands   no^ 
more  than  an  hundred  leagues  weflward  from 
the   Azores.      There   was  a  tradition,  that 
when  Spain  was  conquered  by  the  Moors  in 
the  eighth  century,  fevcn  Bifhops,  who  were. 
«xiled   from  their  country,   had  built  ieven, 
cities  and  churches,  on  an  iHand  called   An<»-^ 
tiila ',  which  was  fuppofed  to  be  not  more  than 
two  hundred  leagues  weft  of  the    Canaries  $ 
and  it  was  faid  that  a  Portuguefe  ihip  had 
once  difcovered  this  iiland,  but  could  never 
iind  it  again.     Thefe  flpries,  partly  true  and 
partly  fabulous,  had  their  efied  on  the  mind 
of  Columbus.     He  believed  that  idands  were 
were  lo  be  found,  weftward  of  t^Azores  and 
Canaries ;   though  according  to  his   theory,,- 
they  were  at  a  greater  diftance  than  any  of  his 
contemporaries  had  imagined.     Hb    candour 
led  him  to  adopt  an  opinion  from  Pliny   ref-r, 
pedting  floating  iilands,  by  the  help  of  which 
he  accounted  for  the  appearances   related  to 
him,  by  his  marine  brethren.     It  is  not  imf#^ 
probable  that  the  large  idands  of  floating   ice,, 
driven  ffom  the  Polar  Seas  to  the  fouthward  i 


:»• 


or 


^94 


COLUMBtrs. 


?  or  the  Fog  Banks,  which  form  many  fingu- 

^  )ar  appearances    refembling  land    and  trees, 

might  have  been  the  true  foundation  of  this 

'  opinion  and  of  thcfc  reports.*   ?  ^m^*^ 


'.%y5 


'  •  The  following  account  of  a  curious  dieception,  exiraflcd  from 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  may  elucidate  the  above  obfervations. 

"  March  4,  1748—94  at  two  in  the  afternoon,  made  land. which 
t)ore  N.  £.  feven  leagues  difiancc  by  eflimation  :  at  five  tacked, 
lidng  about  three  leagues  from  faid  ifland,  wind  £»  S.  £.  latitude 
by  pbfervation  49^  40^ ;  longitude  24^  30^  from  the  Lizatd.  Thii 
ifland  ftretches  N..W.  and  S.  £.  about  5  leagues  long,  and  9 
miles  wide*  On  the  fouth  fide  fine  vallcyi  and  a  great  number  of 
birds.    'l'in0-it^i^h)'m'^f^^^^-  iwm i^M-fit^m  t 

^  ^^arch  5,  faid  ifland  bore  N.  three  leagues,  N.  W.  a  reef  of 
rocks  three  miles.  This  day  a  fhip's  maft  came  alopg  fide.  On 
the  fouth  point  of  faid  ifland  is  a  fmall  marfliy  ifland.** 

*'  A  copy  of  my  journal  on  board  the  fnow  St.  Paul,  of  London, 
bound  fifom  South  Carolina  to  London. 

-   ^  .  I        WiUiam  Otton,  Commander/' 

p.  S^.  Captain  Otton  thought  he  fr'wa  tent  on  the  ifland,  and 
would  have  gone  aj||prc,  but  iiad  unf  itely  ftove  his  boat  fome 
time  before. 

**  Commodore  Rodney  is  commiflioned'  to  go  in  queft  of  an 
ifland,  which,  according  to  the  report  of  a  matter  of  a  fliip,  and 
igmc  others,  on  examinition  before  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty, 
lies  about  50®  N.  and  about  300  leagues  weft  of  £ngland.  Capt. 
Murdock  Mkckenxie,  an  excellent  mathematician,  and  author  of 
the  fea  charts  of  the  Orkney  and  Lewis  iflands,  attends  hiin  in  the 
Culloden,  floop,  to  bring  back  an  account  of  what  difcoveries  he 
may  make.  As  this  ifland  lies  out  of  the  track  of.  the, trade  to 
JVmerica,  it  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  mifli:d  by  navigators  to  our 
colonies,  though  marked  in  fome  Dutch  maps.  If  the  Com- 
modore difeovers  it,  he  is  to  take  poflpflioft  of  it  by  the  name  of 
Rodney's  ifland." 

♦»  Friday 


w 

■v^. 


COLUMBUS. 


95 


wa^'S 


^.^  It  is  not  pretended  that  Columbus  was  the 
only  perfon  of  his  age  who  had  acquired  thefe 
.  ideas  of  the  form,  dimenfions  and  balancing 
of  the  globe  ;  but  he  was  one  of  the  few  w}io 
had  begun  to  think  for  themfelves,  and  he 
had  a  genius  of  that  kind,  which  makes  ufe 
of  fpeculation  and-  reafoning  only  as  excite- 
'  ments  to  adtion.     He  was  not  a  clofet  pro- 
\  jedtor,  but  an   enterpriiing  adventurer  ;  and 
^  having  eflablilhcd  his   theory  on  principles, 
'^  he  was  determined  to  exert  himfelf  to   the 
utmofl,  to  demonilrate  its   truth  by  experi- 
ment.    But  deeming  the  enterprife  too  great 
to  be  undertaken  by  any  but  a  fovereign  flate^ 
he  iirft  applied  (as  it  is  faid)  to  the  Republic 
of  Geno-^,  by  whom  his  project  was  treated 
^  as  vifionary.*     He  then  propofed  his  plan  to 
•^  »•«''* '^^l<*4;  ~^  •;^l^tf •:'**,:. ■^^•:«'4f^.Y^^^  \mm"     John    "  r 

*' Friday,  April  lO,  1752,  Commodore  Rodney  arrived  at 
;  Woolwich  ;  he  had  been  cruifing  ten  days  in  queft  of  an  ifland, 
and  the  men  at  the  top-maft-head  were  more  than  otice  deceived 
with  what  the  I'ailors  call  fog-banks.  About  the  6th  or  7th  day 
the  crew  obferved  branches  of  trees  with  their  leaves  on,  and 
flights  of  gulls,  and  pieces  of- Shipwreck,  which  are  generally  re- 
garded as  certain  figns  of  an  adjacent  fhore,  but  could  not  difcover 
any."  Gent.  Mag.  for  1751,  p.  235.  for  1752,  p,  88,  189.  ^ 
N.  fi.  The  ifland  marked  in  the  Dutch  iHapSf  could  not  have 
been  miflaken  for  this  imaginary  ifland,  being  but  a  fingle  rock. 
It  is  the  fame  that  is  defcribed  in  the  life  of  Zeno.     Page  82. 

•  This  is  faid  on  the  authority  of  Herrera  the  royal  Spaniih 
lufioriMCi  FecdiiM»nd*  Columbus,  in  the  life  of  his  father,  fay» 

R^thiag      •' 


■iifl 


# 


?   a 


•I 


if    ■>*■ 


.   I^COt-UMBUS. 

Joltn^-41.  King  df  Portugal  who,  though  a 
PriiMc^f  good  underftanding  and  of  an  en- 
torpiififig  difpoiitioiiy  yet  was  ^  deeply  engag- 
ed in  profeciitlng  difcoveries  on  the  African 
coaft^  with  a  view  to  find  a  way  to  India  round 
that  continent ;  and  had  been  at  io  vaft  an  ex««^ 
penfe  without  any  coniiderable  fuccefs,  that 
he.  had  no  inclination  to  accept  the  terms 
which  Columbus  propofed.    Influenced  how- 
ever by  the  advice  of  Calsadilla,  a  favourite 
com-tkr,  he  privately  gave  orders  t6  a  fhip, 
bound  to  the  iflands  of  Cape  de  Verd,  to  at- 
tempt a  difcov^Jry  in  the  weft  5  but  through 
ignorance  and  -want  of  enterprife,  the  naviga- 
torS)  after  wandering  for  feme  time  in  the  o4 
€«dn  and  making  no  difcovcry,  re^hed  thelf* 
deftincd  port  and  turned  the  projedt  of  Go^ 
lumbttS  into  llfecule.  -  - 

"'  DifgTif^iid  with  this  bafe  arttfice,  lie  quitted 
^^ortugal,  and  went  to  Ferdinand,  King  of 
Spain,  IttiVprig  pr^jvioufly  fent  his  brother  to 
Ehgkrid  to  fdlifcit'  th6  patronage  of  Henry. 
VII.  Hut  being  taken  by  pirates,  and  detainr 
cdfev^f^lcyefin  in  captivity,  Bsittholoitte^  had 
it  not  in  hi^  power  to  reveal  his  projcft'  to 

i>bthki|;:oF  it;  bui  repwftHts  h'*Hppficat!on  t»tH«Xihgiof  P6r- 
tngd  air  ^hefit^  sknd  gives  tliis  reafon  fori^  "bdcaufe.ke  lived 
aiHter  biitt." 


% 


t. 


■t 


:-'\- 


t^«nry>  till  Cbriftopher.CdIiiimbiis  iMfl  ftid^ 
ceed^d  in  Spain.  Before  tbis  ccHlld^Wite* 
cpmplilhed)  he  had  various  ob(laclel>'l4iN*^ 
mount  I  and  it  was  not  till  after  feven  jisiki 
•f  painful  folicitation  that  he  obtained  his  re« 
qucft. 

1  The  obje6iibn»  pade  to  the  pFopo(al  of 
Cbkito^fts^'byi  the  mod  learned  men'  in  Spain* 
tosviiQni  the  cbnfideration  of -it  Wa6  #e&rred» 
w!U  give  us  ibnie  idea  of  the  fhti  d^f  ^gra-* 
phical  fcience  at  thatf  tinW. .  Che'  (jbjeQion 
was.  How  Ifaould  he  know  n\or^  thsball^thd 
wife  men  and  ikilful  Tailors  who  had  eixifted 
fince  the  creation  ?  Another  was  the  authori^ 
^  of  Seneca,  who  had  doubted  whether  it 
were  poifible  to  navigate  the  ocean  at  any 
great  diftance  from  th^  (hore  3  but  admitting 
that  it  were 'navigable, '  th^y^agined,  that 
three  yeais  would  be  -r^iuTdi  to -perform  the 
voyage,  which  Colunlbn^  propbfed*  A  third 
was,  that  if  4  ihip  (bould  fiil  weftward  oh  a 
sound.  gbbe,.ih&. would  ncceifarily  go  down» 
oa  the  oppofite  fide,  and  then  it  would  be 
impoHible  to  return,  becauie  it  would  it  like 
climbing  up  a  hill*  which  no  ihip  ^outd  do 
with  the  ftrongeft  wind.  A  fourth  objection 
was  grounded  on  a  book  o£  8tv  Ati|nftine^ 


•  »  ■  ■•%■ 


.*;•*»-! 


■■•    V*, 


.•#^-  '-■■ 


^    V 


.98 


COLUMBUS. 


in  which  he  had  expreifed  his  doubt  of  thd 
exigence  of  antipodes  and  the  poflibility  of 
going  from  one  heniifphere  to  the  other^     A» 
the  writings  of  this  Holy  Father  had  received 
the  fan(f^ion  of  the  Churchy  to  contradict  hin:i 
was  deemed  herefy*       ,      .,,  ., ,  m^..^.)^  ,m^^ 
!   For  fuch  reafons^  and  by  fuch  rcaibners,  the 
prppofal  of  Columbus  was  at  firft  rejected  1 
but  by  the  influence  of  John  Perez;  a  Spanifli 
Priefl,  and  Lewis  Santangel,  an  officer  of  the 
King's  houHiold,  Queen  Ifabella  was  perfuad- 
ed  to  liflen  to  his  felicitation,  and  after  he 
had   been  twice   repulfed,   to  recal   him  to 
Court  i  when  {he  offered  to  pawn  her  jewels  to 
defray  the  expenfe  of  the  equipment,  amount- 
ing to  no  more  than  2500  crowns;    which 
fum  was    advanced  by    Santangel,  and   the 
Queen's  jewels  were   faved.     Thus,   to  the 
generous  decilion  of  a  female  mind,  we  owe 
the  dilcovery  of  America.    ,v  ./  x:^j.i     s/^^^/f, 
*   The  conditions   flipulated  between  Ferdi^ 
nand  and  Ifabella  on  the  one  part,  and  Co-' 
lumbus  on  the  other  part,  were  thefe  :  *•  That 
be,  his  heirs,  and  fuccefTors,  ihould  hold  thei 
office  of  Admiral  in  all  thofe  IJlands  and  Con^ 
tinents  which   he  fhould  difcover;    that  he- 
Ihould  be  Viceroy  and  Governor  of  the  fame^ 
;    "  %         with 


;*  ■ 


CO  L  U  M  B  U  S. 


99 


with  power  of  nominating  three  alTociates,  of 
whom  their  majefties  fhould  appoint  one. 
That  he  fhould  have  one  tenth  part  of  the 
neat  proceeds  of  all  the  gold,  and  (liver,  pre- 
cious ftones,  fpice  and  other  merchandife 
which  fhould  be  found  -,  that  he,  or  a  deputy 
of  his  own  appointing,  (hould  decide  all  con- 
troveriies  refpefking  the  trade  ;  that  he  fhould 
be  at  one  eighth  part  of  the  expenfe  of  equip- 
ping the  firfl  fleet,  and  fhould  receive  on« 
eighth  part  of  the  profits."  s     Ji*^^^^"^^^ 

The  neceffary  preparations  being  made,  and 
a  year's  provifion  laid  in,  on  the  3d  of  Augaik, 
1492,  Columbus  failed  from  Palos,  a  port  of 
Spain,  on  the  Mediterranean,  with  three  vef- 
fels,  one  of  which  was  called  a  carrack,  and 
the  other  two,  caravels  ;*  having  on  board, 
the  whole,  ninety  men.  Having  pafTed 
•  through  the  flraits  of  Gibraltar,  *  :^  arrived  at 
the  Canaries,  on  the  1 2th  of  the  fame  month  ; 
where  he  was  detained  in  refitting  one  of  the 
caravels,  and  taking  in  wood  and  water,  till 
the  6th  of  September,  when  he  failed  wefl- 
ward  on  his  voyage  of  difcovery.   t?   v^«^  ^^i-^ 

This  voyage,  which  now  is  confidered  as 
an  eafy  and  pleafant  run,  between  the  latitudes. 


-■-.f' 


•  A  cwrack  was  a  velfcl  with  a  deck  ;  a  qaravcl  bad  nwie. 


100 


COL  U  M  B  U  S^ 


of  20  and  30  degrees,  with  a  trade  wind,  was 
then  the  boldeH:  attempt  which  had  ever  been 
made,  and  filled  the  minds  of  the  befl  leamen 
with  apprchenfion.  They  were  going  direct- 
ly from  home,  and  from  all  hope  of  relief,  if 
«ny  accident  ihould  befal  them.  No  friendly 
port  nor  hiiman  being  was  known  to  be  in 
that  direction.  Every  bird  which  flew  in  the 
,  air,  every  fifh  which  appeared  in  the  fea,  and 
every  weed  which  floated  on  its  furface,  was 
regarded  with  the  mofl  minute  attention,  as 
if  the  fate  of  the  voyage  depended  on  it.  A 
phenomenon  which  had  never  before  been 
bbfcrved  flruck  them  with  terror.  The  mag- 
netic needle  appeared  to  vary  from  the  pole : 
They  began  to  apprehend  that  their  compafs 
would  prove  an  unfaithful  guid^  ;  and  the 
trade  wind,  which  wafted  them  along  with 
its  friendly  wings,  they  feared  would  obflru'it 
their  return.  *j«  -f-^-.-*  .  -t  V?^  «:..,;.,,;,  j  ^.fi* 
f:  To  be  twenty  days  at  fea,  without  fight  of 
land,  was  what  the  boldefl  mariner  had  never 
before  attenipted.  At  the  expiration  of  that 
time  the  impatient  failors  began  to  talk  of 
throwing  their  commander,  into  the  ocean, 
^nd  returning  home.  Their  murmurs  reach-* 
ed  his  ears  -,  but  his  active  mind  was  never  at 

a  lofs 


r:T  ••  isi.r.  h  ^ 


I*- 


G  Q  L  U  M  B  U  8.         ^   fo^ 

a  lofs  for  expedients,  even  in  the  greateft  ex- 
tremity.    By  foothingj  flattery,  and  artifice^ 
by  inventing  reafons  for  every  qncommon  ap- 
pearance, by  promifing  rewards  to  the  obedi- 
ent, and  a  gratuity  to  him  who  (hould  firft  dif- 
cover  land,  in  addition  to  what  the  King  had 
ordered  ;  and  by  deceiving  then>  in  the  /hip's 
reckoning,  he  kept  them  on  their  courfe  for 
fixtecn  days  longer.     In  the  night  of  the  i  ith 
of  Odtober,  he  himfclf  faw  a  light,  which 
feemed  to  be  on  (hore,  and  in  the  morning  of 
the  1 2th,  they  had  the  joyful  fight  of  land, 
which  proved  to  be  the  ifland  of  Guanahana, 
one  of  the  cluder  called  Bahamas,  in  the  25th 
degree  of  north  latitude. -^,-^1^  y,  ^,..-  ^frriS^ 
t    Thus  in  the  fpace  of  thirty  Cix  days,  and  in 
the  45th  year  of  his  age,  Columbus  complet- 
ed a  voyage  which  he  had  (pent  twenty  years 
in  projecting  and  executing  ;  a  voyage  which 
opened  to  the  Europeans  a  new  world  5  which 
gave  a  new  turn  to  their  thoughts,  to  their 
fpirit  of  enterprife  and  of  comn^erce ;  which 
enlarged  the  empire  of  Spain,  and  ilattiped 
with  immortality  the  name  of  Columbus.  ^^^ 
if^Aftcr  (pending   fevcral  months  in  failing 
from  one  ifland  to  another  in  th^  vail  archir 
''pelago,  which,  from  the  miihkc?  of  the  ag« 
„  ,  G  3  received 


'"""""^■iT^ 


102 


COLUMBUS. 


i-  M 


received  the  name  of  the  Weft- Indies.  Colum* 
bus  returned  to  Spain  with  the  two  fmalle^ 
ve^els,  (the  larger  having  been  wrecked  on 
the  idand  of  Hifpaniola)  leaving  behind  him 
a  colony  of  thirty  nine  men,  furniihed  with  a 
year's  provifion,  and  lodged  in  a  fort  which 
had  been  built  of  the  timber  faved  from  the 
wreck.  During  his  pafTage  he  met  with  a 
violent  tempeft  which  threatened  him  with 
dcftrudion.  In  this  extremity,  he  gave  an 
^dmjrable  proof  of  his  calmnefs  and  forefight. 
He  wrote  on  parchment  an  account  of  his 
difcoveries,  wrapped  it  in  a  piece  of  oiled 
cloth,  and  inclofed  it  in  a  cake  of  wax,  which 
he  put  into  a  tight  ca(k  and  threw  into  the 
iba.  Another  parchment,  fecured  in  (he  fanie 
manner,  he  placed  on  the  ftcrn,  that  if  ^hc 
fhip  (hould  fink,  the  cafk  might  float,  and 
poflibly  one  or  the  other  might  be  driven  On 
fhore,  or  taken  up  at  fea  by  fome  future  navi- 
gator. But  this  precaution  proved  fruitlefs. 
He  arrived  fafe  in  Spain,  in  March,  1493, 
and  was  received  with  the  honours  due  to  his 

merit.  - '   -_  -  •        -^;  -  v  ■  •  *■    •.-  -,_"-"  •  > •/     ■  •  - ' • 

;:!' 'The  account  which  Columbus  gave  of  his 

new  difcoveries,  the  fpecimens  of  gold  and 

pfher  valuable  produ(5tions,  and  the  light  of 

^'- '  ^        th^ 


COLUMBUS.  103 

the  natives  which  he  carried  from  the  Weil- 
Indies  to  Spain,  were  fo  pleafing  that  the 
court  determined  on  another  expedition.  But 
fifft  it  was  neceilary  to  obtain  the  fandlion 
q(  the  Pope,  who  readily  granted  it ;  and 
by  an  imaginary  line,  drawn  from  pole  to 
pole,  at  the  diflance  of  one  hundred  leagues 
weftward  of  the  Azores,  he  divided  between 
the  crowns  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  all  the  new 
countries  already  difcovcred  or  td  be  difcov- 
cred  ;  giving  the  weftern  part  to  the  fof.i;cr, 
and  the  eaftern  to  the  latter.  No  proviiion 
however  was  made,  in  cafe  that  they  fhould 
meet,  and  their  claims  (hould  interfere  on  the 
oppoiite  fide  of  the  globe.  The  bull,  con- 
taining this  famous  but  imperfect  line  of  de- 
markation,  was  figned  by  Alexander  VI.  on 
the  fecond  day  of  May,  1493  ;  and  on  the 
28th  of  the  fame  month,  the  King  and  Queen 
of  Spain,  by  a  written  inflrument,  explained 
and  confirmed  the  privileges  and  powers 
which  they  had  before  granted  to  Columbus* 
making  the  offic#  of  Viceroy  and  Governor- 
of  the  Indies  hereditary  in  his  family.  On 
the  25  th  of  September  follo\ying,  he  failed 
from  Cadiz,  with  a  fieet  of  feventeen  fhips^, 
great  and  fmall,  well  furnifhed  with  all  necef-> 


J,:.. 


*A 


G4 


;'i 


V  '  1^-  iaries 


o. 


"^1^"' 


■■  ;  \ 


,r--- 


** 


J04 


COLUMBUS. 


fanes  for  the  voyage ;  and  Inving  on  board 
1500  people,  with  horfes,  'cattle^  and  imple-^ 
ments- to  eftabli^  plantations»i ■■-■'■.sf.'ifi :j  ;< t « ' vt 

On  Sunday  the  third  of  November,  he  dif-' 
covered  an  idand,  to  which,  in  honour  of  tho 
day,  he  gave  the  name  of  Dominica.  After- 
ward he  difcovered  in  fucceHion  other  iflands^ 
which  he  called  Marigalante,  Guadaloupe^ 
Montferrat,  Redonda,  Antigua,  St.  Martin's, 
St.  Uifula,  and  St.  John.  On  the  12th  of 
November  he  came  to  Navidad,  on  the  North' 
(ide  of  Hifpaniola,  where  he  had  built  his 
fort,  and  left  his  colony  j  but  he  had  the 
mortification  to  find,  that  the  people  were  all 
dead,  and  that  the  fort  had  been  dedroyed,  {k 
-  The  account  given  by  the  natives^  of  the 
lofs  of  the  colony,  was,  that  they  fell  intodif- 
cord  among  thcmfclves,  on  the  ufual  fuhjefts 
of  controvcrfy,  women  and  gold ;  that  having 
provoked  a  chief,  whofe  name  was  Canaubo,< 
he  came  again  ft  them  with  a  fuperior  force,, 
and  dtftroyed  them ;  that  fome  of  the  natives, 
in  attempting  to  defend  them,  had  been  kilU 
ed,  and  others  were  then  ill  of  their  wounds; 
which,  on  infpedtion,  appeared  to  have  beea 
made  with  Indian  weapons,  i 

Columbus   prudently  forbore  to  make  any 
critical  inquiry  into  the  matter;  but  hafted 

to 


COLUMBUS. 


% 


any 
ided 


to  eftabliih  another  colony,  in  a  more  efigUik 
fituatfon,  to  the  eaflward}  which  fad  «alM 
liabella,  after  his  royal  patrbnefsl  :  Her  had 
many  di/KcuUies  to  contend  with,  hefidck 
thofe  which  unavoidably  attend  undertaking! 
of  fuch  novehy  and  magnitude^  Nature  ini- 
deed  was  bountiful :  the  foil  aind  climate,  jinou- 
duced  vegetation,  with  a  rapidity  to  which 
the  Spaniards^  had  not  been  accuilomedL 
From  wheat  fown  at  the  end  of  January,.  fuU 
ears  were  gath<ired  at  the  end  of  March.  The 
flones  of  fruit,  the  (lips  of  vines  and  the  joints 
of  fugar  cane  fprouted  in  fcven  days,  and  ma^ 
ny  other  feeds  in  half  the  time.  This  wai 
an  eilcouraging  profpedl ;  but  the  (low  ope- 
rations of  agriculture  did  not  meet  the  views 
of  fanguine  adventurers.  The  humerotis  fol*. 
lowers  of  Columbus,  fome  of  whom  were  of 
the  beft  families  in  Spain,  had  conceived  hopes 
of  fuddenly  enriching  themfelves,  by  the  pre- 
cious metals  of  thofe  new  regions ;  and  were 
not  difpofed,  to  liften  to  his  recommendations 
of  patience  and  induftry,  in  cultivating  the 
earth  o  The  natives  were  difpleafed  with  the 
licentioufnefs  of  their  new  neighbours  j  who 
endeavoured  to  keep  them  in  awe  by  a  dif- 
play  of  force.  The  explofion  of  fire  arms, 
■    ■'  ■     •  •  •  ■'-  and 


•jo6 


COLUMBUS. 


tnd  die  itght  of  nien  mounted  on  horics,  were 
at  firft»  bbjedl;^  of  terror  ;  bat  iife  had  render- 
ed them  lefs  formidable.  Columbus,  over- 
burdsned  with  care  and  fatigue,  fell  fick,  and 
at  his  recovery,  found  a  mutiny  among  his 
men  $  which,  by  a  due  nuxture  of  refolutioa 
and  lenity,  he  had  the  addrefs  to  quell.  He 
then  endeavoured  to  eflablifh  difcipline  among 
his  own  people,  and  to  employ  the  natives  in 
cutting  roads  through  the  woods.  Whilil  he 
was  prefent,  and  able  to  attend  to  bufinefs, 
things    went    on    fo  profperoufly,    that  he 

thought  he  might  fafely  proceed  on  his  difr 
coveries.  ;    ^a 

In  his  former  voyage  he  had  vifited  Ciiba ; 
but  was  uncertain  whether  it  were  an  ifland 
or  a  part  of  fome  continent.  He  therefore 
pafTed  over  to  its  eaflern  extremity ;  and  coafl- 
ed  its  fouthern  fide,  till  he  foun4  himfelf  en- 
tangled among  a  vafl  number  of  fmall  iilands, 
which  for  their  beauty  and  fertility  he  called 
the  Garden  of  the  Queen ;  but  the  dangerous 
rocks  and  fhoals,  which  furrounded  them> 
obliged  him  to  ftretch  farther  to  the  fouth- 
ward  i  by  which  means,  he  difcovered  the 
ifland  of  Jamaica ;  where  he  found  water  and 
Other  refreihments  for  hi§  men^  who  were 

almoft 


COLUMBUS.  107 

almofl  dead  with  famine.  The  hazard,  fa- 
tigue and  diftrefs  of  this  voyage,  threw  him 
into  a  lethargic  diforder,  from  ^hich  he  ha^ 
juft  recovered,  when  he  returned  t6  his-  coIo-* 
ny  and  found  it  all  in  confufion  5  from  the 
lame  caufes  which  had  proved  dcftrudtivc  to 
the  firft..  "^^'^  cmj-  07  4:rirfmn  \'^mQ'sfmt':tmm 

In  his  abfence,  the  licentioufnefs  of  the 
Spaniards  had  provoked  feveral  of  the  chiefs ; 
four  of  whom  had  united  to  deftroy  them» 
and  had  adtually  commenced  hoftilities,  in 
which  twenty  Spaniards  were  killed.  Co* 
lumbus  collecfted  his  people,  put  them  into 
th^  beil  order,  and  by  a  judicious  combination 
of  force  and  ftratagcm  gained  a  deciiiye  vi<StO- 
ry,  to  which  the  horfes  and  40gs  did  not  a 
4itt]e  contribute.    »-- '^^       .  j  ^  ,   »c,.  v*^.--rrf 

At  his  return  to  Hifpaniola,  he  had  the 
pleafure  of  meeting  his  brother  Bartholomew, 
whom  he  had  not  feen  for  feveral  years,  an4 
whom  he  fuppofed  to  have  been  dead.  Bar<- 
tholomew  was  a  man  of  equal  knowledge,  cx-^ 
perience,  bravery  and  prudence  with  himfelf. 
His  patience  had  endured  a  fevere  trial  in  their 
long  feparation.  He  had  many  obftacles  to 
furmount,  before  he  could  get  to  England 
gnd  obtain  accefs  to  the  King.      He  was  at 

Paris 


loS 


GOLUMBUS. 


Paris  when  he  heard  of  the  fuccefs  of  his 

hrother's  firft  enterprize  ;  who  had  gone  on 

the  (econdi  before  fiartnolornew  could  get  to 

Spaip.     Oa  his  arrival  tl^ere,  and  being  intro^* 

daced  to  the  court,  ho  was  appointed  to  the 

command  of  thre^  (hips>   which  were  def^ 

tined  to  convey  fupplies  to  the  colony  j  apdhe 

arrived  whilO:  Chriftopher  was  abfent  on  his 

voyage  to  Cub£(  and  Jamaica.     Columbus  apH 

pointed  his  brother  to  command  at   Ifabellaj 

whilKl  he  went  into  the  interior  part  of  the 

ifland,  to  perfe^  his  conque(^,  and  reduce  the 

natives  to  fubjc6lion  and  tribute.  f 

.    The  In4iains  wiem^fb  unufcd  to  colledt  gold 

duft,'  Ift  Tu<?h  quantities  a^   their  conquerors 

demanded  it,   that  they   offered  to   plant  tb« 

immenfe  plains,  of  Hifpaniola:,  and  pay  an  e^ 

quivalent  in  corn.  Columbus  was  ttruck  with 

the  magnanimity  of  the  propofal  -,  and  in  coni- 

fequence,  moderated  the  tribute.      This  did 

not  fatisfy  the  avarice  of  his  fellow   adventu- 

T€fs,  who  found  means   to  complain   of  hirti 

to  the   King's  minifters,   for  his  negligence 

in  acquiring  the  only  commodity,  which  they 

thought  deferved  the  name   of  riches.     The 

Indians  then  defifted  from  planting  their  ufual 

quantity  tf  corn,  and  attempted-  to  fubfift 

chiefly 


1^-^ 


COLUMBUS. 


ro9 


ckiefiy  on  animal  food.  This  experiment 
proved  injurious  to  themfelves  as  well  as  to 
their  conquerors  ;  and  it  was  Computed,  that 
within  four  years,  from  the  firft  discovery 
of  the  ifland,  one  third  part  of  its  inhabitants, 
pcrilhed.  ,     > 

^  f  The  complaints  againl^  Columbus  fo 
wrought  on  the  jealous  mind  of  King  Ferdi-« 
nand,  that  John  Aguado,  who  was  fent,  in 
1495,  ^^^^  fupplles  to  the  colony,  had  or4 
ders  to  a£t  as  a  fpy  on  his  conduct.  This 
man  behaved  with  fo  little  difcretion,  a»  to 
feek  matter  of  accufation,  and  give  out  threats 
againft  the  Admiral.  At  the  fame  time,  the 
(hips  which  he  commanded,  being  deftroyed 
by  a  hurricane,  he  had  no  means  left  to  return ; 
till  Columbus,  knowing  that  he  had  enemies 
at  home  and  nothing  to  fupport  him  but  his 
own  merit,  refolved  to  go  to  Spain,  with  two 
caravels  ;  himfelf  in  one,  and  Aguado  in  the 
other.  Having  appointed  proper  perfons  to 
command  the  feveral  forts  ;  his  brother  Bar-> 
tholomew  to  fuperintend  the  whple,and  his 
brother  James  to  be  next  in  authority  5  he  fet 
Ml  on  the  tenth  of  March  1496,  and  after  a 
j^rilpus  and  tedious  voyage,  in  the  tropical 
'...■f\-'      ■■'^■'    ":*  .>".   ,  latitudes,  ^H, 


no  COLUMBUS, 

latitudes,  arrived  at  Cadiz  on  the  eleventh, of 

jj^jHis  prcfcnce  at  Court,  with  the  gold  and 
other  valuable  articles  which  he  carried  home, 
removed,  in  fome  meafure,  the  prejudices 
which  had  been  excited  againft  him.  But 
his  enemies,  though  filent,  were  not  idle  j 
and  in  a  court,  where  phlegm  and  languor 
proved  a  clog  to  the  fpirit  of  enterprize,' they 
found  it  not  difHcult  to  obflrudt  his  views  ; 
which,  notwithilanding  all  difcouragcments, 
were  fiill  pointed  to  the  difcovery  of  a  way 
to  India  by  the  jWeft.  -,>r  *IH?^  »* '  ^  ^^»i ?Af«i  r^^j! 
'.  He  now  demanded  eight  (hips,  to  carry 
fupplies  to  his  colony,  and  fix  to  go  on  dif- 
covery. Thefe.  demands  were  complied  with, 
and  he  began  his  third  voyage  on  the  thir- 
tieth of  May  1498.  He  keptacourfe  fo  far  to 
the  fouthwardf  that  not  only  his  men,  but  his 
provilions  and  water  fuffered  greatly  from  ex- 
ceflive  heat.  The  firft  land  he  mac|p  after 
leaving  the  Ifles  of  CapC  de  Verd,  was  a  large 
ifland  which  he  named  Trinidad,  from  its  ap- 
pearance in  the  form  of  three  mountains.  He 
then  paffed  through  a  narrow  ftrait  and  whirl- 
pool into  the  gulf  of  Paria  ;  where,  obfer^-. 
ing  the  tide  to  be  rapid,  and  the  water  brack- 
■'  ^      '  ifli, 


COLUMBUS; 

j(|^  he  conjectured,  that  the  kndy  on  tfab 

weftern  and  fouthern  fides  of  the  gulf,   was 

part  of  a  continent  ^  and  that  the  frdh  vrAttt 

proceeded  from  fome  great  rivers.'  ' 

^  The  people  on  the  coaft  of  Paria  weit 

whiter  than  thofe  of  the  iflands.     They  had 

about  their  necks  plates  of  gold  and  firings  of 

pearl ;  which  they  readily  exchanged  for  piecr 

e&  of  tin  and  brafs,  and  little  bells  i  and  when 

they  were  queflioned   whence  they  obtained 

the  gold  and  pearls,  they  pointed  to  the  wefl. 

The  Admiral's  provifion  not  allowing  him 

to  flay  long  in  this  place  -,  he  pafled  again^ 

through  that  dangerous  flrait,   to  which  ho 

gave  the  name^of  the  Dragon's  Mouth;  and 

having  fatisfied  himfelf,   that  the  land  on  his 

left  was  a  continent,  he  fleered  to  the  N.  W ; 

difcovering  Margarita  and  feveral  other  iflands 

in  his  courfe ;  and  on  the  thirtieth  of  Augufl, 

arrived  at  the  harbour  of  St.  Domingo,  in 

Hifpaniola ;   to  which  place  his  brother  had 

removed  the  colony  in  his  abfence,   ia  con- 

fequence  of  a  plan  preconcerted  between  them. 

^   Wearied  with  inceffant  care  and  watching* 

in  this  dangerous  voyage,  he  hoped  now  to 

enjoy  repofe ;   inflead  of  which  he  found  his 

colony  much  reduced  by  deaths ;    many  of 

the 


iia 


COLUMBUS^ 


^e  fiiTvivors'  fick^  with  a  difeafe,  the  peciUur 
ConTequcince  of  their  debauchery ;  and  a  large 
fiamber  of  thtom  in  z.di\xa\  rebellion.  They 
had  formed  theaifelves  into  a  body ;  they  ha4 
gained  ov<r  many  of  the  Indians,  under  pre* 
fence  of  protecting  them  j  and  they  had  retir- 
ed to  a  diHant  part  of  the  ifland,  which  prov« 
ed  a  refort  for  the  feditious  and  difcontented^ 
Their  commander  was  Francis  Roldan,  wh© 
bad  bedn  Chief  Judice  of  the  colony ;  and  their 
J9iimber  was  fo  conliderable,  that  Columbus 
^ould  not  command  a  force  fufHclent  to  fubdue 
them.  He  therefore  entered  into  a  negociation, 
by  offering  a  pardon  to  thofe  who  would  fubmit> 
and  liberty  of  returning  to  Spain  to  thofe  who 
defired  it.  Thefe  offers,  however  impolitic, 
proved  faccefsful.  Roldan  himfelf  accepted 
tliem,  and  perfuaded  others  to  do  the  fame  j 
then>  being  reftored  to  his  office,  he  tried  and 
condemned   the   refra^lory,   fome  of  whom 


•'Vl-tl  ■■» 


.iiiJ  j'.^.V'>:  t  f"!  s  -T 


were  put  to  death*     " 

An  account  of  this  mujiny  was  fent  home 
to  Spain  by  Columbus  and  another  by  RoU 
dan.  Each  had  their  advocates  at  court,  and 
the  catrfe  was  heard  by  the  King  and  Queen. 
Roldan  and  his  men  were  accufed  of  adultery^ 
perjury*  'fohbery,  murder,  and  difturbing  th© 

peace 


.  < 


iV'^'- 


■f^*- 


f  I 


peace  of  the  whole  idand ;  vrhilft  Cblunt^bilf 
was  charged  with  cruelty  to  individuals',  ainsii 
|ng  at  independence,  and  engrofling  the  tribute. 
It  was  infinua|ed,that  not  beinga  native  of  Spaini  ^ 
he  had  no  proper  refpedt  for  the  noble  £unif 
Iks,  who  had  become  adventurers  §  and  thajf 
the  debts  due  to  them  could  not  be  recoveredfv 
It  was  fuggeftcd,  that  if  fonne  remedy  werflL'^ 
not  fpeedily  applied,  there  was  danger  that  h^j 
would  revolt,  and  join  with  fonneother  Prince  j-. 
and  that  to  compafs  this  defign,  he  had  con^^v 
sealed  the  real  wealth  of  the  colony,  and  pre4^ 
vented  the  converfion  of  the  Indians  to  thot* 
Catholic  faith.  % 

Thefe  inQnuations  prevailed  on   the  jea^r 
lou(y  of  Ferdinand,  and  even  flaggered  tho 
conftancy  of  Ifabclla.     They  refolved  to  ap-?^ 
point  a  judge,  who  fhould  examine  fiifls  oif, 
the  fpot  5  and  if  he  (hould  find  the  Admiral* 
guilty,  to  fuperfcde  him.     For  this  purpofa. 
they  fent  Francis  Bovadilla,  a  knan  of  nobld 
tank,  but  whofe  poverty  alone  recommended 
him  to  the  office.   Furriiihcd  \irith  thefe  pow4 
crs,  he  arrived  at  §t.  Dontingo,  when  Colum*^ 
bus  was  abfcnt ;  took  lodgings  in  his  houfe  f^ 
invited  accufers  to  appear  again  ft  him  j  fcizci^ 
on  hia  effcfts,  and  finally  fent  hin^^  and   botfe 
Tj  H  ^^     his 


'i- 


\ 


**4 

in 


C  O  L  U  M  B  U  g". 


t 

'.'i: 


his  brothers  to  Spain  in  three  different  (hipi 
but  all  loaded  with  irons. 
.  llie  mafter  of  the  (hip  in  which  the  Admiral 
failed  had  fo  much  refpedt  for  him,  that, 
when  he  had  got  to  fea,  he  offered  to  take  off 
his  fetters  ;  but  Columbus  nobly  declared, 
that  he  would  permit  that  honour  to  be  done 
him,  by  none  but  his  fovereigh.  In  this  hu- 
miliating confinement,  he  was  delivered  to 
Fonfeca,  Bifhop  of  Badajos,  who  had  been  the 
chief  in fligator  of  all  thefe  rigorous  proceed- 
ings,  and  to  wl^om  had  been  committed  the 
affairs  of  the  Indies.  '^^»^^  y^f  j[*^v*h;a«  a'i=4  it?w»*<^' 
'  Not:  content  with  robbing  Columbus  of  his 
liberty,  this  prejudiced  ecclefiaftic  would  have 
deprived  him  of  his  well  earned  reputation  of 
having  firft  difcovered  the  new  continent. 
With  the  accufations  which  Columbus  had 
ient  home  againft  Roldan,  he  had  tranfmitted 
.an  account  of  the  difcovery  of  the  coaft  of 
Paria,  which  he  juflly  fuppofed  to  be  part 
of  a  continent.  Ojeda,  an  adtive  officer,  who 
had  failed  with  Columbus  in  his  fecond  voy- 
age, was  at  court  when  thefe  difpatches  arriv- 
ed, and  faw  the  draught  of  the  difcovery,  with 
the  fpecimens  of  gold  and  pearls,  which  the 
Admiral  had  fent  home.     Being  a  favourite 


■fcxU- 


of 


COLUMBUS* 


.Jtii-mS^i::^   I 


of  Fonfeea,  he  eafily  obtain^  leave  to  pyrfue 
the  difcovery.  Some  merchants  of  Seville 
i¥ere  prevailed  upon  to  equip  four  ihips  ; 
with  which>  in  1499^  Ojeda  followed  the 
rtrack  of  Columbus^  and  made  land  on  the  coaft 
of  Paria.  Amerigo  Vefpucci,  a  Florentine 
merchant^  well  fkilled  in  geography  and 
navigation,  accompanied  Ojeda  in  this  voyage; J, 
and  by  publi(hing  the  firft  book  and  chart* 
defcribing  the.  new  worlds  obtained  the  hon- 
our of  having  it  called  America.  This 
however  did  not  happen  till  after  the  death  of 
Columbus  4  Several  other  adventurers  fol- 
lowed  the  fame  track,  and  all  fuppofed  that 
the  continent  which  they  had  feen,  was  part 
of  Indian  ,  >{^ 

.  ;^,  As  foon  as  it  Was  known,  that  Columbus 
was  arrived  at  Cadiz,  (Nov^  5^  1 500)  in  the 
difgraceful  fituation  abovementioned,  the  King 
and  Queen,  afhamed  of  the  orders  which  they 
had  given,  commanded  him  to  be  releafed,  and 
invited  him  to  court,  where  they  apologized 
for  the  mifbehaviour  of  their  new  Governor, 
and  not  only  promifcd  to  recal  him,  but  to 
reftore  to  the  Admiral  all  his  ef!e(5ts.  Co- 
lumbus could  not  forget  the  ignominy.  He 
preferved  the  fetters,  hung  them  up  in  his 
,i ;  r   -        H  2  apartment. 


ir 


116 


C  O  L  U  MB  US/ 


«--. 


apartment,  and  ordered  them  to  oe  buried  in 


Oi    Or' 


his  grave. 

Inftead  of  reinftating  him  in  his  government 
according  to  the  original  contrad^  the  King 
and  Queen  fent  Ovando,  to  KifJMnioIa,  to 
luperfcdc  Bovadilla  ;  and  only  indulged  Co- 
lumbus in  purfuing  his  darling  projedt,  the 
difcovcry  of  India  by  the  weft,  which  he  ftil) 
hoped  to  accomplish.  He  failed  again  fioiA 
Cadiz,  on  the  fourth  of  May,  1 502  5  with 
four  veflek,  carrying  one  hundred  and  forty 
jTicn  and  boys  ;  of  which  number  were  his 
brother  Bartholomew  and  his  fon  Ferdinand, 
th&  writer  of  his  life. 

In  his  pafr.<,e  to  the  Caribbec  iflands,  he 
found  his  largeft  velTel,  of  fcventy  tons,  unfit 
for  the  fervice ;  and  therefore  went  to  St.  Do- 
mingo, in  hope  of  exchanging  it  for  a  better; 
and  to  feek  fhelter  from  a  ftorm  which  he  faw 
approaching.  To  his  injRnite  furprize  and 
nwrtification,  Ovando  would  not  admit  him 
into  the  port.  A  fleet  of  ilir:Vf  ^lips  was 
then  ready  to  (ail  for  Spain,  Om  hca^Xi  of  whicii 
Roldan  and  Bovadilla  were  prifoners.  Co- 
lumbus informed  Ovando,  of  the  prognoftics 
which  he  had  obfcrvcd,  which  Ovando  difre- 
d,  and  the  fleet  failed.     Columbus  then 

laid 


^ar 


!    1 


COLUMBUS.    '         ti,^ 

laid  tht^^f  llTr  Ye(rds,  under  the  lee  of  the 
ihort  I  an<i',  i«rith  ^^^t  diiHculty,  rode  out  the 
temped.  His  brother  put  to  iea ;  and  by  his 
grctt  navd  flcill  faved  the  fliip  m  which  he 
iailed.  Of  the  fleet  bound  to  Spain,  eighteen 
^^ip8  were  loft,  and  in  them  perished  Roldan 
and  Bovadilla. 

The  enemies  of  Columbus   gave  out  ihjJt 
Tie  had  raifed  this  ftorm  by  the  art  of  magic ; 
and  fuch  was  the  ignorance  of  the  age,  that 
theftory  was  believed:  What  contributed  the 
more  to  its  credit,  was,  that  one  o  '  the  word 
"fhips  of  the  fleet,  on  board  of  which  were  all 
the  effects  which  had  been  fav^  froi  the  ru. 
ined  fortune  of  Columbus,  was  the  fir  fl  which 
arrived  in  Spain,     The  amount  of  thc.c  eflfedls 
'^as   "  four  thoufand   pefos  of  gold,   each  of 
•the  value  of  eJghi^  (hillings/'     The  remark 
•which  Fcrdinando  Columbus  makes  on  this 
event,  fo  dcftruftive  to  the  accufers  of  his  father, 
■is',  **  I  am  fatisfied,  it  was  the  hand  of   God, 
who  was  pleafed  to  infatuate  them  ;  that  they 
tnight  hot  hearken  to  good   advice  j  for  had 
they  arrived  in  Spain,   they  had   never   becfi 
puniflied,  as  their  crimes  deferved  ;  but  rath- 
er favoured  and  preferred  as  being  the  Bifliop's 
friends."*       :^  i^#i^-#^^^>^*^*'^'*^*  ;  ^fjer 


r'T'i  *:ijiimi-y-i'''-J 


■  i 


*  Chap.  88. 

H3 


•>.■.' 


1x8 


COLUMBUS. 


"^ ''After  this  (lorm,  and  another  which  fol*^ 
lowed  it«  Columbus  having  colleded  his  lit^' 
tie  fquadron,  failed  on  difcovery  toward  the 
continent ;  and,  fleering  to  the  fouthweil, 
came  to  an  ifland  called  Guanania,  twelve 
leagues  from  the  coaft  of  Honduras ;  where  he 
met  with  a  large  covered  canoe,  having  on 
board  feveral  pieces  of  cotton  cloth  of  divers 
colours,  which  the  people  faid  they  had 
Isrpugbt  from  the  weftward.  The  men  were 
armed  with  fwords  of  wood,  in  which  (harp 
flints  were  ftrongly  fixed.  Their  provifion 
was  maize  and  ^oots,  and  they  ufed  the  ber- 
ries of  cocoa  as  mpney.  When  the  Admiral 
inquired  for  gold,  they  pointed  to  the  weiV/ 
and  yfhcn  he  afked  for  a  flrait  by  which  he 
might  pafs  through  the  land,  they  pointed  to 
the  eafl.  From  the  fpeejmeps  of  coloured 
pjoth,  he  imagined,  that  they  had  come  from 
India  ^  and  he  hoped  to  pafs  thither,  by  the 
ftrait  which  they  defcribed,  Purfuing  his 
pourfe  to  the  eaft  and  fputh,  he  was  led  to  the 
gulf  of  Parien  j  and  vifited  feveral  harbours 
among  which  was  one  which  he*  called  Porto 
Bello  ^  but  he  found  no  paffage  extending 
through  the  land,  He  then  returned  to  the 
weftvvard  ;  and  landed  on  the  coaft   of  Verar 

gua  ^ 


C  O  L  U  MB  U  S.  119 

gua ;  where  Ae  beauty  aftd  fertility  of  the 
country  invited  him  to  begin  a  plantation, 
which  he  called  Bekm  ;  but  the  natives,  a 
fierce  and  formidable  race,  deprived  him  of  the 
honour  of  £rft  eftabli(hing  a  colony  on  thf 
continent,  by  killing  fome  of  his  people  and 
obliging  him  to  retire  with  the  others. 

At  fea,  he  met  with  tempeftuous  weather 
of  long  continuance ;  in  which  his  (hips  were 
fo  Shattered,  that  with  the  utmod  difficulty 
he  kept  them  above  water,  till  he  ran  them 
afliore  on  the  idand  of  Jamaica.  By  his 
extraordinary  addrefs,  he  procured  from  the 
natives  two  of  their  largefl  canoes  3  in  which 
two  of  his  mofl  faithful  friends,  Mendez 
and  Fiefco,  accompanied  by  fome  of  his 
failors  and  a  few  Indians,  embarked  for  Hif- 
paniola.  After  encountering  the  greateft  dif- 
ficulties, in  their  paffage,  they  carried  tidings 
of  his  misfortune  to  Ovando,  and  folicited  his 
aid.  The  mercilefs  wretch  detained  them 
eight  months,  without  an  anfwer  -,  during 
which  time,  Columbus  fufFered  the  feverefl 
hardfhips,  from  the  difcontent  of  his  compa- 
ny, and  the  want  of  provifions.  By  the  hqf- 
pitality  of  the  natives,  he  at  firft  received  fuch 
fuppUes,  as  they  were  able  to  fpare  j  but  th« 

H4  long 


Iqng  jqoi^tiniiance.  of  thefe  guefts  had  dirnin^ 
idled  their  flori^,  and  ithe  infplence  gf  the  mu« 
tineers  gave  9  check  to  their  fri^odfliip.     In 
tjjis  e^ctrcmityi.  th^  ferric  itivention  of  Co- 
lumbus fuggeiled  an  escpedie^it  which  proved 
fuccefsful.     He  Jtn<!?w  thai  a  total  ecjipic,  of 
the  moon  was  at  hand,,  which  would  be  vifi-^ 
ble  in  the  evening.     On  the  preceding  day,  he 
Cent  for  the  principal  Indiana,  to  fpeak  with 
fhem,  on  a  matter  of  the  utnaioft  importance. 
Being  airembledt  he  dire^^ed  his  interpreter  to 
tell  them,  that  th^  God  of  heaven,  whom  he 
worfhipped,  was  angry  w jth  them,  for  withold- 
ing  provifion  from  him,  and   would  puniih 
;them  with  famine  and  peililence  ;  as  a  tok«^ 
en  of  which,  th©  moon   would,  in  the  even- 
ing, appear  of  an  angry  and   bloody  colour^ 
Some  of  them  received   his  fpccch  with   ter- 
ror, and  others  with  indifference  ;  but   when 
the  moon  rofe,  and   the  eclipfe   increafed  as 
fhe  advanced  from  the  horizon,  they  came  in 
crowds,  loaded  with  provifion,  and  begged  the 
Admiral  to  intercede  with  his  God,  for  the 
removal  of  his  anger.  Columbus  retired  to  his 
cabin  5   and  when  the  eclipfe  began  to  go  off, 
he  came  out  and  told  them,  that  he  had  pray- 
ed to  his  God,  and  had  received  this  anfwer  -, 
..       .  tha^ 


»■ 


C  O  L  TJ  M  B  U  5. 


•tai 


that  if  they  would  be  good  forthe  futiir^,  luld 
bring  him  provifion  as  he  ihouM  want,  Gott 
would  fbcgive  them  ;  and  as  a  token  of  it,' the 
noDon  would  put  oi>  her  ufual  brightnefsl 
They  gave  him  thanks,  and  prdniifbd  com^ 
^liaAce.;  and  whilft  he  remained  on  the  idand 
there -was  no  more  want  of  provifion.     v       ^ 
-4  At  the  end  of  eight  months,  Ovatido  Ml 
^  fmall  veiTel  to  Jamaica,  .with  a  cafk  of  wine, 
two  flitches  of  bacon,  and  a  letter  of  compli^ 
ment  and  espcufe,  which  the  officer  deliver-i' 
ed  ;    and  without  waiting    for  an   anfwer, 
weighed  his  anchor  the  (ame  evening  and  fail- 
ed back  to  Hifpaniola.  The  men  who  adhered 
Co  Columbus  and  were  with  him  on  board  the 
wrecks,  wondered  at  the  fudden  departure  of 
the  vefTel,  by  which  they  expected  deliverance. 
Columbus,  never  at  a  lofs  for  an  evalion,  told 
them  that  the  caravel  was  too  fmall  to  take  the 
whole  company^  and  he  would  not  go  with- 
out them.     This  fidlion  had  the  dcfired  efFedt ; 
thofe  who  adhered  to  him  refumcd  their   pa- 
tience ;  but  the  mutineers-  became  fo  infolent 
that  it  was  neccflary  to  fubdue  tbem  by  force. 
In  the  conteflten  of  them  were  killed.     Por*- 
ras,  their  leader,  was  made   prifoner  and  the 
Others  efcaped.        Bartholomew  Columbus 
,    <  and 


m 


(I 


IM 


C  0  L  U  M  B  U  S. 


and  two  others  of  the  Adoiirars  party  werQV 
wounded,  of  whom  one  died^    --n  -->n  *-  rrm»«i 
The  fugitives,    having  loft  their  leadeF»i 
thought  it  heft  .to  fubmit ;  and  on  the  nexti 
day  fent  a  petition  to  the  Admiral,   confeflingl 
their  fault,    and  promifing  fidelity.      This; 
promife  they  confirmed  by  an  oath,  of  which 
the  imprecation    was  lingular ;    '*  they  re-^ 
nounced,  in  cafe  of  failure,  any  abfolution  from  I 
Prieft,  Bifhop,  or  Pope,  at  the  time  of  their 
death  ;  and  all  benefit  from  the  facraments  of 
the  Church  ;  confenting  to  be  buried  like 
heathens  and  infidels  in  the  open  field^^ivr^The 
Admiral  received'  their  fubmiffion,   provided! 
that  Porr'as  fhould  continue  prifoner,  and  thq^^ 
would  accept  a  commander  of  his  appoint- 
ment, as  long  as  they  fhould  remain  on  th^ 
ifland.  .  •     .r  »  .^ 

At  length  a  vefTel,  which  Mendez  had 
been  permitted  to  buy,  with  the  Admiral's 
money,  at  Hifpaniola,  came  to  Jamaica,  and 
took  them  off.  On  their  arrival  at  St.  Do- 
mingo (Augufl  13,  1504)  Ovando  afFe(aed 
great  joy,  and  treated  the  Admiral  with  a  (how 
of  refpe^  ;  but  he  liberated  Porras,and  threat* 
cncd  with  punifliment  the  faithful  adherents 
of  Columbus,     As  fpon  as  the  veflel  was  re*^. 

fitted, 


1 1 


-t 


1; 


C  O  t  U  M  B  U  S.  i^^ 

fitted,  the  Admiral  took  leave  of  his  treach**^ 
erous  hoft,  and,  with  his  brother,  fon,  and 
fervants,  embarked  for  Spun.    After  a  long 
and  diftrefling  voyage,  in  which  the  (hip  lodt 
her  mafts,he  arrived  at  St.  Lucar,  in  Maf^ 

,iH|fis  patroneis  liabella  had  been  deadaboutl 
a  year  $  and  with  her,  had  expired  m  the^ 
favour  which  he  ever  enjoyed  in  the  Coiirt^ 
of  Ferdinand,    Worn  out  with  (icknefs  and 
fatigue,  difguiled  with  the  infincerity  of  his^ 
Sovereign,  and  the  haughtinefs  of  hiscourtiers,  ^ 
Columbus  lingered  out  a  year  in  fruitlefs  fb*^ 
licltation  for  his  violated  rights ;  till  death ' 
relieved  him  from  all  bis  vexations.    He  died 
at  Valadolid,  on  the  twentieth  of  May,  1506, 
in  the  59th  year  of  his  age  ;  and  was  buried'' 
in  the  cathedral  of  Seville,  with  this  infcrip^ ' 
tion  on  bis  Tomb,  ^'1^^ 

'  ''^nm  3,^^^'"^  Mundo  dio  Colon,      .^^^^.^u  3^  . 


hJ^j'h^ 


Tranflated  thus. 


■i<odi'U,  To  Caftile  and  Leon, 

-■'*\ka\tif  Columbus  gave  a  new  World,  ''^V'^'^- 

In  the  life  of  this  remarkable  man  therq 
is  no  deficiency  of  any  quality  which  tan 

conftitutc 


•  -i.    -    ,.  -.    Avi  ..    :.-*     „       :   *■: 


124 


C  d  L  V  M  B  tJ  ^. 


conftitute  a  truly  ^reat  chara^er.*  His 
genius  was  penetrating^  and  his  judgment 
folid.  He  had  acquired  as  mu<^h  knowledges 
of  the  fciencei^  as  could  be  obtained  at  that 
day  ;  and  he  c6rre£led  what  he  liad  learned, 
by  his  own  obfervations.  His  conftaiK^ 
and  patience  were  equal  to  the  moft  hazard* 
oUs  undertakings.  His  fortitude  furmount- 
ed  many  difficulties  )  and  his  invention  ex- 
tricated him  out  of  many  perplexities.  His 
prudence  enabled  him  to  conceal  or  fubdue 
his  own  infirmities ;  whilft  he  took  advan- 
tage of  the  paQions  of  others,  adjufting  his 
behaviour  to  his  circumftances }  temporiz- 
ing* or  afling  with  vigour,  as  the  occafion 
required.         ^, ...■_...-.  ■.v--' ^"" '  :/„''' 

ig.  His  fidelity  Wthi^tmgfateMI^rinceiwI^ 
he  ferved,  and  whofe  dominions  he  enlarged, 
mud  render  him  forever  confpicuous  as  an 
example  of  juflice;  and  his  attachment  to  the 
Queen,  by  whofe  influence  he  was  raifed  and 
fupported,  will  always  be  a  monument  of  his 
gratitude.  .^j    >  ^      i^   - 

To  his  other  excellent  qualities  may  be  add- 
ed his  piety.     He  always  entertained,  and  on 


^iM-r 


.i;:i,-^'M:ii''v 


itfft^  ^''  proper 


•  Some  of  thefe  obfeivations  are  taken  from  Dr.  Catnpfcell's 
account  of  European  fcttlements  in  America,  Vol.  I,  Chap,  viii; 


v  ' 


'.N 


t    -■I 
I' 
-I 


lom 

gcd. 

an 

the 

and 

his 


COLUMBUS. 


proper  occalions  exprefTed,  a  reverence  for  the 
Deity,  and  a  firm  confidence  in  his  care  and 
plt>fe6tion.  In  his  declining  days,  the  confo-' 
^tions  of  religion  were  his  chief  fupport  $ 
and  his  lad  words  were,  '*  Into  thy  hands,  O 
Lord,  I  commend  my  fpirit.*^ 

The  perfcpution  ^  and  injuftice  which  he 
faftered,  may  he  traced  up  to  the  contract, 
which  he  infifled  on^  before  he  engaged  in- 
the  plan  of  difcovery.  That  a  foreigner 
(hould  attain  (o  high  a  rank  as  to  be  Viceroy 
for  life,  and  that  the  honour  of  an  Admiral 
Aiould  be  hereditary  in  his  family,  to  the  ex-^ 
elufion  of  all  the  nobles  of  Spain,  was  mora 
than  their  pride  and  jealoufy  could  endure  ; 
and  they  confhntly  endeavoured  to  depreciate 
his  merit ;  the  only  foundation  on  which  his 
honours  were  cre<fled. 

'  There  is  a  ftory  recorded  by  Peter  Martyr, 
a  contemporary  hiflorian,  which  exemplifies 
their  malice,  and  his  ingenuity  in  riling  fup»- 
rior  to  it.  After  the  death  of  the  Queen,  the 
nobility  affeded  to  infinuate,  that  his  difcov- 
er^s  were  more  the  refult  of  accident  and  good 
fortune,  than  of  any  well  concerted  meafures. 
One  day  at  a  public  dinner,  Columbus  having 

borne  much  infulting  raillery  on  that  head, 

*-.?^-..- -..  '       at     - 


^ 


1^6  COLUMBUS. ; 

at  length  called  for  an  egg,  and  afked  whether 
any  of  them  could  fet  it  upright  on  its   little 
end.     They  all  confeiTed  it  to  be  impoilible* 
Columbus  (Iriking  it  gently,  flatted  the  ihell 
till  it  ftood  upright  on  the  table.     The  com* 
pany,   with  a  tlifdainful    fneer,   cryed  out, 
**  Anybody  might  have  done  it/*-—**  Yes  ((aid 
Columbus)  but  none  of  you  thought  of  it;  fo 
I  difcovered  the  Indies,  and  now  every  pilot 
can  fleer  the  fame  courfe.  Many  things  appear 
eafy  when  once  performed,  though  b^ore, 
they  were   thought  impodible.     Remember 
the  feoffs  that  Were  thrown  at  me,   before  I 
put  my  r  ;:fign  in  execution^     Then  it  was  a 
dream,  a  chimera,  a  deluiion  ;  now  it  is  what 
any  body   might  have  done  as   well  as  I/' 
When  this  flory  was  told  to   Ferdinand,  he 
could  not  but  admire   the  grandeur   of  that 
fpirit,  which  at  the  fame  time  he  was  endeav- 
ouring to  deprefs. 

Writers  of  different  countries  have  treated 
the  charader  of  Columbus  according  to  their 
prejudices,  either  national  or  perfonal.  It  is 
lurprifing  to  obferve,  how  thcfe  prejudices 
have  defcended ;  and  that  even  at  the  diflance 
of  three  centuries,  there  are  fome,  who  aflfe(5l 
to  deny  him  the  virtues  for  which  he  wa&  con- 

fpicuous. 


-COLUMBUS. 


127 


fpicuous,  and  the  merit  of  originating  a  diA 
covery,  which  is  an  honour  to  hunian  reafon. 
His  humanity  has  hecn  called  in  queflion, 
becaufe  he  carried  dogs  to  the  Weft  Indies, 
and  employed  them  in  extirpating  the  natives. 
The  truth  is^  that  in  his  fecond  expedition 
he  was  accompanied  by  a  number  of  gentle- 
men of  the  beft  families  in  Spain  $  and  many 
more  would  have  gone  if  it  had  been  poffible 
to  accommodate  them .  Thefe  gentlemen  car- 
ried with  them  "  horfes,  aifes  and  other  beafts» 
which  were  of  great  ufe  in  a  new  plantation." 
The  conflidt  which  Columbus  had  with  the 
natives  was  in  confequence  of  the  difbrderly 
conduct  of  thelv*;  Spaniards ;  who»  in  his  ab- 
fence,  had  taken  their  goods,  abufed  their 
women  and  committed  other  outrages,  which 
the  Indians  could  not  endure,  and  therefore 
made  war  upon  them.  In  this  war  he  found 
his  colony  engaged,  when  he  returned  from 
his  voyage  to  Cuba ;  and  there  was  no  way 
to  end  it,  but  by  purfuing  it  with  vigour. 
With  two  hundred  Spaniards,  of  whom  twen- 
ty  were  mounted  on  **  horfes  followed  by  as 
many  dogs,"  he  encountered  a  numerous  body 
of  Indians,  eftimated  at  one  hundred  thoufand, 
on  a  large  plain.     He  divided  his  men  into 

two 


\  a 


-  w 


COLUMBUS. 


nvo  partieiy  and  attficked  them  on  two  fiflet  u 
the  noiie  of  the  fire  arms,  iboa  difpcrie4 
tbem»  and  the  hories  and  dogs  prevented  theix|! 
from  rallying ;  and  thus  a  complete  vidpry, 
was  obtained.     In   this  iDHiance  alone»  wecf 
the  dogs  ufed  againft  the  natives.     Th^  nat« 
urally  followed  their  mailers  into  the  field| 
and  the  horfcs  to  which  they  were  accaftom-«> 
cd ;  but  to  fuppoTe  that  Columbus  tmnfporte4 
them  to  the  Weft  Indies,  with  a  vkw  to  de^ 
ilroy   the   Indians,    appears   altogether   idlcy 
when  it  is  confidered  that  the  number  is  rec*. 
koned  only  at  twenty.     Excepting  in  this 
indance,  where  he  was  driven  by  neceffity. 
there  is  no  evidence,  that  He  made  war  on  the 
native*  of  the  Weft  Indies ;  on  the  CDntrary,^^ 
he  endeavoured  as  far  as  polllble  to  treat  them 
with  juftice  and  gentlenefs.     The  ikne  cant 
not  be  fafd  of  thofe  who  fucceeded  him.  :* 

Attempts  have  alfo   been  made  to  detra(5|:. 
from  his  merit,  as  an  original  difcoverer  of  the 
New  World.     The  moft  fuccefsful  candidate!  ^ 
who  has   been   fet   up   as  a  rival  to  him,  is 
MAi^f  IN.  Be H AIM  of  Nuremberg  in  Ger- 
many .^    Hi»  claim  to  a  prior  difcovery  has 
been  Hii  well  contefted,  and  the  vanity  of  it  (4^'' 
iuUy  expofedby  the  late  Dr.  Robertibn,  that 

'I  (hould 


i  ^ 


COLUMBUS.^  1^9 

I  (hould  not  have  thought  of  adding  anything 
to  what  he  has  written^  had  not  a  memoir  ap- 
peared in  the  fecond  volume  of  the  Tranlac- 
tions  of  the  American  Philofophical  Society*'- 
at  Philadelphia,  in  which  the  pretenfions  of 
Behaim  are  revived  by  M.  Otto  3  who  hai|, 
produced  fome  authorities  which  he  had  ob* 
tained  from  Nuremberg,  an  imperial  city  of 
Germany,  and  which  appear  to  him,  '<to 
eftablifh  in  the  cleared  manner  a  difcovery  of 
America  anterior  to  that  of  Columbus."        '^^ 

It  is  conceded  that  Behaim  was  a  man  of 
learning  and  enterprife ;  that  he  was  contem- 
porary with  Columbus,  and  was  his  friend  1 
that  he  purfued  the  fame  (Indies  and  drew  the 
fame  conclufions ;  that  he  was  employed  by 
King  John  II.  in  making  difcoveries  j  and, 
that  he  met  with  deferved  honour  for  the  im- 
portant fervices  which  he  rendered  to  the 
crown  of  Portugal.  But,  there  are  fuch  dif- 
ficulties attending  the  (lory  of  his  difcovering 
America,  as  appear  to  me  infuperable.  Thefe 
I  (hall  (late;  together  with  fome  remarks  on 
the  authorities  produced  by  M.  Otto.    <^^y,§.^:_ 

The  fird  of  his  authorities  contains  ieveral 
aflertions  which  are  contradided  by  other  hif* 

'  '    ■    1  ■      - 

•  No*  35)  p»  263* 


iiixi 


<? 


■1".. 


•* 


150 


COLUMBUS. 
*  (x .)  That  Ifabella,  daughter  of  John, 


tones , 

Kipg  of  Portugal,  reigned  after  the  death  of 
Philip,    Duke   of    Bprgundy,   fumamed  the 
Good.     (2.)  That  to  this  lady y  when  regent 
of  the  Dutchy  of  Burgundy  and   Flanders, 
Bchaim  paid  a   vifit  in  1459.    And  (3.)  that 
having  informed  her  of  his  deiigns,  he  pro- 
cured a  vefTel  in  which  he  made  the  diicpvery 
of  the  ifland  of  Fayal,  in  1466. '-  •  ^■■''•^ 
,   ,It  is  true  that  Philips  Duke  of  Burgundy 
and  Flanders,   fumamed  the  Good,  married 
Ifabella  the  daughter  of  John  I.  King  of  Por- 
tugal ;  but  Phikp  did  not  die  till  1467,  and 
was  immediately  fucceeded  by  his  fon  Charles, 
fiirnamed  the  Bold,  then  thirty  four  years  of 
age.      There  could  therefore  have  been  no 
intcrregnumj  nor  female  regent  after  the  death 
of  Philip  J  and  if  there  had  been,  the  time  of 
Behaim's  viiit  will  not  correfpond  with  it ; 
that  being  placed  in   1459*  eight  year«  before 
the  death  of  Philip.     Such  a  miftake,  in 
point  of  fafV,  and  of  chronology,  is  fufficient 
to  induce  a  fufpicion  that  the  **"  archives  of 
Nuremberg "  are  tpo  deficient  in  accuracy  to 
be  depended  on  as  authorities,  ^  - '  ,^ 

*  Memoirs  of  Philip  de  C6mines.     Mczcray's  and,  Henault's 
luftory  of  France,     Collier's  Di^Ionaty*     ■  ^fi  "  '   ^ 


* 


^ 


COLUMBUS. 


\\i'% 


!3» 


V  With  rcfpcdl  to  the  difcovcry  of  Fayal,  in 
1460,  M.  Otto  acknowledges  that  it  is  **  con- 
trary to  the  received  opinion  ;"  and  well  he 
might ;  for  the  fird:  of  the  Azores,  St.  Maria^ 
was  difcovered  in  143 1 ;  the  fecond,  St.  Mi- 
chael, in  1444;  the  third,  Terceira,  in  1445; 
and  before  1449*  the  illands,  St.  George, 
Graciofa,  Fayal  and  Pico,  were  known  to  the 
Portuguefc.*  However  true  it  may  be  tha^ 
Behaim  fettled  in  the  ifland  of  Fayal,  and  liv- 
ed there  twenty  years ;  yet  his  claim  to  thq 
difcovcry  of  it  muft  have  a  better  foundation 
than  the  **  archives  of  Nuremberg;,"  before  i^ 
can  be  admitted .     ,    i. .. , ....  , . .,  ^  .  -»«*5 

r  The  genuine  account  of  the  lettlement  of 
!Faya],  and  the  intereft  which  Behaim  had  in 
it,  is  thus  related  by  Dr.  Forfler,  a  German 
author  of  much  learning  and  good  credit.  * 
*"  **  After  the  dfath  of  the  infant  Don  Henry 
[which  happened  in  1463,]  the  ifland  of  Fayal 
was  made  a  prefent  of  by  [his  iifter]  IfabelJa, 
EJutchcfs  of  Burgundy,  to  jobft  von  Hurler, 
a  native  of  Nurenibcrg.  Hurter  went  in 
1 466,  with  a  colony  of  more  than  2000  jFJcnj- 
ih^s  of  both  ftxes,  to  his  property,  the  iile  of 
Fayal.  The  Dutchefs  had  provided  the  Flem- 

V  •    •       •  ■.'■  X  ..^.  '  .-■,   ^     ...  wvv» .   ^-.   •  •''     ■•*..»;.       %}  '^-  *J-  m,j^     * 


*  Forfler's  hiflory  of  voyages  and  dilcoyeriesj  p.  256,  257, 
Dublin  edition.  *■■> 


m-^ 


iT,t 


COLUMBUS. 


Jfh  emigrants  with  all  ncceffaries  for  two  years, 
and  the  colony  foon  increafed.  About  the 
year  1486^  Martin  Behaim  married  a  daugh-^ 
ter  of  the  Chevalier  Jobft  von  Hurter,  and 
had  a  fon  by  her  named  Martin. — Jobft  von 
Hurter,  and  Martin  Behaim,  both  natives  of 
Nuremberg,  were  Lords  of  Fayal  and  Pico."* 
The  date  of  the  fuppofed  difcovery  of  Ame- 
rica, by  Behaim,  is  placed  by  M.  Otto,  in 
1484,  eight  years  before  the  celebrated  voyage 
of  Columbus.  In  the  fame  year  we  are  told-f 
that  AlonzO  Sanchez  de  Huelva  was  driven 
by  a  ftorm  to  the  weftward  for  twenty  nine 
days ;  and  faw  an  ifland,  of  which  at  his  re- 
turn he  gave  information  to  Columbus.  From 
both  thefe  fuppofed  difcoveries  this  conclu- 
iion  is  drawn,  **  That  Columbus  would  never 
have  thought  of  this  expedition  to  America, 
had  not  Behaim  gone  there  before  him.'* 
Whether  it  be  fuppofed  that  Behaim  and 
Sanchez  failed  in  the  fame  fhip,  or  that  they 
made  a  difcovery  of  two  different  parts  of  A- 
merica,  in  the  fame  year,  it  is  not  eafy  to  un- 
.  derftand  from  the  authorities  produced  ;  but 

what 

*  Forfter's  hlftory  of  voyages  and  difcoveries,  p.  257,  258,  259. 

+  Garcilaffo  de  la  Vega's  Royal  commentaries.    Preface.  Pur- 
chas.  vol,  V,  p.  1454. 


COLUMBUS. 


131 


what  deftroys  the  credibility  of  this  plaufible 
tale,  is,  that  Columbus  had  formed  his  theo* 
ry,  and  projcfted  his  voyage,  at  leaft  ten  years 
before  -,  as  appears  by  his  correfpondence  with 
Paul,  a  learned  phyfician  of  Florence,  which 
bears  date  in  1474.*  It  is  uncertain  at  what 
time  Columbus  Brfl  made  his  application  to 
the  King  of  Portugal,  to  fit  him  out  for  a 
weflern  voyage  ;  but  it  is  certain  that  after  a 
negociation  with  him  on  the  fubje(ft,  and  after 
he  had  found  out  the  fecret  and  unfuccefsful 
attempt,  which  had  been  made  to  anticipate  a 
difcovery  ;  he  quitted  that  kingdom  in  dif-^ 
gufl,  and  went  into  Spain,  in  the  latter  end 
of  the  year  1484.  The  authority  of  thefe 
fa<5ts  is  unqueftioned  ;  and  from  them  it  fully 
appears,  that  a  prior  difcovery  of  America,  by 
Behaim  or  Sanchez,  made  in  1484,  could  not 
have  been   th^  foundation  of  the  enterprife  of 

Columbus.        »K/tf      .*.*tr.;^?ri-rJ>'   «■?     j-    -'-.^..ui^^ 

M,  Otto  fpeaks  of  letters  written  by  Be- 
haim in  i486,  in  the  German  language,  and 
preferved  in  the  "archives  of  Nuremberg*' 
which  fupport  this  claim  to  j:  prior  difcovery. 
As  thefe  letters  are  not  produced,  no  certain 
opinion  can  be  formed  concerning  them  ;  but 
I  3  frori^ 

*  Life,  chap,  viii. 


134  C  O  L  U  M  B  U  S: 

from  the  date  of  the  letters,  and  from  the 
voyages  which  Behaim  adually  performed  in 
the  two  preceding^  years,  we  may'  with  great 
prohability  fnp^Gh,  that  they  related  to  the 
difco^^ery  of  Gongo,  in  Africa ;  to  which  Bd^ 
haim  has  an  udcontrovertcd  claim.  m^^»ifeiH$ 
o^  Iwill  now  ftate  the  fadts  relative  to  thii 
event,  partly  froth  the  authorities  cited  hy  hL 
Ottb  ;  arid  partly  from  others.  'i?^m'  trtc)i;  .>f^ 
-  Dr.  Robcrtfon  places  the  difcovery  of  Gob?* 
go  and  Benin  in  1483,  and  with  him  Dr. 
Foirfter  agrees.  The  authoi^s  of  the  modern 
tiniverfal  hiftory*'  fpeak  of  two  vdyages  to 
'<hkt  coaft  ;  the  ftrft  in  1484,  the  fecond  itt 
^4^5  ;  b^th  of  which  were  made  by  liieg^ 
Garhj-f*  who  is  faid  to  have  bcfen  ori*  of^^^c 
Btxoft  expert  ffilors  and  of  an  enterprifiiig  geft^ 
iti^.  From  the  chronicle  of  Hartman  SchedJ> 
iis  quoted  by  M.  Otto,  we  are  informed,  ihdt 
Behaim  failed  with  Cam,  in  the(e  voyages', 
A^hich  are  defcribed  in  the  folib\^ing  terms. 
**  Thefe  two,  by  the  bounty  of  heaVcn,  coafl* 
ing  along  the  fouthern  ocean,  and  havirig 
.y^n^^i-^^      ■   ,-  ■.i^ff^v/      .-troflfed 

r*  Vol.  xvi.  p.  13^/13^  r      .>  ^' '  t    \    -' 
.  :,t  ^j^g?  ^*  *hc  Spanifli  name  of  James,  in  Latin  Jacobus,  and 
in  Poftuguefe,  Jago.     Cam  is  ig  Latin,  Camus  or  Canus,  an^  in 
Spanifli,  Cano  ;  thefe  different  names  are  found  in  diflFcrent  auth- 


ors. 


CX)  L  U  M  BUS. 


*15 


orefiicd  thcttcpttor^  got  into  tbb*  xsliier  heoa- 
ifphere  ;    where,  facing  to  .thaa^wand^  i^v 
^dovb  projeded  Ho'v^ard  theXatuh;  and  nght 
hands*^?>  1^  wo^  <:Ould  be laibrc  cprnplcteiy 
-defcrij^tive  of  a  royagc  irom  Portugal  to  Con- 
go, a6  any .  fmrfdn  ihay  be  ^tisfiediby,  inifpe6>- 
iwg  a  map  of  Africa  ;  but  how  cbuM  M.  Otto 
-imqgine  thai:  the  difcol^ery  bf  -  Aoaifirica  was 
acconvpliihcd in fueh  a  voyage as^thds?  ** Hav- 
ing finiflied  this 'Cruize  (continties 'Schedl)  in 
the  ipaccof  adihonths,  they  rettiraed  to  Por- 
-  tu^l,  with  the  lofs  bf  many  lof  their  feamen, 
by  the  violence  of  the  climate."     Tlas  latter 
-oircumftance  alfo  agrees  i^ery  well  with  the 
-climate  of  ithc  African  coaftji*  biit   Schedl 
fays  not  a  word  of  it^e  difcovist^  of  America. 
'*-,M*  Otto  goes  on'tottoil  us  '''that  t^e  moft 
pofitive  proof  of  the  great  fervices  rendered  to 
the  crown  of  Portugal  iby  Behaim,  is  the  rec- 
onipenfe  bedowed  on  ^him  by  King  John  11 ; 
whO)  in  the  moft  folemn  manner,    knighted 
him,  in  the  prcfence  of  all  his  court."     Tiien 
-follows  a  particular  detail  of  the  ceremony  of 
in^llation,  as  performed  on  the  1 8th  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1485,  and  M.  Otto  fairly  owns  that 
this  was  *'  a  reward  for  the  difcovery  of  Con- 

■"  '    ■       *  See  Brookes'  Gazetteer,  Benin. 


1^ 


C  Oh  V  MB  US. 


go."  Nowlet  us  bring  the  de^ch^  parts  of 
the  ftory  together^  ' .■  -  **^''  **"*v:Hf^  - ^*^'  ''■; -*^-*-' -^  v-?; 
Behaitn  was  knighted  on  the  i8th  of  Feb- 
ruary, 14S5,  for  the  difcovery  of  Congo,  in 
which  he  had  been  employed  26  months  pre- 
ceding i  having  within  that  time  made  two 
voyages  thither,  in  company  with  Diego  Cam. 
It  will  follow  then  that  the  whole  of  the  pre- 
ceding years,  1484  and  1483,  were  taken  up 
in  thefe  two  voyages.  This  agrees  very  well 
with  the  accounts  of  the  difcovery  of  Congo, 
in  Robertfon  and  Forfter,  and  does  nqt  di&- 
gree  with  the  modern  uniyerfal  hiflory,  as  far 
as  the  year  1484  is  concerned;  which  unfor- 
tunately is  the  year  affigned  for  Behaim's  dif- 
covery of  *<  that  part  of  America  called  Braiil, 
and  his  (ailing  even  tQ  thf  ^raits  qf  M^^el- 

-'  The  only  thing  in  M.  Otto's  memoir 
which  bears  any  refemblance  to  a  folution  of 
this  difficulty  is  this.  **  We  may  fqppofe 
that  Behaim,  engaged   in  an  expedition   to 

-Congo,  was  driven  by  the  winds  to  Fernamr 
bouc,  and  from  thence  by  the  currents  tow- 
ard the  coaft  of  Guiana.'*  But  fupppfitions 
without  proof  will  avail  little ;  and  fupppfi- 
tions  againA  propf  will  avail  npthing.     The 

two 


'71 


COL  U  M  B  U  5. 


?X37 


rtvfo  vayagos  to  Congo  are  admittcijl.     The 

courfe  is  defcribed  *,  and  the  time  is  determin** 

cd ;  and  both  thefe  are  dire^ly  oppofed  to  the 

iUppofition  of  his  being  driven  by  winds  and 

currents  to  America.     For  if  he  had  been 

striven  out  of  his  courfe  and  had  fppnt  "  fever- 

al  years  in  examining  the  American  iflands» 

and  difcovQring  the  flrait  whicb  bears  the 

iiiame  of  Magellan  ;**  apd  if  one  of  thofe  years 

iwas  the  year   1484,  then  he  could  not  have 

A^vkt  26  months  preceding  February,  1485^ 

in  the  difcovery  of  Congo  1    but  of  this  we 

,have  full  and  fatisfa(^ory  evidence  3  the  difcovr- 

-ery  of  America  therefore  muft  b^  given  up.-r' 

*;^^  There  is  one  thing  further  in  this  memoir 

!^ which  deferves  a  particular  remark,  and  that 

'Us  the  reafbn  afligned  by  M.  Otto,  for  which 

the  King  of  Portugal  declined  the  prppofal  of 

< Columbus  to  fail  to  India  by  the  wcft^  "The 

^fefufal  of  John  II.  is  a  proof  of  the  knowU 

edge   which  that  politic  prince  had  already 

'^'procured,  of  the  exiftence  of  a  new  continent, 

which  offered  him  only  barren  lands,  inhabits 

^ed  by  unconquerable  favages."     This  knowlr 

edge  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  deriv^  from 

the  difcoveries  made  by  Behaim.     But,  not 

^0  urge  again  the  chronological  difficulty  with 

"  ^        '  ,    '  ^      which 


^J« 


C  O  L  IJ  M  B  U  S. 


which  this  conje^ure  is  embarrafTed,  I  wiit 
t2ik«  nbtice  of  tffo  circumftances  in  the  life  of 
Columbus,  which  militate  with  this  idea. 
The  firft  is,  that  when  Columbus  had  pro^ 
pofed  a  weftern  voyage  to  King  John,  and  he 
t!eclined  it,  **  The  King,  by  the  advice  of  one 
Dodtor  CalzadiAa^  refolv>ed  to  fend  a  caravel 
privately,  to  atttnipt  that  which  Columbus 
had  propofed  to  him ;  becauie  in  cafe -thofe 
countries  were  fo  difcoVered,  he  thought  him- 
felf  iiot  obligfed  to  beftow  any  great  reward. 
Having  fpce^ly  equipped  a  caravel,  which  wa^ 
to  carry  fupf^ties  to  the  iflands  of  Cabo  Verde, 
hefent  it  that  w^y  which  the  Admiral  projK>£* 
ed  to  gO.  But'thofe  whom  he  fent  wanted 
the  knowledge,  conftancy  and  fpirit  df  the 
Admiral.  After  wandering  many  days  ttpon 
the  Tea,  they  turned  back  to  the  iflands  of 
C^o  Verde,  laughing  at  tht  undertaking,  and 
ikying  it  was  impoffible  there  Jhould  he  any  land 


'fii'   '♦,: 


;*i 


in  thofefeas,***  '^^isr'i^mm^^'^m^ 
*f  Afterward,  *'  the  King  being  fenfible  how 
iaulty  they  were  whom  he  had  fent  with  the 
caravel,  had  a  mind  to  reftore  the  Admiral  to 
his  favour,  and  defired  that  he  fhould  renew 
the  difcourfe  of  his  enterprize ;  but  not  bci!^ 


lii^-\ 


'u  i  *  I 


"*    vp>  ^rt     'A^' 


•*,r; 


'.^^     .  ■•^V^'i--^    A 


*  Life  of  Columbus,  chap.  xL 


COLUMBUS. 


^59 


lb  diHgeht'to  ptt^  tfaisin  executionv^  tlife 
Admiral  was  in  getting  aw;^^  lie  loft  tlial 
good  opportunity^  thb  Adibfiirai^  about i  iht 
mA  ^  the  yen  1484^  flbleaway  privatdy  oite 
of  Portugal  for  fear  of  being  ftoipped  bj^  tiife 
King."  This  iiccoaiit  does  not  agree  ivilh 
^e  faj  oofition  of  a  |)ribr  difconmry ,  ^ > '» 
^I'The  oth«r  circirtnftsnGe  is  oh  ititdcvieOr 
t^hich  Cdlambos  Iliad  widi  the  j^dblpie  of 'L^f^ 
bon/and  the  Ring  of  rPortugal*  .on  his  rbturn 
from  his  firft  voyage.^  For  it  t£!>  happed 
thiKt  Cokmlms  on  his  retintn  vivs  by  ftrefs  df 
weaker  dbHiged  <to  take  Welder  d^  the  port  x£ 
lii^on  i  •  and  as  £::ron  -as  it  was  kiiibiwn  that 
hehbd  cbrde  frbih  die  Indies,  i*' the  pepple 
thronged  to  iee  the  Tiativ^s  >Ur'hoin;  Ikb' had 
^Foiiijht^rid  -hear  t^ene^vs ;  To  ilhvt the  carai- 
vel  wdald  not  containi  them^  'Some  "of  them 
ipraiiing  Gtd  ifor  fo  -^rcat  a  happi^e&  j»  othet^ 
itorming  fbaf  fhey  had  loft  the  djfcoverjrtbrau^ 
their  King's  iiicreduHty"  "  or  -sv/if^r:  M 
^o  Wljeh  the  Ring  fent  for  Cohittibos,  *'  he 
was  doubtful  what  to  do  j  ^bat  to  take  <jff  ^1 
fufpicion  that  he  came  Jrom*hii  ^nifavftsyiUe 
confented."  At  the  inteifvietw^ ;  "the  JCing 
offered  him  all  that  he  -ftood.  ki  need  txf  fi»: 
the  fervice  of  their  Catholic  Majefties,  though 


,<♦','■ 


I  -«- 


he 


I40 


COLUMBUS. 


he  thought,  that  forafmuch  as  be  bad  been  s 
Captain  in  Portugal,  that  conqueft  belonged 
to  him.     To  which  the  Admiral  anfwered, 
that  he  knew  of  no  fuch  agreement,  and  that 
he  had  ilri£ily  obferved  his  orders,  which 
were  not  to  go  to  the  mines  of  Portugal,  [the 
gold  coafl]  nor  to  Guinea,"*    Had  John  II. 
heard  of  Behaim's  voyage  to  a  weflern  conti- 
nent, would  he  not  have  claimed  it  by  priority 
of  difcovery,  rather  than  by  the  commiilion 
which  Columbus  had  formerly  borne  in  his 
fervice?   Had  fuch  a  prior  difpovery  been 
made,  could  it  hkve  been  concealed  from  the 
people  of  Liibon  ?  And  would  they  have  been 
angry  that  their  King  had  loft  it  by  his  in« 
credulity  ?    Thefe   circumftances    appear  to 
me  to  carry  fufficient  evidence,  that  no  difcov- 
ery of  America  prior  to  that  of  Columbus 
had  come,  to  the  knowledge jol .  the i^og  of 
^Portugal. ■. .;'\:iv^ .  ...  ...  .  ,.,^3  *  -r  ■':^m^  ' 

In  anfwcr  to  the  queftion  **Why  are  we 
fearching  the  archives  of  an  imperial  city  for 
the  caufes  of  an  event,  which  took  place  in 
the  weftern  ^?ftremity  of  Europe  ?"  M.  Otto 
gives  us  to  under ftand,  that  **  from  the  four- 
leenth  to  the  fixteenth  centuries,  the  Germans 

werc'^'*^ 

*  ..  *  •  Life,  chap.  xU. 


COLUMBUS.  ^^, 


141 


^re  the  beft  geographers,  the  beft  hiftorians 
aAd  the  mori.  enlightened  politicians."  Not 
to  detract  from  the  merit  of  the  German  lite- 
rati of  thofe  ages,  I  think  we  may  give  equal 
credit  to  a  learned  German  author  of  the  pre* 
feiit  age.  Dr.  John  Reinhold  Forfter ;  who 
appears  to  have  a  thorough  underftanding  of 
the  claims  not  only  of  his  own  countrymen, 
but  of  others.  In  his  indefatigable  refearches 
into  the  difcoveries  which  have  been  made  by 
all  nations,  though  he  has  given  due  credit  to 
the  adventures  of  Behaim  in  Congo  and  Fayal. 
yet  he  has  not  faid  one  word  of  his  vifiting 
America;  which  he  certainly  would  have 
done,  if  in  his  opinion  there  had  been  any 
foundation  for  it.         Wl  -  ^  *  ^"      *  .. 

^-mi-i-:-'$-'^^   '  '   '  '  '"  '  '  ■  ? 

Letters  from  PAUL,  a  Phyfician  of  Flor^ 

^ence,  to  CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS, 

J  concerning  the  Difcovery  of  the  Indies,    si- 


:Vi. 


X  E  tr  r  jE  ft  is*^' 


Tp  Christopher  Columbus,  Paul  fie 
Ph^cian  wifieth  health. .  /( 

I  PERCEIVE  your  noble  and  earneft  defire 
to  fail  to  thofe  parts  where  the  fpice  is  pro- 
duced I  and  therefore  in  anfwer  to  a  letter 

of 


14^ 


C  O  L  U  M  8  U  ?. 


r  - 


ofyours,  I.  fend  yqu  another  letter,  whichr 
fonaff  day.^  fmco  I  wrQtQ  tp  a  friend  of  mine, 
and  fcwvant  to  the  K»rtg  of  Portugal,  before^ 
thewafspf  Ciftilo,  in  a»fwpr  to  anbther  ha 
wrote K^  mo  |)iy  his  highncfs>  order,  Upon 
tl^is  fan^  ^a)iint  i  and  I  fpnd  ypu  anothpf 

ff^  <?h^l  life?  that  J  fent  hta,  which  will  iat- 
i^y  your  demands.    The  copy  cf  th^  tett^is 

*if^  Ferdinand  Martinez,  canon  of  Lif* 
bpn.  Paul  ^y&tf  Fhyjician  wijheth  health,    , 

t  AM  vqry  gl^d  to  hear  pf  the  familiarity 
you  have  with  your  nioft  fercnc  and  magnif- 
icent King  ;  and  though  I  hav^  very  often 
difcourfed  concerning  the  Jhort  way  thprc  is 
from  hence  to  the  Indies,  where  the  fpice  is 
produced,  by  fca,  which  I  look  upon  to  be 
fhorter  than  that  you  take  by  the  coaft  of 
Gntnea  j  yet  you  now  tell  me  that  his  high- 
nefs  -would  have  me  make  out  and  demonftrate 
it,  fo  as  it  may  be  undei\ftooc^>  gnj  put  in  prac- 
tice. Therefore,  th9ugh  i  could  better  (how 
it  him  with  a  globe  in.  my  hand»  and  make 
him  fe^fible  of  tly;  figure  pf  jthe  wortd  j  yet 
I  have  refolv^d  to  render  it  nkpre  e^  qad  in- 
telligible, to  fhow  this  way  upon  a  chart,  fuch 
as  arc  ufed  in  navigation ;  and  therefore  I  fend 


COLUMBUS. 


H3 


one  to  his  majedy,  made  ;uid  drawn  with  my 

own  hand  ;  wherein  i^   fet  down  the  utmoft 

bounds  of  the  weft,  from  Ireland  in  the  north» 

to  the  fartheft  part  of  Guinea,   with  all   the 

iilands  that  lie  in  the  way.    Oppofice  to  which 

weilern  coafl  is  defcribed  the  beginning  of  the 

Indies,  with  the    iflands  and   places  whither 

you  may  go,  and  how  far  you  may  bend  from 

the  north  pole  toward  the  equinoctial,  and  for 

how  long  a  time  ;  that  is,  how  many  leagues 

you  may  fail,  before  you  come  to  thofe  places 

tnofk  fruitful  in  all  forts  of  fpice^  jewels  and 

precious  ftones.     Do  not  wonder  if  I  term 

that  country,  where  the  fpice  grows,  weji,  that 

product  being  generally  afcribed  to  the  eaft  ; 

becaufe  thofc  who   fhall   fail  weftward  will 

always  find  thofe  places  in  the  weft  ;  and  they 

th^t  travel  by  land   eaftward   will  ever   find 

tjiofc   places   in   the  eaft.      The   ftrait  lines 

that  lie  lengthways  in  the   chart,  (hew  the 

diftance  there  is  from  weft  to  caft  ;  the  others 

crofs  them,  (hew^  the  diftance  from  north  to 

fouth.     I  have  alfo  marked  down  in  the  faid 

chart,  feveral  places  in   India,   where   fliipa 

might  put  in  upon  any   ftorm,   or   contrary 

winds,  or  any  other  accident  unforefeen. 

Moreover  to  give  you  full  information  of  all 
thofe  places  which  you  are  very  defirous  to 

knowj 


^ 


144  COLUMBU  S,' 

know  >  yoa  muft  underftandt  that  none  but 
traders  live  or  reiide  in  all  thofe  iflands*  and 
that  there  is  as  great  number  of  {hips  and  fea« 
faring  people  With  merchandife»  aa  in  any 
other  part  of  the  world  ;  particularly  in  a 
mod  noble  port  called  Za^on,  where  there 
are  every  year  a  hundred  large  (hips  of  pcpper» 
loaded  and  unloaded,  befldcs  many  oth^r  ih^ 
that  take  in  other  fpice*  '*'  * 

>,  This  country  is  mighty  populous,  and  there 
are  many  provinces  and  kingdoms,  and  innu- 
merable cities  under  the  dominion  of  a  prince 
called  the  KAam,  .which  name  iignifies.  King 
of  Kings ;  who  for  the  moft  part  refldes  in  the 
Province  of  Cathay,  His  predecefTors  were 
very  deiirous  to  have  commerce  and  be  in  amit/ 
with  Chriftians ;  and  200  years  iince^  fenC 
ambai!adors  to  the  Pope ;  deflring  him  ta 
fend  them  many  learned  men  and  dodtors  to 
teach  them  our  faidi ;  but  by  reafon  of  fome 
obflacles  the  ambafTadors  met  with,  they  re« 
turned  back,  without  coming  to  Rome.  '^*^*5>v 
f  Befides,  there  came  an  ambaiTador-toPope 
Eugenius  IV.  who  told  him  the  great  friend- 
fhip  there  was  between  thofe  princes,  their 
people,  and  theChriflians.  I  difcourfed  with 
him  a  long-  while  upon  the  fcveral  matters  of 


hm*:: 


9t 


the 


\-<i 


"TV 


,  ..,,^, 


•/ 


C  O  L  U  M  B  U  9*^ 


the  grandeur  of  their  royat  Aru^ures^  and  of 
the^reatnefs,  jength  &iid  breadth  bf  their  riv* 
ert.  He  told  me  many  wonderful  thingao^ 
the  multitude  of  towns  and  cities  founded  a-^ 
lone  the  banks  of  the  rivers  i  and  that  ther« 
were  aoo  cities  upon  one  river  only*  with 
marble  bridges  over  |t,  of  a  ^reat  length  and 
breadth,  and  adorned  wi^h  abundance  o(  pil;* 
lars.  This  country  deferyes  as,  wqll  as  viy, 
o^her  to  be  difcovered;  and  there  may  not 
only  be  great  profit  made  there,  and  niany 
things  of  value  found,  but  alfo  gold,  filver« 
ail  forts  of  precious  (lon^s,  and  fpices  i|^ 
abundance,  which  are  not  brought  into  our 
parts.  And  it  is  certain,  that  many  wile  fiienj^ 
philpfophers,  adrologers, ,  and  other  perfohs 
ikiiled  '  I  all  arts,  and  very  ingenious,  govern, 
that  mighty  province,  and  command  their 
armies.  .  r 

From  Lifbbn  diredly  weftward,  there  are 
in  the  chart  26  fpaces,  each  of  which  contains 
2  CO  miles,  tq  the  moil;  noble  and  vafl  city  of 
^^j,  which  is  100  mfles  m  compafs,  that, 
is  35  leagues  ;  in  it  there  are  ten  marble 
bridges.  The  name  fignifies  a  heavenly  city  ;, 
of  which,  wonderful  things  are  reported,  as 
to  the  ingenuity  of  the  people,  the  bdildings 
-        ,.  K  and 


L  V  'J>■;>;^C;:'^, 


.  •■» 


146  COLUMBUS. 

aitd  the  revenues.     This  fpace  abovemention- 
ed  is  almoft  the  third  part  of  the  globe.     This 
city  is  in  the  province  of  Mango,    bordering  ' 
on  that  of  Cathay^  where  the  King  for  the  mdft 

*  From  the  ifland  Antillay  which  you   call 
the  feven  cities,   2indi  of  whidh  you  have  fonie^ 
knowledge t  to  the  moft  noble  ifland  of  Cifango  \ 
are  ten  fpaces,  which  make   2500  miles,  or' 
225  leagues  ;,  which  ifland  abounds  in    gold, 
pearls  and  precious  ftones  j  and  you  muft  un-  ' 
derftand,  they  cover  their  temples  and  palaces ' 
with  plates  of  pure  gold.     So  that  for   want 
of  knowing  the  wky,  all  thefe  things  are  hid- 
den and  concealed,  and  yet   may  be  gone   to 
withfafety.  .  ^    -    ..  , 

Much  more  might  be  faid,  but  having  told 
you  what  is  moft  material,  and  you  being  wife 
and  judicious,  I  am  fatisfied  there  is  nothing 
of  it,  but  what  you  underfl:and,  and  there- 
fore I  will  not  be  more  prolix.  Thus  much 
may  ferve  to  fatisfy  your  curiofity,  it  being  as 
much  as  the  fhortnefs  of  time  and  my  bufinefs 
would  permit  me  to  fay.  So  I  remain  moft: 
ready  to  fatisfy  and  ferve  his  highnefs  to  the 
utmoft  in  all  the  commands  he  ftiall  lay  upon* 

Florence t'j line  z^y  16;] A^,       i:.<.-^^j:  ...    ^^ 

LET\tER 


COLUMBUS*, 


H7: 


%f^^    L    E    t    r    E    R      Ih 


t.*-  i. 


j.j^.^w 


^0  Christopher   Columbus,  Paul  tJb^ 

-    -  Phjifician 'wijhetb  healths    :'^^f::hj:) 

I  RECEIVED  your  letters  with  the  things 
you  fcnt  me,  whichT  fhall  take  as  a  great  fav* ' 
our,  and  commend  your  lioble  and  ardent  de- 
fire  of  failing  from  caft  to  weft,  as  it  is  mark*^ 
ed  out  in  the  chart  I  fent  you,  which  would 
demonftrate  itfelf  better  in  the  form  of  a 
globe. 

I  am  glad  it  i§  Well  underftood,  and  that 
the  voyage  laid  down  is  not  only  poffible  but 
true,  certain,  honourable,  very  advantageous 
and  moft  glorious  among  all  Chriftians.  You 
cannot  be  perfect  in  the  knowledge  of  it,  but 
by  experience  and  praftice,  as  I  have  had  in 
great  meafure,  and  by  the  folid  and  true  in- 
formation of  worthy  and  wife  men,  who  have 
come  from  thoie  parts  to  this  court  of  Rome  > 
and  from  merchants  who  have  traded  long 
in  thofe  parts  and  are  perfons  of  good  re- 
putation. So  that  when  the  faid  voyage  is 
performed,  it  will  be  to  powerful  kingdoms, 
and  to  the  moft  noble  cities  and  provinces  -, 
rich  and  abounding  in  all  things  we  ftand  in 
need  of,  particularly  in  all  forts  of  fpice  in 
great  quantities,  and  ftore  of  jewels. 

K  2  This 


H« 


COLUMBUS. 


This  will  moreover  be  fateful   to  thofe 
kings  and  princes,  who  are   very  defirous   to* 
cbnverfe  and  trade  with  Ghriftiansof  thefe  our 
countries,  whether  it  be  for  fbme  of  them  to 
becon»  Chriftians,  or  clfe  to  have  conimuni- 
cation  with  the  wife  and  ingisnioua.  men  of 
thefe  partSr  af  well  in  point  of  religiotiv  as  in 
all  f<;iences>  becaafe  of  the  extraordinary  ae« 
count  they  hav€  of  the  kingdooBlj  and  govern-* 
ment  of  thefe  parts.     For  which  reafons>  and' 
many  more  that  might  be  alleged,  I  do  hot  at 
all  admire,  that  you  who  have  a;  great  heart, 
and  all  the  Portuguefe  nation>  which  has  cved 
had  notable  men  in  all  undertakings^  bc)  c»^ 
gerly  bent  upon  performing  this  voyage.     . 


r\-:*  ' 


i:^--,  ♦■•;'>> 


) ,. 


^'j 


^^^5.  c-r  :. 


^         t »   • 


I        .   ^  .,  ■ 


i     >:.    i 


J.:  V. 


H\ 


-h---^ 


:  v: John;;, 


'■1  •.'       :       .  •-■<■    tr  '•     I 


')•  .. 


it       •  .  1  » 


,        '^      •*,•.(' 


*QmI 


)"  t> 


V        i 


l^ 


-^•* 


ttl* 


J-.'.*.* 


IS 


K 


SEBASTIAN    CABOT. 


^Ip/"  X  HE  icono^xical  difppfitibn  bf  Maiiy 
VlX,  King  of  England,  induced  hi|B  t9  pre- 
fer ve  tcanqviillity  in  his  dotainionsi,  which 
greatly  contributed  to  the  increaTe  of  com- 
merce and  manufadures ;  and  to  bring  thith-* 
er  merchants  from  all  parts  of  Europe.  The 
Lombards  and  the  Venetians  were  remarkably 
numerous  ^  the  former  of  whom  had  a  Areot 
in  London  appropriated  to  them  and  called  by 


their  name.* 


■ '  1     ■    ,    .  -  . 


Among  the  Venetians  refident  the^-e  at  that 
time  wa?  John  Cabot,  a  man  perfectly  fkil^ 
led  in  all  the  Sciences  requifite  to  form  an  ac-* 
compliihed  mariner.-j*  He  had  three  fons, 
LewisjSEB  AsTi  AN  and  Sandias,J  all  of  whom 
he  educated  in  the  fame  manner.  Lewis  and 
Sanftius  became  eminent  men,  and  fettled,  the 
one  at  Genoa,  the  other  at  Vtrnice,  Of  Se- 
baftian  a  farther  account  will  be  given. 

The  famous  difcovery  made  by  Columbus 
caufcd  great  admiration   and  much  difcourfc, 


*  F#rfter's  northern  Voyages,  p.  a66. 
t  Campbell's  Lives  of  AdnjiraU.  i,  336. 

Kg 


m 

X  HakJuyt.  Ill,  7. 


«;.;,aSi. 


i5< 


CABOT, 


in  the  court  of  Heiiry,and  among  the  mcrch* 
^nts  of  England.     To  find  a  way  to  India  by 
the  weft,  had  long  been  a  problem  with  men 
of  fcience  as  well  as  a  defideratum  in  the  mer- 
cantile intereft.     The  way  was  then  fuppofed 
to  be  opened  j  and   the   fpecimens  of  gold, 
which  Columbus  had  brought  home,  excited 
%ht  warmeft  defire  of  purfuing  that  difcovery. 
^    Cajot,  by  his  knowledge  of  the  globe,  fup- 
pofed that  a  Shorter  way  might  be  found  from 
England    to  India,    by  the  northweft,     Hav- 
ing communicated  his  projedt  to  the  King,  it 
was  favourably  received  5  and  on  the  fifth  of 
March  1496,  a  commif?ion  was   granted   to 
<*John  Cabot,  and  his  three  fons,   their  heirs 
and  deputies,  giving  them  liberty   to   fail    to 
all  parts  of  eaft,  weft,  and  north,   under   the 
royal  banners,  and  enfigns  ;  to  difcover  coun- 
tries of  the  heatheMy  unknown  to  chrijlians  \ 
to  fet  up  the  King's  banners  there ;  to  occupy 
and  poflefs  as  his  fubje<^s,  fuch  places  as  they 
could  fubdue  ;  giving  them  the  rule  and  ju- 
rifdidion  of  the  fame,  to  be  holden  on  condi- 
tion of  paying  to  the  King,  as  often   as  they 
(houid  arrive  at  Briftol,  (at  which  place   only 
^hey  were  permitted  to  arrive)    in   wares   and 
pi^erchandife,  one  fifth  part  of  all  their  gains  -^ 

with 


C     A     B     O     T.  \  ici 

with  cxemptiori  from  all  cuftoms  and  duties 
on  fuch  merchandife  as  (hould  be  brought 
from  their  difcoverics."  v.-^  %il,  .  f:f^f  ^^j 
After  the  granting  of  this  commiflion,  the 
King  gave  orders  for  fitting  out  two  caravels 
for  the  purpofe  of  the  difcovery,  Thefe  were 
viflualled  at  the  pubUc  expenfe ;  and  freight- 
ed by  the  merchants  of  London  and  Briftol, 
with  coarfe  cloths  and  other  articles  of  traffic. 
The  whole  company  confided  of  three  hundred 


men. 


•^  ^'#*  ■-.  1.  ^ 


•-■f:A\'\.     '.I.,   V*'>.^,.  '..  .«»r  .-^,-^>>.«[;i4,-»;i.VJMk#''J'^^'>^'ij  in£4itr'v'lfii^&<i 


With  this  equipment,  in  the  beginning  of 
May  1497,+  John  Cabot  and  his  fan  Sebaf- 
tian  failed  from  Briftol  towards  the  north- 
weft,  till  they  reached  the  latitude  of  58".  | 
where  meeting  with  floating  ice,  and  the 
weather  being  feverely  cold,  they  altered  their 
courfe  to  the  fouthweft  ;  not  expedling  .  to 
find  any  land,  till  they  ftiould  arrive  at  Cathay, 
the  northern  part  of  China,  from  whencQ 
they  intended  to  pafs  fouihward  to  India,    ^ 

On 


W.A 


.  "it*.,- 1- 


'  t  There  is  no  good  account  of  this  voyaixe  written  by  any  con*- 
temporary  author.  It  is  therefore  collected'  frgm  feveral  who 
Ijave  fet  down  fafts  without  much  order  or  precifion.  To  recon- 
cile their  contradiftions,  and  deduce  conchifions  from  what  they 
have  related,  requires  much  trouble  ;  and  leaves  an  uncertainty  with 
refpeft  to  particuiaf  circunjftanccs ;  though  the  ;'.incipal  fatts  arc 
well  afcerlained. 

K4 


152 


CABOT, 


On  the  24th  of  June,  very  early  in  the 
morning,  they  were  furprizcd  with  the  fight 
of  land  I  which,  beid^  the  firfl  that  they  hact 
fecn,  they  called  Prima  Vifta,  The  dcfcrip^ 
tion  of  it  is  given  in  thefe  words,  **  Th«. 
ifland  which  lieth  out  before  the  land,  he  cal4. 
led  St.  John,  becaufe  it  was  difcovered  on  th^ 
day  of  St, John,  the  Baptift.  The  inhabhanta 
of  this  ifland  wear  beads'  fkins.  In  theit. 
wars,  they  ufe  bows,  arrows,  pikes;  darts,^ 
wooden  clubs,  and  flings.  The  foil  is  barrea 
|n  feme  places  and  yieldeth  little  fruit ;  but  \^. 
full  of  white  bears  and  flags,  far  greater  than 
purs,  It  yieldeth  plenty  of  filh,  and  thofe 
very  great,  as  Teals  and  falmons.  There  ar^ 
foles  above  a  yard  in  length  ;  but  efpecialljf" 
there  is  great  abundance  of  that  kind  of  ii(h 
which  the  favages  call  Bacalao.  (Cod,)  lii 
the  fame  ifland  are  hawks  and  eagles,  a$ 
black  as  ravens  -,  alfo  partridges.  The  inhab<» 
itants  had  great  plenty  of  copper,"*!- 

This  land  is  generally  fuppofcd  to  be  fom« 
part  of  the  ifland  of  Newfoundland  -,  and  Dr, 
Foriler  thinks  that  the  name,  Prima  Vijia,  was 
afterward  changed  to  Bona  Vijia^  now  thp 
northern  cape  of  Trinity  bay,  in  Latitude  4®'^ 


5Q' 


t  fl^kiuyt  lii,  6.     Purehas  iv,-  807. 


CO.'  Peter  Mar^r's  .account  is,  that  Cabot 
Called  the  land,  Bacalaos  -,  and  ^l)iC<£p  fs  a  finjjlj 
Uland  oflF  tbefouthqape  of  Trinjty  bay,  ^hich 
beab  that  name.  Mr.  Prince,  in  his  chronpl* 
ogy^  (citing  Galvanu$  for  an  authority)  fay$,i 
^t  the  land  difcovered  by  Cai)ot  was  in  latf. 
tudc  4  c*'.  If  this  were  true,  the  iirft  difcovcry 
was  xhade  on  the  peninfula  of  Nova  Scotia  i 
and  as  they  coafted  the  land  north Wiar|],  ih^y. 
jnuft  have  gone  into  tnp  gulf  of  St,  Lawrei^cj^, 
in  purfuit  of  th^ir  north>^eft  pauage,  f^y:Hjf'ow» 
V  The  beft  accpupt?  of  the  voyage  preftpycd 
by  Hakluyt  and  fuVcHas,  fay  notjtiin^  ^  th^ 
latitude  of  Prima  "^ifta  5  but  fj>eak  of  ti^(?i[r 
iailing  northward  ^fter  they  had  ^djp  ibfi 
land,  as  far  as  67**.  Stowe,  in  his  c^if^ft^" 
cle,*!-  fays  it  was  r  the  **  nof th  fide  pf  Tf^liW 
ie  Labrador.'*  '1  his  coprfe  rnuft  j^ve  ^^xr- 
ried  thcni  far  up  the  ftrait  ^hkh  fcpj?tr^(jC|i 
Greenland  from  the  continent  of  ^^^.e^^cji^,  -^^i 
Finding  the  land  &ili  fiir^%c^I}f^  t^,' 1^ 
northward,  arid  the  weather  very  cofd  ip  t)^ 
month  of  July  ;  the  ixien  became  upe^jjf*  ^"^ 
the  commanders  found  i|  neQepgirjf.  |p  ^^X^P^ 
to  Bacalaos.  Having  hfr^  r^&j^jh^d  ttfjSW^r 
fcjyes,  they  coafted  the  land  fputbw^rd*  u\l 

they 


f  Rei 


igo  of  Heiii  vii.  An.  14,  P^  878* 


'S^ 


CABOT. 


they  camt  into  the  fame  latitude  with  tne 
ftraits  of  Gibraltar  36%  or  according  to  fomc, 
no  farther  than  38%  when  their  provifions 
falling  (hort,  they  returned  to  England ; 
bringing  three  of  the  Savages  as  a  pre/ent  to 
the  King.  "  They  were  clothed  with  the 
fkins  of  bcafts,  and  lived  on  raw  flefh  3  but 
aftc  two  years,  v  ere  feen  in  the  King's  court 
clothed  like  Englilhmcn,  and  could  not  be 
difcerned  from  Englifhmen."*         .^ :   „  ,  ^ 

Nothing  more  is  faid  of  John  Cabot,  tfic 
father  j  and  fomp  hiftorians  afcribe  the  whole 
of  this  difcovery  to  Sebaflian  only  j  but  at 
the  time  of  this  voyage  he  could  not  have  been 
more  than  twenty  years  old  -,  when,  though  he 
might  accompany  his  father,  yet  he  was  too 
young  to  undertake  fuch  an  expedition  him- 
felf.  The  vc^ .  ge  having  produced  no  fpe-  » 
cimens  of  gold  ;  and  the  King  being  engaged 
in  a  controverfy  with  Scotland,  no  farther 
encouragement  was  given  to  the  fpirit  of  difr 
covery. 

After  the  King's  death,  Sebaftian  Cabot 
was  invited  to  Spain,  and  was  received  in  a 
refpedful  manner  by  King  Ferdinand  and 
Queen  Ifabella.     In  their  fervice  he  fiiiled  on 

a  voyage 

•  Stowe  Reign  of  Hen,  vii,  page  875,  Anno  Regni  18, 


CABOT. 


.  i-  -  > 


^55 


abot 
in  a 
and 
oa 


a  voyage  of  difcovery  to  the  fouthern  parts 
of  the  New  Continent  5  and  having  viiited 
the  coaft  of  Brafil,  entered  a  great  river  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  Rio  de  la  Plata. 
He  failed  up  this  river  one  hundred  and  twen- 
ty leagues  i  and  found  it  divided  into  many 
branches  ;  the  Ihores  of  which  were  inhab- 
ited  by  numerous  people. 
''  After  this,  he  made  other  voyages,  of  which 
no  particular  memorials  remain,  ilc  was 
honoured  by  Ferdinand,  with  a  commiffion  of 
Grand  Pilot  j  and  was  one  of  the  council  of  the 
Indies.  His  refidence  was  in  the  city  of  Se- 
ville. His  charadler  was  gentle,  friendly  and 
fecial.  His  employment  was  the  drawing  of 
charts  j  on  which  he  delineated  all  the  new 
difcoverics  n-ade  by  himfelf  and  others.  Petet* 
Martyr  fpcaks  of  him  as  his  friend,  with 
whom  he  loved  familiarly  to  converfe.* 

In  his  advanced  age,  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  refided  at  Briftol.  By  the  fav- 
our of  the  Duke  of  Somerfet,  he  was  intro- 
duced to  King  Edward  VI,  who  took  great 
delight  in  his  converfation,  and  fettled  on  him 
a  penfion  of  ^166.  i^f-  4^.  per  annum  for 
^  life. 

*  "  Familiarem  habeo  donii  Cabotum  ipfum,  et  interdnm 


fontubernakm," 


Pecad.  iii,  chap,  vi. 


156 


CABOT. 


life.  He  was  apppintcd  governor  of  a  compa- 
ny of  merch^ts,  a^ociated  for  the  purpofe  of 
making  difcoveries  pf  unknown  countries.* 
This  is  a  proof  of  the  great  cfleem»  in  which 
he  was  held  as  a  man  of  knowledge  and  ex- 
perience in  his  profeffion.  He  had  a  Arong 
perfuafion  that  a  paflage  might  be  found  to 
China,  by  the  northeaft,  and  warmly  patroniT- 
cd  the  attempt  m^dcby  Sir  HughWiHo^gh- 
by  in  1553  ^°  explore  the  northern  feas,  for 
that  purpofe.  Th^re  is  ilill  extant  a  com^ 
plete  fet  of  inflrudtions  drawn  and  fubfcribed 
by  Cabot,  for  the  direction  of  the  voyage  to 
Cathay,  which  affords  the  cleareft  prpof  of  his 
fagacity  and  penetration.-f  But  though  this,  as 
well  as  all  other  attempts  of  the  kind,  proved 
ineffectual  to  the  principal  end  in  view, 
yet  it  was  the  means  of  opening  a  trade  with 
Ruflia,  which  proved  very  beneficial  to  the 
compapy^,    ^^    ^  ^^ 

yhchiz  account  which  we  havcof  Sebailian 
is,  that  in  1 556,  when  the  company  were  fendr 
ing  out  a  veflcl  called  the  Search- thrift,  under 
the  command  of  Stephen  Burrough,  for  difr 
cpvery  J  tl^c  Goy^rnour  m^de  a  viftt  on  board j 
r...  ,    *  which 

♦  Hakluyt  I,  268,  III,  10.  +  Ibid  I,  226, 


CABOT. 


^57 


which  IS  thus  related  in  the  journal  of  the 
voyage  as  prefervcd  by  rfakluyt.* 

**  't'hft  27th  of  April^  being  iCtonday,  tlic 
Right  Worfhipful  Se^aftian  Caoota  came  a- 
board  our  pinnace,  at  Gravefend  y  accompani- 
ed' with  divers  gentlemen  and  gentlewomen  ^ 
who,  after  they  had  viewed  our  pinnace,  and 
tailed  of  fuch  cheer  as  we  coul  J  make  tliem> 
Went  afhore,  giving  to  our  mariners  right  lib- 
eral rewards.  The  good  old  gentleman  Maif« 
tcr  Cabota  gave  to  the  poor  mod  liberal  alms, 
wiftiing  tJbem  to  pi'ay  fbf  the  good' fortune  and 
profperous  fuccefs  of  the  Search-thrift,  our 
pinnace.  And  then  at  the  fign  of  St.  Chrif- 
topher,  he  and  his  friends  banqueted;  and 
made  me  and  them  that  were  in  the  company 
great  cheer  -,  and  for  very  joy  that  he  had  to 
fee  the  towardncfs  of  our  intended  difcovery, 
he  entered  into  the  dance  bimfelf,  among  the 
reft  of  the  young  and  lufty  company  5  which 
being  ended,  he  and  hiS  friends  departeo,  moft 
gently  commending  us  to  the  governance  of 
Almighty  God."  _  ?a.  ', 

According  to  the  calculation  of  his  age  by 
Dr.  Campbell,  he  muft  at  that  time  have 
been  about  eighty  years  old. 

He 

♦  Vol.  i,  p.  274. 


ic8  CABOT. 

*  He  was  one  of  the  moft  extraordinary  men 
of  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  By  his  inge- 
nuity and  induftry,  he  enlarged  the  bounds 
of  fcicnce  and  promoted  the  intereft  of  the 
English  nation.  Dr..  Campbell  fuppofes  it 
was  he  who  firft  took  notice  of  the  variation 
of  the  magnetic  needle.*  It  had  been  obfcrv- 
cd  in  the  firft  voyage  of  Columbus  to  the 
.Weft  Indies  ;  though  probably  Cabot  might 
not  have  known  it,  till  after  he  had  made  the 


iJ,*;- 


, .  1,,  ,     »■ .  •#  <    1  * 


ives  of  Admirals^ 

f           , 

:  ■- .    •'.   » 

i.  419. 

V 

.  -  <- 

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r'-^ir.*  ■ 

p^'r 

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t:jl;-l 

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^^ 

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;*ns'^i:l-.t.r:_ 

r  ^ 

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■•*••  VI. 

.    JAMES 

.    . .  ^ 

,  '■!\ytO''^^s  f 

Ih-i:,}, 

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c\:  ^'■' 

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drA  •:  -,  ^rr 

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^• 


VI.     J  A  M  E  S  C  A  R  T  I  E  R.        ( 

^  Though  the  Englfh  did  not  profc  , 
cute  the  difcovery  made  by  the  Cabots,  nor  , 
avail  themfelves  of  the  only  advantages  which  ' 
it  could  have  afforded  them ;  yet  their  ntjgh-  '^ 
hours  of  Brittany,*  Norroandy  and  Bifcay. 
wifely  purfued  the  track  of  thofc  adventurers  ^j 
and  took  vaft  quantities  of  cc  J  on  *he  banks  ^ 
of  Newfoundland.  ^  ^^^ ; .  «     jjj 

In  1524,  John  Verazzani,  a  Florentine,  in^ 
the  fervice  of  France,  ranged  the  c  jaii  of  the  ^ 
new  continent  from  Florida  to  Newfound- 
land,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  New  France, , 
In  a  fubfequent  voyage  he  was  cut  to  pieces  , 
and  devoured  by  the  favages.   ,,;,jr«:».»^  ,.•.:» 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  three  great  Euro- 
pean kingdoms  Spain,  England  and  France, 
made  ufe  of  three  Italians  to  condudt  their. dif-  • 
coveries :  Columbus,  a  (.^^^oefe;  Cabot,  a« 
Venetian ;  and  Verazzani,  a  Florentine.  This 
is  a  proof  that  among  the  Italians  there  were 
at  that  time  perfons  fupcrior  in  maritime 
knowledge  to  the  "other  nations  of  Europe ;  • 

though    _^ 


:j  *» 


*  It  is  fuppofed  that  the  ifland  of  Cape  Breton  took  its  name 
ffom  tlie  Bretons,  the  fifhermen  of  Brittany,       .    „ 


.T 


lib 


C    A    k    T    I    E    R 


though  the  penurious  fpirit  of  thofc  repub* 
lies,  tiifeirntuttiai  jestloufy  ahd  petty  wars,  made 
them  overlook  the  benefits  refulting  from  ex- 
teiifive  erit^i-jir'ifeS,  arid  leave  this  vaft*  regions 
oFtfte  n^W  World  to  lie  occupied  by  6tHers^[ 

'  Tf'ilc'^feykg^  of  Vct^z^ihi  haVi'ng  proidiic- 
cd'rib'  ^ddiVicin'  tb  the  revetiu^  of  Fraride-  s  all' 
furtrtfe^  dttem^s'  to^  per&ai  liis  dilfeov&its^ 
v^Si^ikid  dfidisV  buithd  flfhery  bfeing^  fbu^tf 
cftJidiiciva  to'thfe  commfcitial  ilit^rctt/i^  was 
at  length  conceived,  that  a  plantation  ih'  t!he 
n^igfib6iirhB6d  of  thfe  balnlcs  nii^t  be  adyah- 
tagdoiisf.  TKis^  being  repreftnteil'  to  King 
FM'dh%^^  CHabot  the  Aduiiral,  Jamas' 
GXR¥ikR*  of  St.  M-alo,  was  cofhtniAohed  to 
colore  the  coiiiitl-y,  with  a'  vleiw  td  find  a' 
place  for  a  colony. -(^ 

On  tH^  loth'dfApHl  i53^^1&  failed  from 
St'.  Mdo  v^ith  two  fliips  dffikty'tohs,  and  122 
m^H';  aliii  on  the  terith  of^  May"  came  iiiTiglit 
of  BdtikviftaV  dfl(  the  iftind  of  Ncwfoiiridiahd. 
But  the  it'e^  Which 'ky  alorig^  the  flidre  obliged' 
hirri^to'g^'  fdtithward  V  arid  he  entered  a  har- 
b^t^  td  Whith  he  g^ve  the^riitiii  of.St.^Caiha*^ 
riri^;$- wKek' "Hi'  Wait^d'fdr  fiir  weather,  arid' 
fitt^%f^'^boats.  As 

"His  name  is  lometimes  written  iluartter* 
+  Forfter's  northern  voyages,  p.  435. 
X  Called  in  fome  maps  Catalina, 


'  tf  A  It  *r  f  E  a;     f6* 

'^As  foorl  as  the  feafon  woald  permit  he  fail* 
«J(i  northward,  and  cjtamined  fcvcral  harbour* 
and  iflands,  on  the  coaft  of  Newfoundland ; 
in  one  of  which  he  found  fuch  a  quantity  of 
birds,  that  in  half  ^1  hour,  two  boats  weref 
loaded  with  them ;  and  after  they  had  eaten 
aS  many  as  they  could,  five  or  fix  barrels  full 
were  faltbd  for  each  Hiip*  This  plac^  was 
called  Bird  Idand;"  ^^'-^-^^  -  -       :ii^.  v,^^: 

Having  paffed  Cape  de  Grat,  the  northern 
extremity  of  the  land  j  he  entered  the  ftraits 
of  Bellifle  and  vifited  feveral  harbours  on  the 
dppofite  coafl  o'c  Labrador,  one  of  which  he 
called  Cartier's  Sound*  The  harbour  is  de- 
fCribed  as  one  of  the  befl  in  the  world ;  but 
the  land  is  fligmatized  as  the  place  to  which; 
Cain  was  banifhed  ;  no  vegetation  being  pro-  • 
duced  among  the  rocks,  but  thorns  and  mofs» 
Yet,  bad  as  it  was,  there  were  inhabitants  in  it, 
who  lived  by  catching  feals^  and  feemed  to  be 
a  wandering  tribe.*      *     —  ;;        \      \,. 

'  In  circumnavigating  the  great  idand  of  New- 
foundland,  they   found  the  weather  in  gener-* 
al  cold ;  but  when  they  had  crofTed  the  gulf 
ift  a  fouthWefterly  diredtion  to  the  continent,  ^ 
they  came  into  a  deep  bay,  where  the  climate 

-.     '    ««    ,  was 

•  Hakluyt,  vol.  iiij  p.  20i — all.      \  - 


C    A    R    T     I     E    R. 

was  fo  warm,  that  they  named  it  Baye  dc  Cha- 
Icur,  or  the  Bay  of  Heat.  Here  were  feveral 
kinds  of  wild  berries,  rofes  and  meadows  of 
grafs.  In  the  frefli  waters  they  caught  fal- 
mon  in  great  plenty* 

Having  fearched  in  vain  for  a  paffage  through 
the  bay,  they  quitted  it,  and  failed  along  the 
coad^  eaflward,  till  they  came  to  the  fmaller 
bay  of  Gafpe  j  where  they  fought  fhelter  from 
a  tempcft,  and  were  detained  twelve  days  in 
the  month  of  July.  In  this  place  Cartier 
performed  the  ceremony  of  taking  pofleffion 
for  the  King  of  France.  A  crofs  of  thirty 
feet  high  was  eredted  on  a  point  of  land.  On 
this  crofs  was  fufpended  a  fhield,  with  the 
arms  of  France  and  the  words  Vive  le  Roy  de 
France,  Before  it,  the  {.euple  kneeled,  un- 
covered ',  with  their  hands  extended,  and  their 
eyes  lifted  toward  heaven.  The  natives,  who 
were  prefent,  beheld  the  ceremony  at  firft 
with  filent  admiration  5  but  after  a  while,  an 
old  man,  clad  in  a  bear's  fkin,  made  figns  to 
them  that  the  land  was  his,  and  that  they 
fliould  not  have  it,  without  his  leave.  They 
then  informed  him  by  ligns,  that  the  crofs 
was  intended  only  as  a  mark  of  direction,  by 
which  they  might  again  find  the  port ;   and 

they 


C    A    R    T    I    E    R. 


163 


they  promifed  to  return  the  next  year,  and  to 
bring  iron  and  other  commodities.  .  _,^  v.. 
*  They  thought  it  proper  however  to  con- 
ciliate the  old  man's  good  will,  by  entertaining 
him  on  board  the  ihip  and  making  him  &v- 
cral  prefents  -,  by  which  means,  they  fo  pre- 
vailed  on  him,  that  he  permitted  Cartier  to 
carry  two  of  his  fons,  young  men,  to  France, 
on  the  fccurity  of  a  promife  that  he  would 
bring  them  back,  at  his  return  the  next 
fpring. 

From  Gafpe,  he  failed  fo  far  into  the  Great 
River,  afterward  called  St.  Lawrence,  as  to 
difcover  land  on  the  oppofite  fide ;  but  the 
weather  being  boifterous,  and  the  current  fet- 
ting  againft  him,  he  thought  it  beft  to  return 
to  Newfoundland,  and  then  to  France  ;  where 
he  arrived  fafe  in  the  harbour  of  St.  Malo  on 
the  fifth  of  Seotcmber. 

The  difcoveries  made  in  this  voyage  excit- 
ed farther  curiofity  j  and  the  Vice  Admiral 
M^lleraye  reprefented  Carticr's  merits  to  the 
King,  fo  favourably,  as  to  procure  for  him  a 
more  ample  equipment.  Three  (hips,  one 
of  1 20,  one  of  60  and  one  of  40  tons,  were 
deftined  to  perform  another  voyage,  in  the 
enfuing  fpring ;  and  feveral  young  men  of  dif- 
L  2  tindion  . 


r64 


C    A    R    T    I    E    R. 


tindlion  entered  as  volunteers,  to  fesk  adven« 
tures  in  the  new  world.  "When  they  were 
ready  to  fail,  the  whole  company,  after  the 
example  of  Columbus,  went  in  proceflion  to 
church,  on  Whitfunday,  where  the  BiQiop  of 
St.  Malo  pronounced  his  blefling  on  them. 
They  failed  on  the  19th  of  May  1535.  Meet- 
ing with  tempeftuous  weather,  the  fhips  were 
feparated  j  and  did  not  join  again,  till  Cartier 
in  the  largcft  (hip  arrived  at  Bird  Ifland  -,  where 
he  again  filled  his  boats  with  fowls,  and  on 
the  26th  of  July  was  joined  by  the  other  vef- 
fels,-  ,  .  .^.-    -  •,  •-....  ».-,(t;--,  ._Y; 

From  Bird  Ifland  they  purfued  the  fame 
courfe  as  in  the  preceding  fummer ;  and  hav- 
ing come  into  the  gulf  on  the  weftern  fide  of 
Newfoundland,  gave  it  the  name  of  St.  Law- 
rence. Here  they  faw  abundance  of  whales. 
Faffing  between  the  ifland  of  AfTumption  (fincc 
called  Anticofti)  and  the  northern  fhore,  they 
failed  up  the  great  river,  till  they  came  to  a 
branch  on  the  northern  fide,  which  the  young 
natives  who  were  on  board  called  Saguenay  ; 
the  main  river  they  told  him  would  carry 
him  to  Hochelaga,  the  capital  of  the  whole 
country. 

After  fpending  fome  time  in  explorimg  the 
northern   coafl,    to   find   an  opening  to   the 

northward  -, 


ARTIER. 


1*5 


C 

northward  ;  ir    the  beginning  of  September, 
he  failed  up  the  river   and  difcovered   feveral 
^flands ;  one  of  which,  from  the   multitude 
:of  filberts,  he  called   Coudres ;   and  another, 
sfrom  the  vaft  quantity   of  grapes,  he  named 
Bacchus,  (now  Orleans.)  This  ifland  was  full 
of  inhabitants  who  fubfifled  by  iiihing. 
'.When  the  fhips  had   come   to  anchor  be- 
tween the  N.  W.  fide  of  the  illand  and  the 
main,   Cartier  went  on   fiiorc  with   his   two 
young  Savages.     The  people  of  the  country 
were  at  firft  afraid  of  them  ;  but  hearing  the 
youths  fpeak  to  them  in  their  own  language, 
they  became  fociable,  and   brought  eels   ind 
other  jfifh,    with  a  quantity   of  Inc   a  corn 
in   ears,   for  the  refrefhment  of  their  neiv 
guefls  ;  in  return  for  which,  they  were  pre- 
fented  with  fuch  European  baubles   as   were 
pleafing  to  themJtv  t  V  i!  •  -  f ct:  rift:  ^*:3>„ 

■J'  The  next  day,  Donacona,  the  prince  of  the 
place,  came  to  vifit  them,  at-  rded  by  twelve 
boats  ,  but  keeping  ten  of  them  at  a  dillanc^, 
he  approached  with  two  only,  containing  fix^ 
teen  men.  Ji  the  true  fpirit  of  hofpitality, 
he  made  a  fpcech,  accor  |>anied  with  f  i^^fi- 
cant  geftures,  welcoming  the  French  to  his 
country  and  offering  his  fervicc  to  them.  The 
L3  young 


Mi 


"4  ^ 


9 


i66 


C    A    R    T    I    E    R. 


young  favages,  Taignoagni  and  Domagaia 
anfwcrcd  him,  reporting  all  which  they  h''.d 
feen  in  ^rancc,  at  which  he  i^ppivarcd  to  b^ 
pl<:r fed.  Then  ap^^roaching  the  Czpisjr ,  \^ho 
held  out  his  Land,  he  kilTed  it,  and  laid  it 
round  his  own  neck,  in  token  of  friendfliip* 
Cartier,  on  his  part,  entertaineJ  Donanon:: 
with  bread  ard  wine^  and  they  parted  mutu- 
ally pleafed. 

The  next  day  Cartier  went  up  in  his  boat 
to  find  a  harbour  for  his  fhips  ;  the  feafon 
bf  ing  {o  far  advanced  that  it  became  neceflary 
to  fecure  them.  At  the  well  end  of  the  ifle 
of  Bacchus,  he  found  "  a  goodly  and  pleafant 
found,  where  is  a  little  river  and  haven  ; '  a- 
bout  three  fathom  deep  at  high  water."  To 
this  he  gave  the  name  of  St.  Croix,  and  de- 
termined there  to  lay  up  his  (hips. 

Near  thic  place  was  a  village  called  Stada- 
coiia,  of  which  Donacona  was  the  Lord.  It 
was  environed  with  foreft  trees,  fomeof  which 
bore  fruit ;  and  under  the  trees,  was  a  gro^  'th 
of  wild  hemp.  As  Cartier  was  returning  to 
his  ihips,  he  had  another  fpecimen  of  the 
hofpi table  manners  of  the  nr'tives.  A  com- 
pany of  people,  of  both  fc  ;^.  met  him  on 
thff  ^orc  of  the  little  rWer,  >^  ,^ing  and  danc- 
ing 


C    A    R    T     I    E     R. 


167 


ing  up   to  their   knees  in  water.     In  return 
for  their  courtefy,  he  gave  them  knives  and 
beads ;  and  they  continued  their  mufic  till  he 
was  beyond  hearing  it.    ,p--^^,^^.fr,xr.<-    < 
?r  When  Cartier  had  brought  his  fhips  to  the 
harbour  and  fecured  them,  he  intimated  his 
intention  to  pafs-in  his  boats  up  the  river  to 
Hochelaga.     Donacona  was  loth  to  part  with 
him  J  and  invented  feveral  artifices   to  pre- 
vent his   going  thither.     Among  others,  he 
contrived  to  drefs  three  of  his  men  in  black 
and  white  fkins,   with  horns  on  their  heads 
and  their  faces  befmeared  with  coal,  to  make 
them  refemble  infernal  fpirits.     They  were 
put  into  a  canoe  and   pafTed  by   the   fhips ; 
brandifhing  their  horns  and  making  an  unin* 
telligible  harrangue.      Donacona,  with    his 
people,  purfued  and   took   them,   on   which 
they  fell  down  as  if  dead.     They  were  carried 
ajfhore  into  the  woods,  and  all  the  favages  foU 
lowed  them.     A  long  difcourfe  enfued,  and 
the  conclufion  of  the  farce  was,   that  thefe 
demons  had  brought  news  from  the  God  of 
Hochelaga,   that  his  country  was  fo  full  of 
O'cw  and  ice,   that  whoever  ihould  adventure 
thitht;   would   periQi   with  the  cold,     The 
artifice  affordec  diverfion  to  the  French,  but 
L  4  was 


j68 


C    A    R    T    I    E    R, 


was  too  thin  to  deceive  them*  Cartier  de« 
termined  to  proceed;  and  on  the  19th  of 
September,  with  his  pinnace  and  two  boats,, 
began  his  voyage  up  the  river  to  Hochelaga, 
%-  Among  the  woods  on  the  margin  of  the 
river  were  many  vines  loaded  with  ripe  grapes, 
than  which  nothing  could  be  a  more  welcome 
iight  to  Frenchmen,  though  the  fruit  was  not 
fo  delicious  as  they  had  been  ufed  to  tafte  in 
their  own  country.  Along  the  banks  were 
many  huts  of  the  natives  -,  ivho  made  figns  of 
joy  as  they  pafied  ;  prefcnted  them  with  fi/h  j 
piloted  them  through  narrow  channels  ;  car- 
ried them  afhore  on  their  backs,  and  helped 
them  to  get  off  their  boats  when  aground. 
Some  prefented  their  children  to  them,  and 
fuch  as  were  of  proper  age  were  accepted.  »^ 
:  The  water  at  that  time  of  the  year  being 
low,  their  paffage  was  rendered  difficult ;  but 
by  the  friendly  ^fiance  of  the  natives  they 
lurmounted  the  obftrudions,  On  the  ^8th 
of  September  they  paffed  the  rapids  between 
the  idands  in  the  upper  part  of  the  lake  An- 
goleme,  (now  called  St.  Peters)  and  on  the 
fccond  of  O(5tober  they  arrived  at  the  ifland  of 
Hochelaga  1  where  they  had  been  expeded, 
^4  preparation^  were  made  to  give  them  ^ 

welcome 


G    A    R    T    I    E     R         169 

welcome  reception.  About  a  thoufand  per- 
ibns  came  to  meet  them,  finging  and  dancing, 
the  men  on  one  fide,  the  women  on  the  other,  m 
and  the  children  in  a  diflindt  body.  Presents 
of  iifli  and  other  viduals  were  brought,  and 
in  return  were  given  knives,  beads  and  other 
trinkets.  The  Frenchmen  lodged  the  firfc 
night  in  their  boats,  and  the  natives  watched 
on  the  £hore,  dancing  round  their  Arcs  during 
the  whole  night.  .^^,,  .  ,^  , ,.  >  ?  j.  r^r  i^^^ij 
«  The  next  morning  Cartier,  with  twenty 
five  of  his  company,  went  to  vifi  t  the  town, 
and  were  met  on  the  way  by  a  perfon  of  dif- 
tindion,  who  bad  them  welcome.  To  him 
they  gave  two  hatchets  and  two  knives,  and 
hung  over  his  neck  a  crofs  which  they  :  ,ht 
him  to  kifs.  As  they  proceeded,  they  pa£(ed 
through  groves  of  oak,  from  which  the  accms 
were  fallen  and  lay  thick  on  the  ground.  Af- 
ter this  they  came  to  fields  of  ripe  corn,  fome 
of  which  was  gathered.  In  the  midft  of  theie 
fields  was  fituate  the  town  of  Hochehpa,  2 
It  was  of  a  round  form,  encompauiL^d  with 
three  lines  of  palifades,  through  which  was 
one  entrance,  well  fecured  with  flakes  and 
bars.  On  the  infidc  was  a  rampart  of  timber, 
to  which  were  afcents  by  ladders,  and  heaps 

of 


170 


C    A    R    T    I    E    R. 


of  ftoncs  were  laid  in  proper  places  for  defence. 
In  tbr  \Arri  were  about  fifty  long  huts  built 
y:\ih  itiC'.i  and  covered  with  bark.  In  the  mid- 
dle of  each  hut  was  a  fire,  round  which  were 
lodging  places,  floored  with  bark  and  covered 
with  fkins.  In  the  "nper  part  was  a  fcafFold, 
on  which  they  oried  and  prefer ved  their  corn. 
To  prepare  it  foi  eating,  they  pounded  it  in 
wooden  mortars,  and  having  mixed  it  with  wa- 
ter, baked  it  on  hot  ftones.  Befides  corn  they 
had  beans,  fquafties  and  pumpkins.  They 
dried  their  filh  and  preferved  them  in  troughs. 
Thefc  people  lived  chiefly  by  tillage  and  fifh- 
ing,  and  feldom  went  far  from  honn<=:.  Thofe 
on  the  lower  parts  of  the  river  were  more  giv- 
en to  hunting,  and  conficiered  the  Lord  of 
Hochelaga  as  their  fovereign,  to  whom  they 
paid  tribute.  '         ^      *.  ■■'    -  -  ■  -^ 

When  the  new  guefls  were  condu(3:ed  to 
an  open  f'^uare  '  -  the  centre  of  the  town ;  the 
females  came  to  them,  rubbing  their  hands 
and  fa-iCS,  weeping  with  joy  at  their  arrival, 
and  bringing  their  children  to  be  touched  by 
the  flrangers,  1  liey  fpread  mats  for  them 
on  the  groi  ^  .  whilfl  the  men  feated  them- 
felve3  in  a  k.ge  circle  on  the  outfide.  The 
King  was  then  brought  in  a  litter,  on  the 

fhoulders 


C    A    R    T    I    E     R. 


171 


fhoulders  of  ten  men,  and  placed  on  a  mat 
next  to  the  French  Captain.  He  was  about 
fifty  years  old,  and  had  no  mark  of  diftin^ion 
but  a  coronet  made  of  porcupine's  quills  dyed 
red ;  which  he  took  off  and  gave  to  the  Cap- 
tain, requeuing  him  to  rub  his  arms  and  legs 
which  were  trembling  with  a  palfy.  Several 
{  ^rfons,  blind,  lame,  and  withered  with  age, 
were  alfo  brought  to  be  touched  ;  as  if  they 
fuppofcd  that  their  new  guefls  were  meffeng- 
ers  from  heaven  inverted  with  a  power  of 
healing  difeafes.  Cartier  gratified  them  as 
well  as  he  could,  by  laying  his  hands  on  them 
and  repeating  fome  devotional  paflages  from  a 
fervice  book,  which  he  had  in  his  pocket ;  ac- 
companying his  ejaculations  with  fignificant 
geftures,  and  lifting  up  his  eyes  to  heaven. 
The  natives  attentively  obferved  and  imitated 
all  his  motions. 

Having  performed  this  ceremony,  he  defir- 
ed  the  men,  women  and  children  to  arrange 
themfelves  in  feparate  bodies.  To  the  men 
he  gave  hatchets,  to  the  women  beads,  and  to 
the  children  rings.  He  then  ordered  his 
drums  and  trumpets  to  found,  which  highly 
pleafed  the  company  and  fet  them  to  dancing. 

Being  ' 


172 


C    A    R    T    I     E    R, 


Being  detirous  of  afcending  the  hill,  under 
which  the  town  was  built,  the  natives  con- 
ducted them  to  the  fummit ;  where  they  were 
entertained  with  a  moil  extenfive  and  beauti- 
ful profpedt  of  mountains,  woods,  idands  and 
waters.  They  obferved  the  courfe  of  the  riv- 
er above,  and  fome  falls  of  water  in  it ;  and 
the  natives  informed  them  that  they  might 
fail  on  it  for  three  months ;  that  it  ran  through 
two  or  three  great  lakes,  beyond  which  was 
a  fea  of  frcrti  water,  to  which  they  knew  of 
no  bounds ;  and  that  on  the  other  fide  of  the 
mountains  there  was  another  river  which  ran 
in  a  contrary  dire6lion  to  the  fouthweft, 
through  a  country  full  of  delicious  fruits  and 
free  from  fnow  and  ice ;  that  there  was  found 
fuch  metal  as  the  Captain's  Jiher  whiftle  and 
the  haft  of  a  dagger  belonging  to  one  of  the 
company  which  was  gilt  with  gold.  Being 
ihewn  fome  copper,  they  pointed  to  the  north- 
ward, and  faid  it  came  from  Saguenay.  To 
this  hill  Cartier  gave  the  name  of  Montreal, 
which  it  has  ever  lince  retained,  -  ..  .u? 

The  vifit  being  finiihed,  the  natives  accom- 
panied the  French  to  their   boats,  carrying 
fuch  as  were  weary  on  their  (houlders.    They 
were  loth  to  part  with  their  guefts,  and  fol- 
lowed 


C    A    R    T    I    E    R. 


173 


lowed  them  along  the  (hore  of  the  river  to  a 
confiderable  didance. 

On  the  fourth  of  O(5lober,  Cartier  and  his 
company  departed  from  Plochelaga.  In  pair- 
ing down  the  river,  they  erected  a  crofs  on  the 
point  of  an  illand,  which,  with  three  others,  lay 
in  the  mouth  of  a  (hallow  river,  on  the  north 
fide,  called  Fouetz.  On  the  eleventh  they 
arrived  at  the  Port  de  St.  Croix,  and  found 
that  their  companions  had  enclofed  the  (hips 
with  a  palifade  and  rampart,  on  which  they 
had  mounted  cannon.  ^  <  -  j,i^'  - »  .»,•  t  •  v, 
,•  The  next  day  Donacona  invited  them  to 
his  refidence,  where  they  were  entertained 
with  the  ufual  feilivity  and  made  the  cuflom- 
ary  prefents.  They  obferved  that  thcfe  peo- 
ple ufed  the  leaves  of  an  herb  [tobacco]  which 
they  preferved  in  pouches  made  of  ikins  ano 
fmoked  in  flone  pipes.  It  was  very  offer  vc 
to  the  French ;  but  the  natives  valued  1.  i., 
contributing  much  to  the  prefervation  of  their 
health.  Their  houfes  appeared  to  be  well 
fupplied  with  provilions.  Among  other 
things  which  were  new  to  the  French,  they 
obferved  the;  fcalps  of  five  men,  fpread  and  dri- 
ed like  parchment.  Thefe  were  taken  from 
their  enemies  the  Toudamani,  who  came  from 

the 


174        C    A    R    T    I     E    R. 

the  fouthy  and  were  continually  at  war  with 


them. 


Being  determined  to  fpend  the  winter  a- 
mong  thefe  friendly  people,  they  traded  with 
them  for  the  provifions  which  they  could 
fpare,  and  the  river  fupplied  them  with  fi(h 
till  it  was  hard  frozen. 

In  December  the  fcurvy  began  to  make  its 
appearance  among  the  natives,  and  Cartier 
prohibited  all  intercourfe  with  them ;  but  it 
was  not  long  before  his  own  men  were  taken 
with  it.  It  raged  with  uncontroled  violence 
for  above  two  months,  and  by  the  middle  of 
February,  out  of  one  hundred  and  ten  perfons, 
fifty  were  fick  at  once,  and  eight  or  ten  had 
died.  ,  . 

.  In  this  extremity  Cartier  appointed  a  day  of 
{blemn  humiliation  and  prayer.  A  crucifix 
was  placed  on  a  tree,  and  as  many  as  were  able 
to  walk  went  in  proceflion,  through  the  ice 
and  fnow,  finging  the  feven  penitential  pfalms 
and  performing  other  devotional  exercifes.  At 
the  clofeof  the  folemnity  Cartier  made  a  vow, 
that"  if  it  would  pleafe  God  to  permit  him 
to  return  to  France,  he  would  go  in  pilgrim- 
age to  our  Lady  of  Roquemado."  But  it  was 
nccelfary  to  watch  as  well  as  pray.     To  pre-, 

vent 


C    A    R    T    I    E    R. 


^7S 


vent  the  natives  from  knowing  theii'  weak 
and  defcncelefs  (late,  he  obliged  all  who  were 
able,  to  make  as  much  noife  as  poilible  with 
axes  and  hammers  ;  and  told  the  natives  that 
his  men  were  all  bufily  employed,  and  that  he 
would  not  fufFer  any  of  them  to  go  from  the 
ihips  till  their  work  was  done.  The  fhips 
were  fail  frozen  up  from  the  middle  of  No- 
vember to  the  middle  of  March  -,  the  fnov/ 
was  four  feet  deep,  and  higher  than  the  fides 
of  the  fhips  above  the  ice.  The  fevcrity  of 
the  winter  exceeded  all  which  they  had  ever 
experienced  ;  the  fcurvy  flill  raged  ;  twenty 
five  men  had  fallen  vidims  to  it,  and  the 
others  were  fo  weak  and  low  in  fpirits,  that 
they  defpaired  of  ever  feeing  their  native 
country. 

In  the  depth  of  this  diflrefs  and  defpon- 
dency,  Cartier,  who  had  efcaped  the  difeafe, 
in  walking  one  day  on  the  ice,  met  fome  of 
the  natives,  among  whom  was  Domagaia,  one 
of  the  young  men  who  had  been  with  him  to 
France  and  who  then  refided  with  his  coun- 
trymen at  Stadacona.  He  had  been  fick  with 
the  fcurvy,  his  finews  had  been  fhrunk  and 
his  knees  fwollen,  his  teeth  loofe,  and  his 
gums  rotten  j  but  he  was  then  recovered, 

and 


J-'f^' 


176        C    A    R    T    I    E    R. 

and  told  Car  tier  of  a  certain  tree,  the  leaves 
and  bark  of  which  he  had  ufed  as  a  remedy. 
Cartier  exprefled  his  wi(h  to  fee  the  tree  ;  tel- 
ling him  that  one  of  his  people  had  been  affed 
cd  with  the  fame  diforder.  Two  women  were 
immediately  difpatched,  who  brought  ten  or 
twelve  branches,  and  fhowed  him  how  to  pre- 
pare the  decodlion  ;  which  was  thus,  **  to 
boil  the  bark  and  the  leaves  ;  to  drink  of  the 
liquor  every  other  day  ;  and  to  put  the  dregs 
on  the  legs  of  the  fick."* 

This  remedy  prefently  came  into  ufe,  on 
board  the  fhips ;  and  its  good  effedts  were  fo 
furpriling,  that  within  one  week  they  were 
completely  healed  of  the  fcurvy  ;  and  fome 
who  had  venereal  complaints  of  long  {landing 
were  alfo  cured  by  the  fame  means. 

The  feverity  of  winter  having  continued 
four  months  without  intermiflion,  at  the  re* 

.  turn 


*  This  tree  was  called  by  the  natives  Ameda  or  Haneda.  Mr« 
Hakliiyt  fuppofes  it  to  have  been  the  Safnifras ;  but  as  the  leave* 
■were  ufed  with  the  bark,  in  the  winter,  it  mud  have  been  an  ever- 
green. The  dregs  of  the  bark  were  alfo  applied  to  the  fore  legs 
of  the  patient.  From  thefe  circumftances  I  am  inclined  to  think 
that  it  was  the  fpnice  pine  Cpintts  canadenfisj  which  is  ufed  in 
the  fame  manner  by  the  Indians,  and  fuch  as  have  learned  of 
them.  Spruce  beer  is  well  known  to  be  a  powerful  antifcorbutic  ; 
and  the  bark  of  this  and  of  the  white  pine  ferves  as  a  cataplafin 
for  wounds  and  fores. 


(i    A    ft    T    t    i    R.        ij^ 

ttrrn  of  tfte  fun,  the  feafon  became  milicfer^  atia 
in  April  the  ice  began  to  break  up.  Ont , 
the  third  of  May,  Cartier  took  pofleflion  ot " 
the  country  by  creding  a  crofs,  thirty  fk\r6 
feet  high,  on  which  was  hung  a  (hield,  bear- 
ing the  arms  of  France,,  with  this  infcription  i 
Franc^scus  prrrius,  Dei gratid,  Frai^co-^ 
Ktsu  ReXy  regnat.  ' 

Th6  fame  day,  bcin^  a  day  of  itHilvWf,  f^i 
two  young  favages,  Taignoagni  and  Domagaia, 
with  Donacona  the  chief  of  the  place,  came  oA 
board  the  (hips  j  and  were  partly  prevailed  on 
and  partly  conftrained  to  accompany  Cartier  t6 
France.  A  handfome  prefent  was  made  to 
the  Family  of  Donacona,  but  it  was  with 
great  reluctance  that  his  friends  parted  with 
him  ;  though  Cartier  promifed  to  bring  him 
again  at  the  end  of  tv/elvc  months.  On  the 
fixth  of  May  they  failed  from  the  Port  of  St. 
Croix  ;  arid  having  touched  at  St.  Peter's  in 
Newfoundland,  they  arrived  at  St..  Malo  in 
France  the  fixth  of  July  1536. 

Whether  Cartier  performed  his  vow  to  God, 
the  hiftory  does  not  tell  us ;  certain  it  is, 
however,  that  he  did  not  perform  his  promife 
to  his  palTengers.  The  zeal  for  adventures  pf 
this  kind  began  to  abate.     Neither  gold   nor 

M  filvcr 


^S         CART     I     E     R. 

filver  were  carried  home.  The  advantages  of 
the  fur  trade  were  not  fully  underftood  ;  and 
the  profpetft  of  benefit  from  cultivation  in  the 
fhort  fummer  of  that  cold  climate,  w«:s  great- 
ly overbalanced,  by  the  length  and  feverity  of 
a  Canadian  winter.  The  natives  had  been  fo 
often  told  of  the  neceflity  of  baptifm  in  or- 
der to  falvation,  that  on  their  arrival  in  France, 
they  were  at  their  own  requeft  baptized  ;  but 
neither  of  them  lived  to  fee  their  native  land 
aeain. 

The  report  which  Cartier  brought  home, 
of  the  fine  country  beyond  the  Lakes,  had 
however  made  fuch  an  impreflion  on  the 
minds  of  fome,  that,  at  the  end  of  four  years, 
another  expedition  was  proje<fted.  Francis 
de  !a  Roche,  Lord  of  Roberval,  was  commif- 
fioned  bv  the  King  as  his  Lieutenant  Govern- 
or in  Canada  and  Hockelaga ;  and  Cartier  was 
appointed  his  pilot,  with  tl;'^  command  of 
five  fiiips.  When  they  7/ere  ready  to  fail, 
Roberval  had  not  finiflied  his  preparations, 
and  was  therefore  detained,  'i'he  King's  or- 
ders to  Cartier  being  pofitive,  he  failed  from 
St.  Malo  on  the  23d  of  May  1540- 

The  winds  were  adverfe  and  the  voyage  te- 
dious.    The  ihips  were  (battered,  and  did  not 

arrive 


C    A    R    T    I    E     R. 


179 


arrive  at  the  place  of  their  defiination  till  the 
23d  of  Augaft  }  when  they  came  to  the  port, 
of  St.  Croix  in  the  river  of  Canada; 

The  firft  inquiry  made  by  the  natives  was 
for  their  countrymen  who   had   been  carried 
away.     The  anfwer  was,  that  Donacona  was 
dead,  and  that   the  others  had  become   great 
Lords,  were  married  in  France,  and  rcfufed  to 
return.     Neither  forrow  nor  rcfentmeat  were 
fhown  on  this  occafion ;  but  a  fecret  jealou- 
fy,  which   had   long   been  working,  received 
ilrength,  from  an  anfwer  fo  liable  to  fufpicion. 
The  hiftory  of  this  voyage  being  imperfedt. 
It  is  not  poflible  to   fay,   in  what  particular 
manner  this  jealonfy  operated*     Cartier  made 
another  excu'-fion,  up  the  river  j    and  pitched 
on  a  place  about  four  leagues  above  St.  Croix 
to  lay  up  three  of  his   veflels  for  the  winter. 
The  other  two  he  fent  back  vo  France,  to  in- 
form the  King  of  what  they  had  done  ;  and 
that  Roberval  had  not  arrived. 

At  the  new  harbour,  which  he  had  chofcn 
for  his  (hips,  was  a  fmall  river,  running  in  a 
ferpentlne  courfe  to  the  fouth.  On  the  eaft- 
ern  fide  of  its  entrance  was  a  high  and  fleep 
cliffy  on  the  top  of  which,  they  built  a  fort 
and  called  it  Charleburg.  Below,  the  {hips 
M  2  were 


i8o 


C    A    R    T    1    E    R. 


«b 


were  drawn  up  and  fortified^  as  they  had 
been  in  the  former  winter  which  he  fpeni 
here.  Not  far  from  the  fort  were  fome  rocks* 
containing  chryftals ;  which  they  denominat- 
ed diamonds ;  and  on  the  fhore  were  picked 
up  certain  fpecks  of  a  yellov/  fubilance,  which 
their  imaginations  reiined  into  gold.  Iron 
ore  was  found  in  abundance ;  and  a  kind  of 
black  ilate^  with  veins  of  an  apparent  metallic 
fubftanoe. 

In  what  manner  they  paffed  the  winter,  the 
defedlive  accounts  which  we  have  do  not  in- 
form us.  In  the  fpring  of  the  following  year, 
Cartier  and  his  company  having  heard  noth- 
ing of  Roberval ;  and  concluding  that  they 
were  abandoned  by  their  friends  and  expofed 
to  perifh  in  a  climate  the  rnoft  fevere,  and  a- 
mong  people  whofe  condudt  toward  them, 
was  totally  changed,  determined  to  return  to 
France.  Accordingly  having  fet  ail,  at  the 
breaking  up  of  the  ice,  they  arrived  in  the 
harbour  of  St.  John  in  Newfoundland,  fome- 
time  in  June ;  where  they  met  Roberval, 
who,  with  three  Ifhips  and  two  hundred  per- 
fons,  male  and  female,  had  failed  from  Rochellc 
in  April ;  and  were  on  their  way  to  eftablifh 
a  colony  in  Canada.     Cartier  went  on  board 

Roberval's 


C    A    5    T    I    E    R, 


i8i 


Roberval's  fliip,  (ind  flipwed  him  the  dia- 
monds and  gold  whkjh  he  had  found  j  but 
told  hkn  tihat  the  l«oftile  difpofition  of  the 
natives  had  obliged  him  to  quit  the  country  i 
which  however  he  reprefented  to  him  as  ca- 
pable of  profitable  cultivation.  Roberval 
ordered  him  to  return  to  Canada  j  but  Car- 
tier  privately  failed  out  of  the  harbour  in  the 
night  and  purfued  his  voyage  to  France. 

Mortified  and  difappointed,  Roberval  con- 
tinued fome  time  longer  at  St.  John's  before 
he  proceeded,  and  about  the  end  of  July  ar- 
rived at  the  place  which  Cartier  had  quitted. 
There  he  ere(aed  a  fort,  on  a  commanding 
eminence,  and  another  at  its  foot  j  in  which 
were  depofited  all  the  provifipn,  ammunition, 
artillery,  implements  of  hufbandry  and  other 
materials  for  the  intended  colony. 

In  September,  two  vefTels  were  fent  back 
to  France,  to  carry  fpecimens  of  chryftal, 
and  fetch  provifions  for  the  next  year  j  the 
ftores  which  they  had  brought  being  much 
reduced.  By  the  help  of  the  fi(h  which  they 
took  in  the  river,  and  the  game  which  they 
procured  from  the  favages  -,  and  by  wellhuf- 
banding  their  provifions,  they  lingered  out  a 
tedious  winter,  having  fuffercd  much  frcm 
M  3  the 


-    :.*» 


ifi 


C    A    R    T    I    E    R. 


the  fcurvy,  of  which  about  fifty  of  them  died. 
In  addition  to  this  diftrefs,  Roberval  cxer- 
cifed  fuch  feverity  in  his  government,  that 
one  man  was  hanged,  feveral  were  laid  in 
irons,  and  fome  of  both  fexes  underwent  the 
difcipline  of  the  whip.  .     - 

In  April  the  ice  began  to  break   up  j  and 
on  the  fifth  of  June  he  proceeded  up  the  riv^ 
leaving   De  Royeze,    his    Lieutenant,  to 


cr 


command  in  his  abfence,  with  orders  to  cm- 
bark  for  France,  if  he  Ihould  not  return  by 
^he  middle  of  July. 

As  the  account  of  the  expedition  ends 
here,  we  can  only  remark  that  the  colony  was 
broken  up  -,  and  no  farther  attempt  was  made 
by  the  French  to  eftablifh  themfelves  in  Can- 
ada, till  after  the  expiration  of  half  a  century. 
The  laft  account  of  Roberval  is  that,  in  1 549, 
he  failed  with  his  brother  on  fome  voyage  of 
difcovery,  and  never  returned. 

In  this  firfl  yifit,  which  the  natives  of  Can- 
ada received  from  the  Europeans,  we  have  a 
ftriking  inftance  of  their  primitive  manners. 
Sufpedjng  no  danger,  and  influenced  by  no 
fear,  they  embraced  the  ftranger  with  unaf- 
fedled  joy.  Their  huts  were  open  to  receive 
him,  their  fires  and  furs  to  give  warmth   and 

reft 


CAR    t    1    fi    rI        1^2 

reft  to  his  weary  limbs  ;  their  food  was  Shar- 
ed with  him  or  given  in  exchange  for  his  tri- 
ileii ;  they  were  ready  with  their  (imple  med-»i 
icines  to  heal  his  difeafes  and  his  wounds; 
they  would  wade  through  rivers  and  climb  rocks 
and  mountains  to  guide  him  in  his  way,  and 
they  would  remember  and  requite  his  kind- 
nefs  more  than  it  defer ved.  '■   •'       i» 

Unhappily  for  them  they  fet  too  high  a 
value  on  their  r^w  gueft.  Imagining  him 
to  be  of  a  heavenly  origin,  they  were  extrava- 
gant and  unguarded  in  their  firft  attachment, 
and  from  fome  fpecimens  of  his  fuperiority, 
obvious  to  their  fenfes,  they  expefted  more 
than  ought  ever  to  be  expected  from  beings  of 
the  fame  fpecies.  But  when  the  miftake  was 
difco/ered,  and  the  ftranger  whom  they  had 
adored,  proved  to  be  no  more  than  human, 
having  the  fame  iiiiCrior  defires  and  paflions 
with  themfelves  ;  efpecially  when  they  found 
their  confidence  mifplaced  and  their  generous 
friendfhip  ill  requited  ;  then  the  rage  of  jea- 
loufy  extinguifhed  the  virtue  of  benevolence ; 
and  they  ftruggled  to  rid  themfelves  of  him, 
as  an  enemy,  whom  they  had  received  into  their 
bofom  as  a  friend. 

M4  On 


j«^        C    A    R    T    I    E    R. 

On  die  other  hand,  it  was  too  common  for 
the  European  adventurer,  to  r  ;:)rd  the  man 
of  nature  as  an  inferior  being  ;  and  whilft  he 
availed  hinifelf  of  his  flrength  and  experiences 
to  abufe  his  confidence,  and  repay  his  kindnefs 
^ith  infalt  and  injury ;  to  fligmatize  him  as  a 
heathen  and  a  &vage,  and  to  beftow  on  him 
the  epithets  of  deceitful,treacherous,and  cruel ; 
though  he  himfelf  had  firfl  fet  the  example  of 
thefc  deteftable  vices.  ~- 


VII.  FERDINANPQ 


.»  f  »\      .1  »>>..  i-i 


....  \^ 


:i 


li 


.  J^  -V-:-^ 


>v^.       »^'  .M^         ? 


^  .^ 


'  *  *#«■ 


:'»4ii 


M'r.iit^-li    *  '' 


VII.  FERDINANDO  DE  SOTO. 


'0, 


1  HR  t^vels  and  tranfadions  of  thi^ 
adventurer  are  o  ^  little  importance  in  thp 
hiftory  of  Amcr  Jiat  I  fhould  not  have 
thought  then  oi   much   notice  -,  ha^ 

it  not  been,  that  l  gentlemen  of  ingenuity 
and  learning,  have  had  rccourfc  to  the  expedi- 
tion of  this  Spaniard  as  a  means  of  folving  the 
queftion  refpeding  the  mounds  and  fortifica*- 
tions,  of  a  regular  conftrudtion,  which  within 
a  few  years  pafl  have  been  difcovered  in  the 
thickeft  (hades  of  the  American  foreft.* 
Though  the  opinion  feems  to  have  been  can- 
didly given  up  by  one  of  the  writers  who  at- 
tempted to  defend  it ;  yet,  as  wh^t  was  publish- 
ed on  the  fubjedt  may  have  imprefled  fomc 
perfons  with  an  idea  that  thefe  works  were  of 
European  fabric,  I  fhall  briefly  relate  the  hiftory 
of  Soto's  march  -,  and  the  difliculties   which 

attend 

*  If  the  reader  wifiies  to  fee  a  particular  inveAig^on  qf  t^s 
hypothefis,  he  may  confult  the  American  Magazine,  printed  at 
New  York,  for  December  1787,  January  and  February  1788,  and 
fome  fubfequent  numbers ;  compared  with  the  Columbian  Mag- 
azine, printed  at  FhiUdelphia,  for  3ept«mbcr  viA  November 


^ 

>^^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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1.0 


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1.25 


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■^  1^    12.2 
ui    Hii 


A" 

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7 


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7^ 


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Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


^^^' 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


0 

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1 1 


^6 


SOTO. 


attend  the  fuppofition  that  he  was  the  builder 
of  any^of  thefe  fortifications. 
»,  After  the  conquefl  of  Mexico  and  Peru,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  fixteenth  century,  the 
inextingui{hable  thirft  for  gold,  which  bad 
feized  the  Spanifh  adventurers,  prompted  them 
to  fearch  for  that  bewitching  metal  wherever 
there  could  be  any  profped:  of  finding  it. 
Three  unfuccefsful  attempts  had  been  made  in 
Florida,  by  Ponce,  Gomez;  and  Narvaez  j  but 
becaufe  thefe  adventurers  did  not  penetrate  the 
interior  parts  of  the  continent ;  Ferdinan- 
Do  DE  Soto,  G9vernour  of  Cuba,  who  had 
been  a  companion  of  the  Pizarros  in  their 
Peruvian  expedition,  and  had  there  amufled 
much  wealth,  projected  a  march  into  Florida, 
of  which  country  he  had  the  title  of  Adclan- 
tado,  or  Prefident.  He  failed  from  the  Port 
of  Havannah  May  i8,  1539,  with  nineveflels, 
fix  hundred  men,*  two  hundred  and  thirteen 
horfes,anda  heard  of  fwine,and  arrived  on  the 
30th  of  the  fame  month  in  the  bay  of  Efpiri- 
tu  Santo,  on  the  weflern  coaft  of  the  peninfula 
of  Florida.    ., 


*  In  rrince's  Chronology  it  is  (aid  that  Soto  haj  900  men, 
but  he  quotes  Purchas  for  his  authority,  in  whofe  book  the  number 
is  *^fx  hundredt" 


•*'rv>°>/-»--'  •'- 


rtj 


SOT    O.  (i«7 

■^i-i  Being  a  foldier  of  fortune  and  determined 
on  conqueft,  he ,  immediately  pitched  his 
camp  and  iecured  it.  A  foraging  party  met 
^ith  a  few  Indians  who  refifted  them  ;  two 

'■  were  killed,  the  others  efcaped,  and  reported  to 
their  countrymen  that  the  warriors  of  fire  had 
invaded  their  territories ;  upon  which  the 
fmaller  towns  were  deferted  and  the  natives 
hid. in  the  woods.  #yj*  l-it-^  .  \nw%im^^¥f 
Having  met  with  a  Spaniard  of  the  party 
of  Narvaez,  who  had  heen  wrecked  on  the 
coafty  and  had  been  twelve  years  a  captive  with 
the  Indians,  Soto  made  ufe  of  him  as  a  mef- 
ienger  to  them  to  inquire  for  gold  and  filver ; 
and  wherever  he  could  receive  any  informa- 
tion refpedting  thefe  precious  metals  thither 
he  direifted  his  march •     *^  •  '^ * 4  w'«^  »4*ift€  ■^-%i . 

His  manner  of  marching  was  this  :  The 
horfemen  carried  bags  of  corn  and  other  pro- 
viiions ;  the  footmen  marched  by  the  (ide  of 
the  horfes,  and  the  -  fwine  were  driven  be- 
fore them.  When  they  firft  landed  they  had 
thirteen  female  fwine,  which  in  two  years  in- 
creafed  to  fevcral  hundreds  j  the  warmth  of 
the  climate  being  favourable  to  their  propaga- 
tion, and  the  forefts  yielding  them  a  plenty  of 
fppcjf  ,  .        .     . 

'  .       The? 


■J 


i88  SOTO. 

^  Theiirft  fummor  and  winter  were  fpcnt 
in  the  pemnfula  of  Florida,  not  far  from  the 
bsLf  of  Apaiache ;  and  in  the  beginning  of 
die  following  fpcing,  having  ient  back  his 
veifels  to  Cuba  for  fupplies,  and  left  a  part  of 
his  men  at  the  port,  where  he  expected  the 
ihips  to  return,  he  ;marched  toward  the  nordi 
andeaft,  ia  fearch.of  a  place  called  Yupaha^ 
where  he  had  been  informed  there  was  gold. 
'  1 1n  this  march  he  croiTed  the  river  Altama- 
ha  and  probably  the  Ogechec,  and  came,  as  he 
was  informed,  within  two  days  journey  of  the 
bj^  of  St.  Helena,  where  the  Spaniards  had 
been  iibveral  years  before.  In  all  this  march 
he  ilaid  not  more  than  a  week  in  any  one 
place. 

He  then  fct  his  face  nortbwardy  and  hjtv'^ 
ftfk^  a  hijly  country,  came  to  a  diftrift  c:  i 
Chalaque,  which  is  fuppofed  to  be  the  coun^ 
try  now  lulled  Cherokee,  on  the  upper  branchi" 
es  of  €he  river  Savannah.  Thence  he  turned 
fe^'i^w^^,  in  fearch  of  a  place  called  Chiaha, 
ai;^  in  this  route  he  crofTed  the  Allegany 
ridgiSy  and  came  to  Chiaha,  where  his  horfes 
and  men,  being  exceflively  fatigued,  he  reded 
thirty  days.  The  horfes  fed  in  a  meadow,  and 
and  the  people  lay  under  the  trees,  the  weath-* 

/jAiir^    ■'.    .:,■;-.'■  ^.-\   ^'.■-»         '■•■'*-  er 


I'  . 


^*: 


1^ 


-^ 


f      . 


SOTO...      i3^ 

er  being  very  hot,  and  tb^  natives  in*  peaee4« 
This  was  in  the  months  of  May  and  June.i 
During  their  abode  the^e^  they  heard  of  ^ 
eountry  called  Cbifca,  where  was  copper  andw 
another  metalof  the  fame  colour.  Thiscoun-'^ 
txyihi^nortkwurJy  and  a  party  was  Jent  witk 
Indian  guides  t6  view  it.  Their  report  was^ 
that  the  mountains  Were  impaf&ble,  and  Soto 
did  not  attempt  to  proceed  any  farther  in  that 
dire<^onu/  ^i^U<k^^\^-^^<¥^''^-4^^  .-f^,  ^s*.^--^ li^^'ift 

iProm  a  careful  infpedtioa  of  the  maps  in 
the  American  Atlas,  I  am  inclined  to  think 
that  the  place  where  Soto  eroded  the  mounmr 
tains  was  within  the  thirty  fifth  degree  of  Izx** 
itude.  In  Delifle's  map,  a  village  called  Ca*^,^ 
nafagay  is  laid  down  on  the  N.  W.  fide  of  the 
Allegany  (or  as  it  is  Ibmetimes  called)  thd 
Apalachian  ridge  of  mountains,  in  that  latr-*^ 
tude ;  and  Chiaha  is  faid  in  Soto's  journal  to 
be  five  days  weftward  from  Cana&gua.        '^*4^ 

^  To  afceruin  the  fituation  of  Chiaha  im 
muft  obfervethat  it  is  faid  to  be  fubje<ft  to 
the  Lord  of  Cofa,  which  is-  fituate  on  an  eaft'^^' ' 
ern  branch  of  the  Mobille  y  and  Soto's  fick 
men  came  down  die  river  from  Chiaha  in 
boats.  This  river  could  be  none  but  a  branch 
of  the  Mobille  i  and  his  courfe  v^s  then 

turned 


1 1 


190 


s   o  T  "6.^ 


turned  toward  the  fouth.  In  this  march  hr* 
paiTed  through  Alibama,  Talife,  Taicalu^, 
names  which  ^e  ftill  known  and  marked  on 
the  maps,  till  he  came  to  the  town  of  Mavil-« 
la,  which  the  French  pronounced  Mouville 
and  Mabille.  It  was  then  a  walled  town,  but 
the  walls  were  of  wood.  The  inhabitants 
had  conceived  a  difgufl  to  the  Spaniards, 
which  was  augmented  by  an  outrage  commit* 
ted  on  one  of  their  Chiefs,  and  finally  broke 
out  in  afevere  conilidt,  in  which  two  thoufand 
of  the  innocent  ^natives  were  (lain,  and  many 
of  the  Spaniards  killed  and  wounded,  and  the 
town  was  burnt.     This  was  in  the  latter  end 


of  October,    ^^-^f-*'  -^ ^  ^ ' 


:-^\^mxmv^f^i  ^^ 


It  is  probable  that  Soto  intended  to  pafs 
the  winter  in  the  neighbourhood  of  that  vil- 
lage, if  he  could  have  kept  on  friendly  terms 
with  the  Indians  %  for  there  he  could  have 
had  a  communication  v^th  Cuba.  There 
he  heard  that  the  veffels  which  he  had  fcnt 
to  Cuba  for  fupplies  were  arrived  at  Ochus 
[Penfacola]  where  he  had  agreed  to  meet 
them  5  but  he  kept  this  information  fe- 
cret,  bccaufe  he  had  not  yet  made  any  dif- 
coverics  which  his  Spanifti  friends  would 
think  worthy    of   regard.      The    country 

---.^  1  about 


c 

r 
c 
t 

G 

n 

tl 

V 

« 

I, 


SOT    O.  i^ti 

about  him  was  populous  and.  hoftile,  and^^ 
being  void  of  gold  or  filver,  was  not  am  ob-^| 
jed  for  him  to  poifefs  at  thcrifque  of;  lofing^ 
his  army,  of  which  above  an  hundred  had^ 
already  perifhed.    He  therefore,  after  ftay- 
ing  twenty  eight  days  for  the. recovery  of  hisi; 
woundqd,  determined  on  a  retreat.         ...... ^^.u 

In  this  retreat  it  has  been  fuppofed .  thatr 
he .  penetrated  northward,  beyond  the  OhiOii. 
The  truth  is,>that  he.began  his  march  from*. 
Mavilla,  a  viljage  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Mobille,  on  the  iBth  of  November,  and  on 
the  17th  of  December  arrived,  at.  Chica9a,. 
an  Indian  village  of  twenty:  houfes,  wheret' 
they  remained  till  the  next  April. 


:>?. 


^^^  Jhe  diftance,  the  time,  „the  nature  of  iher 
country,  the  courfe  and  manner  pf  thei 
march,  and  the  name  of  the  village,  all  con-, 
cur  to  determine  this  winter  flation  of  Soto> 
to  be  a  village  of  the  Chickefaw  IncUans,  (It- 
uate  on  the  upper  part  of  the  Yafou,  a  branch: 
of  the  Mifiiflippi,  about  eighty  leagues 
northv/eflward  from  Mobille,  and  not  lefs; 
than  one  hundred  and  forty  leagues,  fouth- 
weftward  from  the  Mufkingum,  where  the 
great  fortifications,  which  gave  rife  to  this 
inquiry,  arc  found.  From.  Chica^ay  in  the 
/..;4  fpring. 


I  \ 


II 


Ifp 


s  o  T  a 


/ 


ipniig>  %t  ytttit  weflramrdv  microiftda  nvdr 
within  tho  thirty  fowftlk  d^pve  of  latitude^ 
which  tit  caHcd  Rio  Gitade.  and  #luch  it 
ilov^  known  lb  be  the  Miifi£ppi. 
r  On  the  weAem  fidd  of  the  Mtfflffi|>pi^  af- 
ter famblfas  alt  ftimtierr  he  ipmc  tlit^ei^ 
winter,  at  i'  phwe  called  Andamque,  where 
he  enctofed*  his  oaMip  with  a  wall  of  dmher, 
the  wovk  of  three  days  orify.  mi kki  thiar 
enctofure  he  lodged  fafei^f  dttring  three 
months  J' andviit^tiiefuceedifii^  fpfinigi  the^ 
extreme  Ua^igat.^nd  anxiety  ^^iqh  he  had 
iu^red>^thftc#  l^itf'iftto  a  fever,  of  Which^ 
he  died»  May  ^i,  f^^i,  at  GuacOya,  T& 
prevent  his  di^th  froih  bding  knbwil^to  thd 
indiail^,  hiflf^  body  wa»  fdnk  iil^  tlite  ttAddle  of 

His  LitotetianY^  Louiis  de  Mc^ebko,  con*^ 
tinued^  ifi^hlc  bn'tbe  weftem'  ftde  of  thd 
Mlfliffippft»  till  the  neit  fiHnmcr ;  wheh  wofnt 
witb hti^ijtt,  diCa^tntment, ^aidltj^ of  mtti; 
hebu^t  feVeift  boatsy  caHed  brigasitifiesy  oii  the^ 
Mifii^piyin  which,  thd  fliatt*e#ed  remnants, 
coafi^ngof  t^e  himdredand  eldvtii^,  return^ 
ed  to  €uba,an  Septettiber  i  J43<.*  ^^"^^ 

The  plbce  where  Soto  die(i  is  fsdd  to  have 
been  Oh  the  bank  of  the  ked  river,  a  weAjern 
»>  •  i  branch <■*• 

•  Purchas,  vol.  v,  p.  1532  to  1556. 


1/ 


I. 


^V;.A. 


.\^■■. 


feninchof  tbc  Mifliffippi;  Irt  ht.  3r\  The 
plactwhere  theteanantof  his  dM^'hbilttli^if 
vef!b]$  and  embarkfed  for  Cuba  is  called  ih'  the 
journal  Minoya^*  They'  were  feVenteen  dayft 
in  failing  down  the  river/ and  they  Computed 
*c '  d{(btjce  to  he'  tw6  hundred  and  fifty 
leagues.*  *" 

:  Prom  this  account,  fidtfifutljr  iVridg^  ftoiA 
Purchai  arid  compared' with '^e  heft  maps,  I 
am  fulfy  perfuaded  that  the*  whole  countiy  ; 
through  which  Soto  "travelled  on  the'eaftern: 
fide  of  the  Mifliflippi  is  comprehended  with- 
in-Florida,  Georgia  and  South  Caroling  ;  and 
thit  he  r ever  w^nt  farther  northward  than 
the  55th  degree  ^f  latitude,  which  is  difhtnt 
two  degrees  fouthward  from  any  part  of  the 
Ohio.  The  conclufion  then  is,  that  he  could 
not  have  bcei#  the  builder  of  thofc  fbrtitici  - 
tions,  flill  remaining  in  that  part  of  the  con- 
tinent, which  lies  N.  W.  6f  the  Ohio.  Nor 
indeed  can  ahy  works  which  he  eredted  for 
the  fecurity  of  his  camp  be  fubfifting  at  this 
time;  for  the  beft  of  them  Were  made  of, 
wood,  and  wfere  intended  to  cover  his  mcii^ 

and  prote£^his  Horfcs  and  fWine  only  during" 
oneWmte^.  *v-^!t,i*.-^^  0^^   Tjjg 


*  Mr.  Prince,  in  his  chronology ,fays  400,  in  figures ;  but  Pu^5 
chai|/r«^  whom  be  Quotes,  f«ys  "  twQ  hundred  and  fifty." 


■*  ' 


194  SOTO. 

^  The  works  which  have  fo  much  excited 
curiolity  and  conjedure,  are  far  more  numer-t 
ous,  extenfive  and  durable.  They  are  found 
in  various  and  diftant  places,  in  the  interior 
part  of  the  continent,  on  both  fides  of  thp 
Mifliflippi ;  on  the  Ohio  and  its  branches  i 
on  James  and  Potowmack  rivers  in  Virginia ; 
in  the  country  of  the  Six  Nations,  and  on  the 
ihores  of  lake  Erie ;  where  they  arc  exceed- 
ingly numerous.  r,>^ 
^.  The  mod  obvious  mode  of  folving  the 
queflion  refpeding  them,  is  by  inquiry  of  the 
prefcnt  natives.  But  the  flrudures  are  too 
ancient  for  their  tradition;  the  oldeft  and 
wifeft  men  know  nothing  of  their  original. 
The  form  and  materials  of  thefe  works,  indi- 
cate  the  exigence  of  a  race  of  men  fuperior  to 
the  preient  race,  in  improvement,  in  delign, 
and  in  that  patience  which  mud  have  accom- 
panied the  labour  of  erecting  them. 

Trees  which  have  been  found  growing  on 

them  have  been  cut  down,  and,  from  indubi- 

^table  marks,  are  knov/n  to  have  been  upwards 

*of  three  hundred  years  old ;    nor  were  thefe 

the  firft  growth,  upon  them.     . 

The  mounds  and  ramparts  are  conftrufled 
of  earth,  and  have  acquired  afirmnefsand  fol- 


led 


SOTO. 


1 
^95 


idity,  which  render  it  probable  that  they  are 
the  work  of  fome  remote  age  and  fome  other 
people ;  who  had  different  ideas  of  conveni- 
ence and  were  better  acquainted  with  tife  arts 
of  defence ;  and  in  fa£t»  were  much  more  nit^ 
meroui  than  the  anceftry  of  thofe  native$» 
of  whom  we  or  our  fathers  have  had  any 
knowledge. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  perfons  who  now 
occupy  and  are  cultivating  the  lands  where 
thefe  fingular  buildings  are  found,  will  pre-  ! 
ferve,  as  far  as  they  are  able,  fome,  at  leaft,  of 
thefe  monuments  of  unknown  ages;    that  as 
they  have  long  reilfled  the  ravages  of  time,  ' 
and  may  poflibly  baffle  the  refearches  of  the « 
preient  generation,  they  may  fubfift  unimpair- 
ed as  fubjedts  of  fpeculation  to  our  pofterity. 


^i  lit. 1^4,-         ■(  ••-        iJ  f-ifl    itf     •l 


Na 


VIII.  HUMPHREY 


f  t  ■  «/•  - 


^..;^^'''^^m 


4. 

i 
-f. 


.. .  J^*^-?/ 


I. 


1^6  (>         I         «>       i\ 

VIII.  HUMPHREY  GILBERT. 

*  After  the  difcovcry  of  Newfound- 
land by  tl^e  Cabot s,  the  paitioh  for  adventure^ 
aihong  the  Englifh,  met  with  niany  fevere 
checks.  But  whilft  one  adventurer  after  a* 
nother  was  returning  home,  frono  an  unfuc- 
cefsful  voyage,  intended  to  penetrate  unknowa 
feas  to  China ;  fordgners  were  reaping  the 
benefit  of  their  partial  difcoveries. 

Within  the  iirft  forty  years  we  have  no  ac- 
count of  any  attempt  made  by  the  Engliih  to 
profecute  the  difcovery  of  the  new  continent, 
except,  that  in  1536,  two  vefTels  containing 
one  hundred  and  twenty  perfons,  of  whom 
thirty  were  gentlemen  of  education  and  cha- 
radtcr,  under  the  condufl  of  **  Mafter  Hore 
of  London"  made  a  voyage  to  Newfound- 
land i*  but  they  were  fo  ill  provided,  and 
knew  fb  little  of  the  nature  of  the  country, 
'that  they  fufFcred  the  extremity  of  famine. 
For,  notwithflanding  the  immenfe  quantities 
of  ii(h  and  fowl  to  be  found  on  thofe  coafts ; 
they  were  reduced  fo  low  as  to  watch  the 
nefts  of  birds  of  prey  and  rob  them  of  the  fifh 

which 

*  Hakluyt,  vol.  iii,  p.  130.  .       \ 


GILBERT. 


<97 


which  they  brought  to  feed  their  yoong.    To 
.collect  this  fcanty  fupply,  with  a  mixture  of 
roots  and  herbs,  the  men  difperfed  themfelves 
,in  the  woods,  until  feveral  of  them  were  miff- 
.ing.    It  was  at  firft  thought  that  they  were 
.devoured  by  wild  beaAs ;   bi;t  it  was  found 
.tfiat  they  met  with  a  more  tragical  .fate  j  the 
ftrooger  having  killed  the  weaker  and  feafted 
•on  their  fle(h.     In  the  midft  of  this  diflirefs, 
%  French  (hip  arriving  with  t  fupply  of  provi- 
fions,  they  took  her  by  force,  and  returned  tp 
England  >  leaving  to  the  Frenchmen  their  owii 
fmaller  vefftls^  and  dividing  the  proviiion  be- 
tween them.     Complaint  of  this  ^^  of  piracy 
;Was  made  to  King  HenRY   VIII:    wha^ 
knowing  the  mifcries  of  the  unfortunate  crew» 
inftead  of  punifhing  them,  paid  th^  damage 
out  of  his  own  coffers,    mu  nnt%i*i  m  -   it^nf 
*    Within  the    fuccecding  forty  years,  the 
Englifh  had  begun  to  make  feme  advantage 
by  the  fiihery ;  and  in  j  578,  the  ilate  of  it  is 
thus  dqfcribed.*    **  There  are  about  one  hun» 
dred  fail  of  Spaniards  who  come  to  tak6  cod  $ 
who  make  it  all  wet,  and  dry  it  when  they 
come  home  5  befides  twenty  or  thirty  more, 
who  come  from  Bifcay  to  kill  whales  for,  train. 
/UM^h.ii^r,» .  N  3    r.  '  -..  V  ,      > :  '         Thefc 

•  Letter  of  Anthony  Parkhurft  to  Richard  Haklyyt,  vol.  iii, 
p.  132,  ^  - 


I9S 


GILBERT. 


Thefe  be  better  appointed  for  (hipping  and 
furniture  of  munition  than  any  other  nation, 
fave  the  £ngli(h ;  who  commonly  are  Lords 
of  the  harbours.  As  touching  their  tonnage, 
I  think  it  may  be  near  five  or  fix  thouiand. 
Of  Portugals,  there  are  not  above  fifty  fail, 
whofe  tonnage  may  amount  to  three  thousand, 
and  they  make  all  wet.  Of  the  French  na- 
tion are  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  fail ;  the 
ittofl  of  their  fhipping  is  very  fmall,  not  paft 
forty  tons ;  among  which  feme  are  great  and 
reafonably  well  appointed  j  better  than  the 
Portugals,  and^  not  fo  well  as  the  Spaniards  ; 
the  burden  of  them  may  be  about  feven  thoU'^ 
iand.  The  Englifh  veflels  have  increafed  in 
four  years  from  thirty  to  fifty  fail.  The  trade 
which  our  nation  hath  to  Iceland,  maketb, 
that  the  EngliHi  are  not  there  in  fuch  num- 
bers as  other  nations." 

The  next  year  [1579]  Queen  Elizabeth 
granted  to  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  a  pa- 
tent for  the  difcovering,  occupying  and  peop- 
ling of  *^  fuch  remote,  heathen  and  barbarous 
countries  as  were  not  aflually  pofTefTed  by  any 
Chrijiian  people/**  In  confequence  of  this 
grant,  many  of  his  friends  joined  him,  and 

preparations 

•  Hskluyt  iii.  135.     Forfler,  292* 


GILBERT, 


'99 


preparations  were  made  for  an  expedition, 
which  promifed  to  be  highly  advantageous. 
But  before  the  fleet  was  ready,  fome  declined 
and  retracted  their  engagements.  Gilbert^ 
with  a  few  companions,  failed ;  but  a  violent 
ilorm,  in  which  one  of  the  (hips  foundered, 
cauied  him  to  return.  This  misfortune  in- 
volved him  in  debt ;  and  he  had.  no  way  to 
iatisfy  the  demands  of  his  creditors,  but  by 
grants  of  land  in  America.  By  fuch  means, 
the  country  was  nov  likely  to  be  peopled,  nor 
the  conditions  of  his  patent  fulfilled.  He 
was  obliged  therefore  to  fell  his  eflate  before 
he  could  make  another  attempt ;  and,  after 
long  folicitation,  being  afUfled  by  fome 
friends,  he  fet  fail  from  Plymouth  with  five 
fhips,  carrying  two  hundred  and  iixty  men, 
on  the  eleventh  of  June  1583;  and  on  the 
eleventh  of  July  arrived  off  the  bay  of  St. 
John,  on  the  eaflern  coafl  of  Newfoundland. 

Thirty  fix  fifhing  vefTels  were  then  in  the 
harbour,  who  refufed  him  admittance.  He 
prepared  to  enter  by  force  of  arms ;  but  pre- 
vioufly  fent  in  his  boat  with  his  commiflion 
from  Queen  Elizabeth  5  on  fight  of  which 
they  fubmitted,  and  he  failed  into  the  port.* 

. .  N4      ^  "    "   '^ '  The 

•  Stith's  hiflory  of  Virginia,  page  6. 


1 


^0(> 


G    I    L    B    E    K    T. 


The  Intention  of  this  voyage  was  to  isOm 
formal  pofTeflion  of  the  iilaad*  and  of  the  iiflv* 
ery  on  its  banks*  for  the  crown  of  England* 
This  WIS  done  in  the  foljowimg  manner  \*^  w-  ' 
:  On  Monday  the  fifth  of  Auguft,  Admiral 
Gilbert  had  his  tent  pitched  on  ihore,  in  fight 
of  all  the  (hipping  5  and  being  attended  by( 
his  own  people^  fummoned  the  merchants  and 
maflersr  of  veflels,  both  EngUfbmen  and  oth? 
ers,  to  be  prefcnt  at  the  ceremony,  When 
they  were  all  afiembled,  his  commifiion  waf 
read,  and  interpreted  to  the  foreigners.  Then 
a  turf  and  a  twig  were  delivered  to  him,  which 
he  received  with  a  hazle  wand,  Imnaediately, 
protlan^tion  was  made,  that  by  virtue  of  his 
commifiipn  from  the  Queen,  .he  took ,  poi^fr 
fion,  for  the  crowa  of  England,  of  the,  har> 
hour  of  St.  John,  and  two  hundred  leagues 
every  way  round  it,  .  \.---^       .         '  vtr. 

He  then  publiihed  three  laws,  for  the  govr: 
ernmcnt  of  the  territory,  By  the  firft,  pub- 
lic worship  was  eftabli£hed  according  to  the . 
mode  of  the  church  of  England.  By  the  fee- 
ond,  tlie  attempting  of  any  thing  prejudicial 
to  her  Maje(ly*s  title  was  declared  treafon,  acr  i 
(:ording  to  the  laws  of  England.    By  thp 

♦  ^aklujrt  iii,  151, 165. 


I    L    B    E    R!   Tfc 


20  X 


le 


third>  the  utteririg  of  words,  to  the  difhonoiir 
of  her  Majefty,  was  to  be  puoifhed  with  tht 
lofs  of  ears  and  the  conDfcation  bf  propert}^^.; 
i,,.^The  proclamation  being  finished,  affent^ hit 
obedience  were  fignlficd  by  loud  acplama* 
tions.  A  pillar  was  eredled,  bearing  a  plate 
of  lead;  on  which  the  Queen's  arms  were^en- 
graven ;  and  feveral  of  the  merchants  took 
grants  of  land,  in  fee  farm,  oq  which  th^ 
might  cure  their  £Qi,  as  they  had  done  be-f 

A  tax  of  provifion,  by  her  Majefty's'autho^ 
lity,  was  levied  on  all  the  fhips.  This  ;tax 
was  readily  paid;  befides  which,  the  Admiral 
received  prefeiits  of  wine,  fruit,  and  other  r^* 
freihments,  chiefly  from  the  Portuguefe.  --^^^ 

This  formal  poflTeflion,  taken  by  Sir  |Ium- 
j^rcy  Gilbert,  in  confequence  of  the  difcov- ' 
cry  by  the  Cabots,  is  the  foundation  of  the 
right  and  title  of  the  crown  of  England  to  the 
territory  of  Newfoundland  and  to  the  fifliery  . 
0n  its  banks,      ^  -  *  'v  -/•^-t^j.^.n^-.v,:-;  ■^:'    ^^n  ' 

As  far  as  the  time  would  permit,  a  furvey 
was  made  of  the  country;  one  principal  ob-r 
jeft  of  which  was  the  difcoyery  qf  mines  and 
minerals.  The  mineralogid  was  a  Saxon, 
vhois  charadterized  as  *'  honefl  and  religious.** 

This 


^■%&^ 


202 


GILBERT. 


t  • 


This  man  brought  to  the  Adtniral  firil  a  fpe^ 

cimen  of  iron,  then  a  kind  of  ore,  which^  on 

the  peril  of  his  life,  he  protefted  to  be  iilver. 

The  Admiral  enjoined  fecrecy,  and  fent  it  on 

board;    intending  to  have  it  affayed,  when 

they  fliould  get  to  fea.      '  ^^^' 

The  company  being  difperfed  abroad,  fbme 

^ere  taken  fick  and  died ;  fome  hid  themfelves 

in  the  woods,  with  an  intention  to  go  home, 

by  the  firft  opportunity ;  and  others  cut  one 

of  the  veflels  out  of  the  harbour  and  carried 
her  off*     ?'*.'-^'- ■!'*  ' 'i  ■■"'^. J  i «V" ,  ^iii  .-t'^ft'*  ■.. -i •■!•'; »..■.,'«. ->^-_ 

On  the  twentieth  of  Augud,  the  Admiral, 
having  collected  as  many  of  his  men  as  could 
be  found,  and  ordered  one  of  his  veiTels  to 
flay  and  take  off  the  fick,  fet  fail  with  three 
fhips ;  the  Delight,  the  Hind,  and  the  Squir- 
rel. He  coafted  along  the  fouthern  part  of 
the  idand,  with  a  view  to  make  Cape  Breton 
and  the  I(le  of  Sable ;  on  which  laft,  he  had 
heard  that  cattle  and  fwine  had  been  landed  by 
the  Portuguefe,  thirty  years  before. 

Being  entangled  among  (heals  and  involved 
in  fogs,  the  Delight  ftruck  on  a  fand  bank  and 
was  loft.  Fourteen  men  only  faved  them- 
felves in  a  boat ;  the  lofs  of  the  Saxon  refiner 
was  particularly  noted,  and  nothing  farther 

vras 


Mill 


G    T    L    B    E    R    T.        203 

was  heard  of  the  filver  ore.  This  misfortune 
determined  the  Admiral  to  return  to  Eng- 
land, without  attempting  to  make  any  farther 
difcoveries,  or  to  take  pofTeflion  of  any  other 
part  of  America.  On  his  paiTage,  he  met  witk 
bad  weather.  The  Squirrel  Mgate,  in  which 
Sir  Humphrey  failed,  was  overloaded  on  her 
deck ;  but  he  perfifted  in  taking  his  pafTage 
in  her,  notwithflanding  the  remonftrances  of 
his  friends,  in  the  Hind,  who  would  have  per« 
fuaded  him  to  fail  with  them.  From  the 
circumilance  of  his  returning  from  his  firft 
voyage  without  accomplifhing  its  objedk,  it 
had  been  reported  that  he  was  afraid  of  tho 
iea ;  had  he  yielded  to  the  folicitation  of  his 
friends,  the  iligma  might  have  been  indelible. 
When  the  wind  abated,  and  the  veffcls  were 
near  enough,  the  Admiral  was  feen  conftantly 
fitting  in  the  idern  with  a  book  in  his  hand. 
On  the  ninth  of  September,  he  was  feen  for 
the  laft  time  ;  and  was  heard  by  the  people 
in  the  Hind  to  fay,  **  We  are  as  near  heaven 
by  fea  as  by  land.'*  In  the  following  night, 
the  lights  of  his  ^ip  fuddenly  difappeared. 
The  people  in  the  othdr  veffel  kept  a  good 
look  out  for  him,  during  the  remainder  of  the 
voyage.     On  the  twenty  fecond  of  September, 

they 


104 


GILBERT. 


i  I 


dxy  arrived,  through  much  tempeftand  pertly 
«C  Falmouth.  But  nothing  more  waa  ^n  or 
heard  of  the  Admiral.  m*¥  i  amf*  <  w  .  --ml, 
'<  Whilft  his  zeal  for  the  intertft  of  tfete 
Crown,  and  the  fettkments  of  its  Amerkaa 
dominions,  has  been  largely  commended  ;>  he 
has  been  blamed  for  his  temerity  in  lavishing 
his  own  and  other  men's  fortunes  in  the  prof<^ 
cctttion  of  his  defigns.  This  is  not  the  only 
inflaJ!ice  of  a  wade  of  property  in  confequence 
of  ianguine  expe^tions ;  which,  though  ruin- 
ous to  the  firft  adventurers,  has  produced 
/olid  advantages  to  their  fucceflbrs.  t^/ 

'  Dr;  Forfter  has  a  remark  on  one  of  the  in- 
cidents of  this  voyage  which  is  worthy  <if  re- 
petition and  remembrance.  "  It  is  very  clear 
(fays  he)  in  the  inftancc  of  the  Portuguefc 
having  (locked  the  Ifle  of  Sable  with  domeftic 
animals,  that  the  difeoverers  of  the  new  world 
vere  men  of  humanity  ;  defirous  of  provid- 
ing for  foch  unfortunate  people  as  might  hap- 
pen to  be  eaft  away  on  thofe  coafts.  The 
falfe  policy  of  modern  times  is  callous  and 
tyrannical,  exporting  dogs  to  devour  them. 
Are  thefe  the  happy  confcquences  of  the  fo 
much  boailed  enlightened  ftate  of  the  prefent 


'fn 


«ge, 


ill 


GILBERT.        29$. 

age,  and  refinement  of  manners  peculiar  to 
our  time  ?  Father  of  mercies,  ^hen  will 
philanthropy  again  |al^e  up  her  abode  in  the 
breads  of  men,  of  Chriftiaots  and  the  rulers 
of  this  earth  !'*         ^^  •  ..^  ^^   ^,  i  .     .  ;^ 

■^•>^A'*v^r  ■  ■r^^-^^iato,    IX.-  WALTER  ^.yf 
' ;5i^|g'^V^i[  iifl  •  ^f^-i-i^^lH '^^r;:^^i# iP'^^^'^' 


\'  '-'^'U:'  v./ 


ill 


206 .         .'      '  •     ''    ^'  *■■■.;■'' .    '* 
IX.    WALTER    RALEIGH, 

AND  ^ 

-HICHARD   GRENVILLE,    y 

HE  diflirguKhed  figure,  which  the 
life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  makes  in  the  hif- 
tory  of  England,  renders  unneceflary  any  oth- 
er account  of  him  here,  than  what  refpedts 
his  adventures  in  America  ;  and  particularly 
in  Virginia  j  of  which  colony  he  is  acknow- 
ledged to  have  been  the  unfortunate  founder. 

He  was  half  brother,  by  the  mother's  fide, 
to  Sir  Humphry  Gilbert,  and  was  at  the  ex- 
penfe  of  fitting  out  one  of  the  {hips  of  his 
fquadron.  Notwithftanding  the  unhappy 
fate  of  his  brother,  he  perfifled  in  his  defign 
of  making  a  fettlement  in  America.  Being  a 
favourite  in  the  court  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  he 
obtained  a  patent,  bearing  date  the  25th  of 
March  1584,  for  the  difcovering  and  planting 
of  any  lands  and  countries  which  were  not 
pofiefied  by  any  chrijiian  prince,  or  nation. 

About  the  fame  time  the  Queen  granted 
him  another  patent,  to  licenfe  the  vending  of 
wine,  throughout  the  kingdom  ;  that  by  the 
profits  thence  arifing  he  might  be  able  to  bear 

the 


RALEIGH. 


207 


the  cxpenfe  of  his  intended  plan  of  coloniza- 
tion. Further  to  flrengthen  his  intereft,  he 
engaged  the  aiTidance  of  two  wealthy  kinf- 
men.  Sir  Richard  Grenville  and  William 
Sanderfon.^  They  provided  two  barks,  and 
having  well  furniihed  them  with  men  and 
proviiions,  put  them  under  the  command  of 
Philip  Amadas  and  Arthur  Barlow,  who  (ail- 
ed from  the  weft  of  England,  April  27, 
1584.  :  ^  V-  * 

They  took  the  ufual  route  by  the  way  of 
the  Canaries  and  the  Weft  Indies ',  the.reafon 
of  which  is  thus  exprefTed  in  the  accouht  of 
this  voyage  written  by  Barlowf*,  **  becaufe 
we  doubted  that  the  current  of  the  bay  of 
Mexico  between  the  cape  of  Florida  and  Ha- 
yanna  had  been  of  greater  force  than  we  after- 
wards found  it  to  be."    "    ^     ^      "^  ^      *v 

Taking  advantage  of  the  Gulf  ftream,  they 
approached  the  coaft  of  Florida  ;  and  on  the 
fecond  of  July  came  into  ftioal  water  ;  where 
the  odoriferous  fmell  of  flowers  indicated  the 
land  to  be  near,  though  not  within  fight.  On 
the  fourth  they  faw  land ;  along  which  they 
failed  forty  leagues  before  they  found  an  en- 

trance^ 


♦  Stith's.Hifly.  of  Virginia,  p.  7,  8. 
f  Hakluyt,  iii,  246. 


■m 


''!!!! 


I 


20S 


R    A    L    E    I    G    HT. 


r- 

triince.     At  the  firft  opening,  they  caft  an- 
chor  (July  13)  and  having   devoutly  given 
thanks  to  God,  for  their  fafe  arrival  on  the.^ 
coaft,  they  went  afhore  in  their  boats,  and, - 
took  pofTeffion  in  the  name  of  Queen  Eliza^ 

'^'•"*    .  ,.  -iv^H.;  t^v  i  .  r.,..i,«t:-.:>Vii:^;..i  t^Jif 

The  pliace  where  they  landed  was  a  fandy'  - 
HIand,  called  Woeocon,*  about  iixteen  miles 
ia  length  and  fix  in-  breadth,  full  of  cedars, 
pines,  cyprefs,  falTafras  and  other  trees ;  a- ' 
mong  whidh  were  many  vines  loaded  with 
grapes.  In  the  woods  they  found  deer  and 
hares ;  and  in  the  waters  and  marfhes,  vari- 
ous kinds  of  fowl ;  but  no  human  creature 


*'■■j^ 


>l 


WW 


*  ^  This  ifland  is  generally  fuppofc;cl  to  be  one  of  thofe  which  lie 
at  the  mouth  of  Albermarle  founcl,on  the  coaft  of  North  Carolina. 
Barlow,  in  his  letter  to  Sir  W.  Raleigh,  preferved  by  Hakluyl, 
fays,  that  he,  witb  feyen  others,  went  in  about  "  tuentyniUj  into 
the  river  Occam;;  and,  the  evening  following,  came  to  an  ifland 
ca)M  Roanokq  difiant  from  the  harbour  by  which  we  entered^ 
/even  leagues  J  at  the  north  end  thereof  was  a  village."  Mr. 
Stith,  who  wrote  the  hiftory  of.  Virginia,  and  who  acknowledges 
that  he  had  not  feen  this  letter  in  Englilh  but  in  a  Latin  tranfla- 
tion,  fuppofes,  that  the  ifland  Wococon  muft  lie  between  cape 
Hattsras  and  cape  Fear,  and  that  the  diflance  might  be  30  leagues. 
But  it  appears  from  Barlow's  letter  that  the  boat  went  in  one  day 
and  Came  m  die  evening  to  the  north  end  of  Roanoke ;  the  dif- 
tance  jp  twice  mentioned,  once  in  miles  and  once  in  leagues.  I 
fee  no  rea£on  therefore  to  admit  Stith's  conjefture  in  oppofition  to 
Barlow.  Stith  however  appears  to  have  been  a  very  clofe  and 
accurate  inquirer,  as  far  as  his  materials  and  epportunity  permitted. 


# 


lie 


[cape 

(ues. 
day 
dif. 
I 

m  to 
and 

Itted. 


RALEIGH.        2op 

was  icen,  till  the  third  day ;  when  a  cafioe, 
with  three  men,  came  along  by  the  (hore,  Onp 
of  them  landed ;  and,  without  any  fear  or  pcj^;- 
ctution,  met  the  Europeans  and  addreiled  theno. 
in  a  jfriendiy  manner,  in  his  own  language. 
They  carried  him  on  board  one  of  tlieir  vcf- 
.i^8  ;  gave.hima  ihirt  and  fome  other  trifles, 
and  regaled  \iiax  with  meat  and  wine.  He 
then  returned  to  his  canoe ;  and  with  his  com- 
panion9  went  a  finding.  When  the  canoe  was 
filled,  they  brought  the  fi(h  on  ihore  and  di- 
vided them' into  two  heaps  ;  making  %n$, 
^that  each  of  the  veffcls  (hould  take  one.  ' "» .  { 
The  next  day,  feveral  canoes  came;  in 
which  were  forty  or  fifty  people,  and  among 
■  them  was  Granganixneo,  brother  of  Wingina 
Kmg  of  the  country  ;  who  was  confined  at 
home  by  the  wounds,  which  he  had  received 
in  battle,  with  a  neighbouring  Prkice.  The 
manner  of  bis  approach  was  fearlefs  and  ref- 
pedful.  He.  left  his  boats  at  a  diftance  ^  and 
cande  along  the  fhore,  accompanied  by  all  his 
people,  till  he  was  abrcaft  of  the  fhips.  Thefi 
.advancing  with. four  mcaonly,  wlio  fpread  a 
mat  on  the  .ground,  he  fat  down  on  one  end ; 
and  the  four  men  on  the  other.  When  tl^e 
Engliflb  wcpton.iliore,  arrned,  he  , beckoned 


L> 


o 


to 


.♦ 


I 


210 


R    A    L     E     I    G     n. 


:|l  I 


; 

I 

'  1 

ii 

1 

ill 

1 

1 

1 

:(M 

ill 

to  them  to  come  and  fit  by  him  i  which  they 
did,  and  he  made  figns  of  joy  and  frieild(hi|i, 
Ariking  with  his  hand  on  his  head  and  bread, 
and  then  on  theirs,  to  ihew  that  they  were  all 
one.  None  of  his  people  fpoke  a  word  ;  and 
when  the  Englifh  offered  them  prcfents,  he 
took  them  all  into  his  own  poifeflion  $  making 
iigns  that  they  were  his  fervants,  and  that  all 
which  they  had,  belonged  to  him. 

After  this  interview^  the  natives  came  in 
great  numbers  and  brought  fkins,  coral,  and 
<  materials  for  dyes  5  but  when  Granganimeo 
was  prefent,  none  were  permitted  to  trade, 
but  himfelf  and  thofe  who  had  a  piece  of  cop« 
per  on  their  heads.  Nothing  pleafed  him 
fo  much  as  a  tin  plate,  in  which  he  made  a 
hole  and  hung  it  over  his  bread,  as  a  piece 
of  defenfive  armour.  He  fupplied  them  every 
day  with  venifon,  fifh,  and  fruits,  and  invited 
them  to  vitit  him  at  hid  village,  on  the  north 
end  of  an  ifland  called  Roanoke.  1 4  '^Aiiiio-jii 
*  This  village  confided  of  nine  honfes.,  built 
of  cedar,  and  fortified  with  (hsLrr^ir^i'-^'^ts. 
When  the  Englifli  arrived  there  iu  i.*cir  uoat, 
Granganimeo  was  abfent ;  but  his  wife  cn-p 
ertained  them  with  the  kindcd  hofpitality, 
iv  Ijtd  their  feet  and  their  clothes,  order- 
ed 


••.!»? 


RALEIGH. 


aix 


)Uilt 

>oat, 
en-r 

Ider- 


ed  their  boat  to  be  drawn  aihore  and  their 
oars  to  be  fecurcJ  j  and  then  feafted  them 
with  veniibn»  ii(b,  fruite,  and  honiony.^ 
Whilft  they  were  at  fupper,  fom«  of  her 
men  came  in  from  hunting,  with  their  bows 
and  arrows  in  their  hands  s  on  which  her 
^;\ie(is  began  to  miilruft  danger  ;  but  fhe  or- 
dered their  bows  to  be  taken  from  them,  and 
their  arrows  to  be  broken  ;  and  then  turned 
them  out  at  the  gate.  The  Englifh  however 
thought  it  mod  prudent  to  pafs  the  nigh  in 
their  boat,  which  they  launched  and  laid  at 
anchor.  At  this  (he  was  much  grieved ;  but, 
finding  all  her  folicitations  ineiFe£lua],  fl.e 
ordered  the  victuals  in  the  pots  to  be  put  or. 
board,  with  mats  to  cover  the  people  from 
the  rain  ;  and  appointed  feveral  perfons  of 
both  fexes  to  keep  guard  on  the  beach  during 
the  whole  night.  Could  there  be  a  more  en- 
gaging fpecimen  of  generous  hofpitality  ? 

Thcfe  people  were  chara(fterized  as  **  gen- 
tle, loving  and  faithful;  void  of  guile  and 
treachery  ;  living  after  the  manner  of  the 
golden  age  ;  caring  only  to  feed  themfelvcs, 
with  fuch  food  as  the  foil  affordeth,  and  to 
H   ,?.:-r*.  ,;ft;f.  ,^f     »,,.  defend 

•  Mo«h6fly  Is  tSiade  of  Indian  corn  beaten  in  a  mortar  and 
feparated  f:dm  the  bran  ;  thep  boiled  cither  by  itfelf  or  in  the 
broth  af  meat. 

O2 


lie 
1 1 


> 


■* 


Hit 


I  i 


21-2 


K    A    L    E    I    6    H. 


defend  th^ixiTelvis  fyotii  tbe  cold,  in  tl^eir 

No  ferthirrdifcbVtefy  was'inadeof  iKc  co^iW- 

tff  by  tlWfe  advrewtoiref!?.     From'tHe  'riitit^s 

th«y  dbtrihecl  fbnttc  Wdcrtam  'adyotint  of  its 

gdog^sphy,  'ttfid  bf  ««'  (htj)  %hich  had  been 

-wteekcd  '^ithe  feoaft  between  tivehty  iidd 

'thirty  y^&ats'bdbfe.    'They  carrttti  awiy  twb 

^Ofthe  tiirtiives,  Wanehefe  anid  Manteo  j  anid 

arrived  iil  the  weft  x)f  England  aboiit'  tHe'itoirf- 

'  did 'if  8e]!)tembcr. 

-     The  afccourtt  bf  this  difcovfef y  'was  fo  Wcl- 
d6me  to  Queen  Eliaabcth,  that '(he  named  the 
country  f^/V^fw/tf ;  either  in  rnenntory  of  her 
'  own  virginity,  or  becaUfe  it  retained  its  vir- 
gin purity,  and  the  people  their  primitive-fim- 

About  thi^  ttmie  Raleigh  was  eledted  knight 
of'  the  ihire/'fbr-'his  ^native  county  of  Devon ' j 
and  in  the  Parli^rrieht  which  was  held  in  the 
fucceeding  Winter,  he  caufed  a  bill  to  be 
brought  into  the  Houfe  of  Gohimbns  to  con- 
firm his  patent  for  the  difcovery  ^  of  foreign 
countries.  After  much  debate,  the  bill  was 
carried  through  both  hoiifes,  dhd  received  the 
royal  affent.  In  addition  to  which,  the  Queen 
conferred  on  him  the  order  of  Knighthood.* 

A  fecond 

•  Stith,  p.  It,  - 


# 


R    A    L 


E    I 

I 


G    H. 


213 

A  fccond  cxp^fition  b^R|[;  rif^cd^  cjn.  Sir, , 
Ri(:Ivtrd.  Gfcnyilji&l^^pfi^lf  tpol^^  thi;  commaQd«»^ 
and  with  feyen  veiiE;ls«  l^f^.  jjofl  (fn^I^  f^led 
from  Plymouth,  on  the  ninth  of  Apfjit  1 5^5*^; 
They  went  iQ  the,  ifii^l}  C9Ufj^,  by  the  C^iJ^rics 
and;  the  Weft  In4W?.y  ^}^^^:^l^\  ^P^t  two 

Spamih  priMs?  y  s^f?».#^.  WW4y  escaping 
Ihipwrecl^  o|x  Cape  F^^x,  atdyi^d  at  Wococon 

thf  ?^th of  ^i?p.;t:  J,  ,^{o,,H  i6i  i.:it>  i!^.^ 
Thc^  na,tiye&  capjS^  a$  before^  to  bid  them 
welcome  and  to  trade  with  them.  Mantjeo, 
whom  they  had  brought  back,  proved  a  faith- 
ful guides  and  pUoted  th^m  about  from  place 
to  pI^jQP.  in  an  cxcurfion^  of  eight  dayss  >yith 
their  boats,  they  vi^ted  feyecal  Ij^d^  villag- 
es, on  the  iflands  and  on  the  n;iain,  adjoining 
to  A\bem^r|f  Sound*  M  one  place^  called 
Aquafcogoki  an  Indian  ftole  from  them  a 
filver  cup.  Inquiry  being  made,  the  often- 
der  wa^  df  te6led  and  p^omife^  ^o  reftore  it  j 
but  the  promife  being  not  fpeedily  performed, 
a  hafty  and  feyere  revenge  was  J^^en,  by  the 
orders  of  GrenyiUe  j  the  town  wae  burnt  and 
the  corn  deftroyed  in   the  fields,    (July  16)' 

.,.,';•,      >..::    .:;      h"  'i,:'    ;,     j^"        whjlft  .  ^  ? 

,-     ^  f  Hakluyt,m.-25i^*         '    '•■•'')    '  ■    "   -'    "^ 
'I  Mr.  Stith  mifiakes  in  faying  May  26,  and  Sir  William  Keith, 
who  copies  from  him,  adopts  the  fame  miftake. 


03 


»;.4, 


i!!ii 


m  1 1 


Ul     !!i 


A     Li 


Jar  jfTT  i;** 

I    G 


214       ft"  A    L'  6 

whilft  the  affrighted  people  fled  to  ^e  woods, 
for  fafcty.  From  this  ill  judged  aft  of  vio-*^ 
lence,  in^  be  datecl  the  misfbrtunes  and  failr^ 
ure  of  this  colony. 

Leaving  ont  hundred  and  eight  perforis 

attempt  ^  fettlement,   Grenviile    proceeded 

with  his  fleiet  tb'the  iiland  of  Hatteras ;  where' 

he  received  a  vifit  from   Granganimeo,  and^ 

then  failed  for  England.      On  the    iSth  6f 

September  he  arrived  at   Plymouth  -,  with^  a* 

rich  Spanifli  prize  vvrhich  ht  had  taken  blif 

the  pauage.^  *  *  ^:    ^^      1^    :    "•  ,  ., 

*^f  the  colony  left  in  Virginia,  Ralph  Lanid 

was  appointed  Governor.     He  was  a  militairy 

man,  of  confiderable  reputation  in  the  fea-^ 

fervice.     Philip  Amadas,  who  had  comniand- 

cd  in  th^  firft   voyage,   was  Admiral.     They 

chofe  the  iiiand  of  Roanoke  in  the  mouth  of 

Albemarle  Sound,   as  the  place  of  their  refiff. 

dence  ;  and  their  chief  ernployment  was  to 

explore  and  furvey  the  country,  and   defcribe 

the  pcrfons  and  manners  of  its  inhabitants;^ 

For  thefe  purpofcs.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  had 

fent  John  Withe,  an  ingenious  painter ;  and 

Thomas  Heriot,  a  fkilful  mathematician,  and 

a  man  of  curious  obfervation  :  both  of  whom 


•■■nvii'  'Jfh 


performed 


R    A    L    E    I    G    H;        215 

performed  their  parta^viduJ^cU^  and^^fij^j 

cefs,*  .^,v.. ; vr  .-.:....  •. 

The  fartheft  difcovcry  which  they  made  to 
the  fouthward  of  Roanoke  was  Secotan,  aa 
Indian  town  between  the,  rivers  of  Pampticp 
ajidx  Neus,  diftant  eighty  leagues.  .  To  the 
northward  they  went  about  forty  leagues,  to 
a  nation  called  Chefepeags,  on  a  fmall  river 
now  called  Elifabeth,  which  falls  iato  Chefe- 
ppg  Bay,  below  Norfolk.  To  the  weft  ward 
they  went  up  Albemarle  Sounii  and  Chowan 
river,  about  forty  leagues,  to  a  nation  called 
Cbowanogs ;  whofe  King,Menatonona,amufed 
them  with  a  flory  of  a  copper  mine  and  a 
pearl  filhery  ;  in  fearch  of  which  they  fpeqt 
much  time  and. fo  e^hauAcd  their  provifions, 


f'^tW-  .^nw'Mf 


€^^^ 


.that 


f$i 


"m  Tbfe  draWingJ  wbicli  Mr.  Withe  made  were  engraven  and 
printed  at  Frankfprt  (1590^  by  Theodore  De  Bry.  They  roprc- 
fent  the  perfons  and  habits  of  the  natives,  their  employmcBts,  di- 
verfions  and  fpperftitions.  From  thefe,  the  prints  in  Beverley's 
hiftory  of  Virginia  iire  copied,,,^^^,^,^-^  „^^j(^,^^^ 

Mr.  Heriot  wrote  a  topographical  defcriptlon  of  the  country 
and  its  natural  hiftory,  which  is  preferved  in  Hakluyt's  colle3ion 
vol.  iii,  2ii6.  It  was  tranilated  into  Latin,  and  pubiifhed  by  De 
Bry  in  his  colleftion  pf  voyages.  It  has  been  fuppofed  that  Ra- 
leigh himfelf  came  to  Virginia  with  this  colony.  This  is  a  mif- 
take,  grounded  on  a  miftranflation  of  a  paffage  in  Heriot's  narrative. 
It  is  thus  exprefled  in  Englifh  "The  a£iiqns  of  thofe  who  have 
been  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  therein  employed."  Which  is 
thus  rendered  in  the  Latin  tranflation,  "qui  generofum  D.  Wal- 
terum  Ralegh,  in  earn  regionem  comitati  funt."       Stith,  p.  22. 

04 


■%*• 


il;l 


\.\ 


!  i 


i  ! 


mi 


111 

i'i    I,! 


Ill    ! 


.  II! 


2l6 


R    A    L    E    I    G    H; 


that  the/  were  glad  t4>  eat  their  dogs  hefoif 
they  returned  to  Roanoke.  *\  •  jh 

.  I-  During  this  excurfioh,  their  friend  -Ohm* 
ganimeo  died  ;  and  his  brother  Wingfina  dif^ 
covered  his  hoflile  difpofitton'^oward  Ifafe  col^ 
ony.     The  return  of^Mr?  liane  itid  his  partjf^ 
from  their  e^ecurfioni  gave  a  check 't^hts  tiial- 
ice  for  a  while  i  but  he   fecretly  hid  a  plot 
for  their  deftrudtion  ;  which  being  betrayed 
to  the  £)nglifli,  they  feized  all  the  boats  oh 
the  ifland.    This  brought  on  a  fkirmifli,  in 
which  Hvt  br  fix  Indians  were  killed,  and  the 
reft  fled  to  the  wobds.     After  tnuch  jealoufy 
and  diffimulation  oil  bbth  fideS,-Wingiiia  was 
drawn  into  a  fnare  ;  iind  with  *  eight  of  his 
'men,  felt  a  facrifice  to  the  reffentment  df  the 
Engliih. 

•  In  a  few  days  after  Wingiha*s  death.  Sir 
Francis  Drake,  who  had  been  cruiiirig  againd 
^  the  Spaniards  in  the  Weft  Indies,  and  had 
received  orders  from  the  Queen  to  vifit  this 
colony,  arrived  with  his  fleet  onthecoaft;  and 
by  the  unanimous  defire  of  the  people,  took 
them  all  off  and  carried  them  to  England, 
where  they  arrived  in  July  1586,  „.i-.j  ;«. 

Within  a  fortnight  after  the  departure '  of 
this  unfortunate  colony,  Sir  Richard  Grcnville 

arrived 


« 


R    A    L    B    I    Q    I|3        117 

arrived  with  thre«  flupfrfof  th«ir  ff!lief#  Fii^ 
ing  their  habitation  abaii4Qlied»  flMi4'heif^  un- 
able to  g^in  any  irit<$]^gence  pf  thum  i»  he 
knded  fifty  ihon^  on  thd  iflsind  of  Rodnoke^ 
plentifdlly  fbpp^ed  with   provtiions  fdr  twc( 


(  -n 


ycars^  and  then  returned  to  Bngkad* 

'   The  next  year  ( 1 587)  three  (hh^  were  fent; 

nhder  the  comtnandiof  Jipho  ?^yhite»  who 

was  appointed  Govdrnor  of  the  <^loiiy»  with 

twelve  Coai1iellor9>     Tot  thenfi  Raleigh  gave 

a.  charier  of  incorporation  for  the  city  of  Ra* 

leigh,  which  he  ordered  them  to  build  on  the 

river  Chefepeag^  the  northern  extent  of  the 

difcovery.     After  jiarrowly  eicaping  (hipwreck 

Dti  Gape  Fear,  they  arrived  at  Hatt9ras>  on 

-the  Z2d  of  July,  and  fent  a  party  tp  Roanoke 

to  look  for  the  fecond  colpny  of  fifty  men, 

,/rhey  found  no  perfon  Uvinj;,  and  the  bones 

of  but  one  dead*    The  huts  were  Aanding; 

-ybut  were  oycrgrow^i  with  bu(hes  and  weeds. 

j^Jn  convcrfetion  with  fome  of  the  natives,  they 

>;,were  informed,  that  the  colony  had  been  de- 

,;^royed  by  Wingipa's  ^peoplc^  in  Vfv^n^Q  of 

,'iiis  death.  '       "^    ^'-     ^ 

Mr.  White  endeavoured  to  renevv  a  friendly 
•'intercourfe  with  thofe  natives  $  but  their  jea- 
'  loufy  rendered  them  implacable.  He  there- 
fore 


>-r  ^ 


■■.''J  ■ 


\\ 


2l8 


R    A    L    E    I    G    H. 


fore  went  acrofs  the  water  to  the  main  with 
a  party"  of  twenty  five  men,  and  came  fudden^ 
ly  on  a  company  of  friendly  Indians,  who 
were  feated  round  a  fire,  one  of  whom  they 
killed  before  they  difcovered  the  miflake. 

Two  remarkable  events  are  mentioned  as 
happening  at  this  time ;  one  was  the  baptifm 
of  Manteo,  the  faithful  Indian  guide ;  the 
other  was  the  birth  of  a  female  child,  daugh^ 
ter  of  Ananias  Dare,  one  of  the  Council ; 
which,  being  the  firfl  child  born  in  the  colo- 
ny, was  nariied  Virginia.  -^*  *  '^*»^***w.^'!^  4^m-<^- 

By  this  time  (Augufl  21)  the  fhips  had  un- 
loaded their  ilores  and  were  preparing  to  re- 
turn to  England.  It  was  evident  that  a  farth- 
er fupply  was  ncccflary,  and  that  fome  perfon 
mufl  go  home  to  folicit  it.  A  difpute  arofe 
in  the  Council  on  this  point,  and  after  much 
altercation,  it  was  determined,  that  the  Gov- 
ernor was  the  moft  proper  perfon,  to  be  fcnt 
on  this  errand.  The  whole  colony  joined  in 
requefting  him  to  proceed,  promifing  to  take 
care  of  his  intereft  in  his  abfence.  With 
much  reluftance  he  confented,  on  their  fub- 
fcribing  a  teflimonial  of  his  unwillingnefs  to 
quit  the  plantation.  He  accordingly  failed  on 
the  27th  of  Auguft,  and  arrived  in  England 

the 


%-''V 


rWa 


L    E    I    G 


H. 


219    - 


th&  following  November.    The  nation  war^' 
in  a  fhte  ef  alarm  and  apprehenfion  on  ac« 
count  of  the  war  with  Spain,  and  of  the  in-  ^ 
vincible    armada,  which    had  threatened  it 
with  an  invafioh.     Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was' 
one  of  the  Queen's  Council  of  wir,  as  were 
alfo  Sir  Richard  Grenville  and  Mr.  Lane. 
Their  time  was  wholly  taken  up  with  public  * 
confultations,  and  Governor  White  was  o- 
bliged  to  wait,  till  the  plan  of  operations  a- 
gainfl  the  enemy  could  be  adjufted  and  carri- 
ed into  execution. 

i-  The  next  fpring,  Raleigh  and  Grenville,  who  ^ 
had  the  command  of  the  militia  in  Cornwall, 
and  were  training  them  for  the  defence  of  the 
kingdom  ;  being  ftrongly  folicited  by  White, 
provided  two  fmall  barks,  which  failed  from  ' 
Biddeford  on  the  2 2d  of  April  1588.     Thefe  " 
veflels  had  commiflions  as  ihips  of  war,  and 
being  more  intent  on  gain  to  themfelves,  than 
relief  to  the  colony,  went  in  chace  of  prizes,  ^ 
and  were  both  driven  back  by  fhips  of  fuperi- 
or  force,  to  the  great  mortification  of  their 
patron,  and  the  ruin  of  his  colony. , .;  -       --^t 
Thefe  difappointments  were  a  (burce  of 
vexation  to  Raleigh.     He  had  expended  forty 
thoufand  pounds,  of  his  own  and  other  men's 

jnoney. 


s\iii\\ 


2Z0. 


RALE 


H>: 


rao^ey,  ia  puriuitof  hi»  faxoimte  objcM^l ;  and. 
his  gaina  were-  yet  to  qpmcr  1^  tbcrefistp, 
made  ao  afiig^ent  of  ^s  patent  (March,  y,, 
1589)  to  Ti^ooaa^  ^P^^/  ^^^  ^cr  inpifS^f*' 
ants  and  adventurers^  a];BongwhoG(L  was  G^-^. 
crnor  White;  with  a  donation  of  onel^ui^ 
dred  pounds,  ^f  the  propagation,  of  the  ChriTp. 
tian'/ce'igon,!!^ .Virginia.  Being  fhus  d,i^« 
gaged  fpra  the  hufincifi  Qf  coloniz^om.;;  hjc. 
hadfuU  fcope^f.^his  fxifrlt^l  gen|u$«ia  thq 

war  with  Spaku  , ,,  .^  --^.^,  v.>j:*£,>  ^.a...a..,.' 
His  aflignees  were  not  fo  z^oufi  kv  the  pror- 
iipcMtion  of  t|}eir  bufinefs.  It  was  not  tiil  the 
fpri|xg  of  1 59to>  that  Goy^rnor  White  conW 
return  to  his  colony.  Th^»  with  thrsQ 
fhipSf  /he  fsipiled  from  Plymouth,  andi  P^<^g 
through  the  Weil  Indies,  ijn  qjjeft  ^  5pwift 
ptrif^es,  he  arrived  at  Hafteras  pn :  the  15  th  of 
Auguilf,  )FrQm  thijs  place  they,  ohf^rv^  a 
ifpoke  ariisng  9nt  the  ifland  of  l^oanokej 
which  gjs^ve  thepir  fome  hope  thiit  the  colony 
yvsiS  thcr<?  i«bf^fting>  pn  thciF  eoniing  tp  the 
place,  they  found  old  trees  and  grafs  bi^rning, 
ofbut  no  human  being.  On  a  poft.p^'  pn? 
of  the  houfes  they  faw  the  word  Crofifan, 
which  gave  them  fome  hope,  that  at  the 
ifliind  of  that  name   they  iliould  find  their 

friends. 


.t*'.- 


Hft  A    L    E    I    O    H. 


22 


friends.     They  filled  for  'that  ifland  ;  which 

hy  fcfQthwird  6f  Hafteras ;  -bfbt  ^  violent 

ftoipnii  ^rifing,  in  whkh'thi^y  Idft  'thdr  anch- 

'Ors>  -they  wcre^d^giid  to  quit  the  inho()}!ti« 

>ble  GdA(t;^\!id  fdtarn'hoino ;  ifdr^^s^ any  fhiH^ 

4!ketwttdih^r^ioft\iiASnfcnihm 

i1'  "The  next  jpu  C'S^f)  "Sit^jRichatd  Grcn- 

:  vil)«  twftS'  nttrtally  w<Miiidsd  in^on  tngagemcdt 

with  a  Spanifh  fleet  ;:taad:dkdnoti  hdard  the 

.  Admiral's rihip,  where- he: was  priibner.,       ^ 

-  r   Raiei^h,  though  difengaged  from  the  btiil- 

nefs  of  colonizing  Vii^nia,  lent  five  times  at 

his^^wn  expenfe  to  feefc  -for  and  retieve  his 

fribnds ;  but  theferfoiis^ whom  iie  employed, 

having  more  profhablebufinefs  in  the  Weil 

:Ihdies;dther  went  nottta the  fteti*  or  were 

.forqed  from  it  by  iftiefs  of  weadieilil'  it^  being 

a  tempe(bioas  region,  and  withcMT  -^fU 

harbour.    The  laft  attemf»t  which;  hsi^ 

was^in  1602  ;  the  year  before  liis  im|yriibfY- 

ment ;  an  event  which  gratified  the  malice 

of  hifr  enemies,  and  prepared  the  way  for  his 

death  ;  which  was  much  lei^  ignominious  to 

him  than  to  his  fovereign.  King  James  I,  the 

Brittfh  Solomon ;  iuctefTor  ta  Elixabedi,  the 

BfitifR  Deborah.*  ;    ^  ^     ^- 

-*   *  As  »  fpecimen  of  ihe  language  of  diat  time,  let  the  reader 

take  the  foUowing  extract  from  Purchas.  ■         • --    

'-  ■  ««''He 


us    i 


h 


?n  '1 


\.Si.i»- 


322 


RALEIGH. 


This  unfortunate  attempt  to  fettle  a  colony 
in'Virginia,  was  produdtive  of  one  thing  which 
will  always  render  it  memorahle«  the  intro-^ 
du^oil  qitokacco  into  England.     Cartier,  in 
his  vifit  to  Canada,   fifty  years   before,  had 
obferved  that  the    natives  ufed  this  weed 
fumigatioii,  but  it  was  an  objed^  of  difguft 
:  to  Frenchmen.     Ralph  Lane,  at  his  return 
in  1586/  brought  it  firfl  into  Europe  ;  and 
Raleigh,  who  was  a  man  of  gaiety  and  ^fhkm, 
iftot  only  learned  the  ufe  of  it  himfelf,  but  in- 
ftroduced  it  into  the  polite  circles  -,  and  even 
;  ibe  Qgee(i'  herfelf  gave  encouragement  to  it. 
Some  humourous  ftories  refpecfdng  it  are  fHU 
4femembered.     Raleigh  laid  a  w^^cr  with  the 
Queen,  that  he  would  determine  cxaftly,   the 
weight  of  finoke  which  ilTued  from  his  pipe. 
•^This  he  did  by  firft  weighing  the  tobacco  and 
then  the  aflies.     When  the   Queen   paid  the 
wager,  (he  pleafantly  obferved,  that  many  la- 
bourers had.  turned  their  gold  into  fmoke  ; 
.  but  that  he  was  the  firfl:  who  had  converted 
imoke  into  gold.  ^^S^jum  ¥h^  rf;>kfW"-''5  li^f^ 


*»*•  He  [i.  e.  King  James]  is  beyond  comparifon  a  meer  tranf- 
cendent,  beyond  all  his  predeceiTors,  princes  of  this  realm ;  be« 
yond  the  neigbouring  princes  of  his  own  time  ;  beyond  the 
conceit  of  fubjcfts  dazzled  with  fo  much  brightncfs  ;  beyond 
our  viflorious  Deborah,  not  in  fex  alone,  but  as  peace  is  more  ex- 
cellent than  war,  and  Solomon  than  David  ;  in  this  alfe  that  he 
u,  and  we  enjoy  his  prefcnt  funlhinc. " 


k* 


f) 


RALEIGH.        2^3 

It  is  alfo  related  that  a  fervant  of  Sir  Wal- 
ter, bringing  a  tankard  of  ale  into  his  iludy  as 
he  was  fmoking  his  pipe,  and  reading,  was 
fo  alarmed  at  the  appearance  of  fmoke,  ilTuing 
out  of  his  mouth,  that  he  threw  the  ^h  into 
his  face,  and  ran  down  to  alarm  the  ^rnily, 
crying  out  that  his  ipafter  was  on<fire»         * 

King  James  had  fo  refined  a  tafte,  that  he 
not  only  held  this  Indian  weed  in  great  abhor- 
rence himfelf,  but  endeavoured,  by  proclama- 
tions and  otherwife,  to  prevent  thcule  of 
it  among  his  fubjedts.  But  all  his  zeal  and 
authority  could  not  fupprefs  it.  Since  his 
time  it  has  become  an  important  article  of 
commerce,  by  which  individuals  in  Europe 
and  America,  as  well  as  colonies  and  nations, 
have  rifen  to  great  opulence.  /< 

■■■■'"        ■  '    ^    .M 

'iJ^%-f«'?V^^4^^Wyrtr'   X.  JOHN  .^ 


.1 

'■i;^:2^iM 

'■?-<i.  ■ 


'mn 


I  / 


^i:.tn 


u 


M* 
•,»-,- 


l'l:.H 


]  -il  ,IN 


^;:.  jVhPW  rt>c  HJifiiftfnge  of  a  weftc«;i 
,«0n^iX  !wa^  ka»^ri  tp  ijic  xni^iiiM^e  nadons 
of  Eur/if^  Qi^,  &mt  plgta  of  their  m- 
*q\i\^Y  )V{%9,  it9  ^od,  thrpugh  feme  openings 
.whidb  i^eaffjid  :in  it»  afniTage  to  India  and 
.ChilM.  Fqr  lliis  purpoie  feveral  expen£ive 
A^dji^tiu^cfr^f^  yo)((^e8  vfere  made ;  and  ev^ 
t^y  hint  v<bi^h  c9Mld  throw  atn^  light  on  the 
,f^j«4k  wasfiftgenly  fojiight  and  gttcndqd;to^ 
tby  ffibcilfe  v^obto.^oofiderod  ils  imporiaflce,  ^ 
::r,  Jfi*  N  iP  B  JFU.OA  /Wa$  a  Gre^k,  born  in  the 

jijaa«»l.«f ;Q?pbakmi»  in.the.  Admtic.gijlf.  ^Hc 

had  been  employed} j^  the  if  rvice  pf  Sp^in,  i|i 
the  Weft  Indies,  as  a  mariner  and  pilot,  above 
forty  years.  Having  loft  his  fortune,  amount- 
ing (as  he  faid)  to  iixty  thou fand  ducats,  when 
the  Acapulco  fhip  was  taken,  by  Captain 
Cai^dyH.aa'CEnglifhman  ;  and  being  difap- 
pointed  of  the  rccompcnfe  which  he  had  ex- 
pected from  the  court  of  Spain  ;  he  returned 
in  difguft,  to  his  native  country,  by  the  way 
of  Italy  i  that  he  might  fpend  the  evening  of 
his  life,   in   peace   and  poverty,  among  his 

friends. 

At 


,!!^i  W 


D    E      F    U    C    A. 


22 


J 


it 


At  Florence  he  met  with  John  Doujglas,  an 
£ngli(hman,  and  went  with  him  to  Venice. 
There,  Douglas  introduced  him  to  Michael 
Lock,  who  had  been  Conful  of  the  Tarkey 
company  at  Aleppo,  and  was  then  occafional- 
ly  refidcnt  in  Venice,     (a.  d.  1596.) 

In  converfation  with  Mr.  Lock,  De  Fuca 
gave  him  the  following  account  of  his  adven- 
tures. 

••  That  he  had  been  fent  by  the  Viceroy  of 
Mexico,  as  pilot  of  three  fmall  veflels,  to  dif- 
cover  the  flraits  of  Anian,  on  the  weftern 
coaft  of  America ;  through  which,  it  was 
conjedtured  that  a  paflage  might  be  found,  in- 
to fome  of  the  deep  bays  on  the  eaflern  fide  of 
the  continent.  This  voyage  was  fruflrated,  by 
the  mifconduift  of  the  commandci,  and  the 
mutiny  of  the  feamen. 

.  "  In  1592  the  Viceroy  fent  him  again,  with 
the  command  of  a  caravel  and  a  pinnace,  on  the 
fame  enterprize.  Between  the  latitudes  of  47* 
and  48°  N.  he  difcovered  an  inlet,  into  which 
he  entered  and  failed  more  than  twenty  days. 
At  the  entrance  was  a  great  headland^  with  an 
exceeding  high  pinnacle  or  fpired  rock,  like  a 
pillar.  Within  the  flrait,  the  land  flretched 
N.^.  and  N.E.  and  alfo  E.  andS.E.  It  was 
/   ^        F  much 


226 


D     E       F     U     C    A. 


much  wider  within,  than  at  the  entrance,  and 
contained  many  iflands.  The  inhabitants  were 
clad  in  the  fkins  of  beads.  The  land  appear- 
ed to  be  fertile  like  that  of  New  Spain,  and 
was  rich  in  gold  and  iilver.  f»!|/\-  tij^  Y't*'**^1'f^' 
*•  Suppofing  that  he  had  accompliftied  the 
intention  of  the  voyage  and  penetrated  into 
the  North  Sea  ;  but  not  being  ftrong  enough, 
to  refift  the  force  of  the  numerous  favages, 
who  appeared  on  the  fliorcs ;  he  returned  to 
Acapulco,  before  the  expiration  of  the  year.** 
Such  was  the  account  given  by  De  Fuca  ; 
and  Mr.  Lock  was  fo  imprefTed  with  the  firi- 
cerity  of  the  relation  and  the  advantages  which 
his  countrymen  might  derive  from  a  know- 
ledge of  this  ftrait ;  that  he  earneftly  urged 
him  to  enter  into  the  fervice  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, and  perfe<fl  the  difcovery.  He  fucceed- 
ed  fo  far,  as  to  obtain  a  promife  from  the 
Greek,  though  fixty  years  old;  that  if  the 
Queen  would  furnifli  him  with  one  {hip,  of 
forty  tons,  and  a  pinnace,  he  would  undertake 
the  voyage.  He  was  the  more  eafily  per- 
fuaded  to  this,  by  a  hope  that  the  Queen 
would  make  him  Ibme  recompencc  for  the 
lofs  of  his  fortune  by  Capt.  Cavendi/h. 

■Mr. 


Dili 


D     E      F    U     C    A.  227 

Mr.  Lock  wrote  to  the  Lord  Trcafurcr 
Cecil,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  Mr,  Hakluyt, 
requeuing  that  they  would  forward  the 
fcheme,  and  that  one  hundred  pounds  might 
be  advanced  to  bring  De  Fuca  to  England. 
The  fcheme  was  approved  ;  but  the  money 
was  not  advanced.  Lock  was  fo  much  en- 
gaged in  it,  that  he  would  have  fent  him  to 
England  at  his  own  expenfe  ;  but  he  was 
then  endeavouring  to  recover  at  law,  his  de- 
mands from  the  Turkey  company,  and  could 
not  dilburfe  the  money.  The  pilot  there- 
fore returned  to  Cephalonia  ;  and  Lock  kept 
up  a  correfpondence  with  him,  till  1602, 
when  he  heard  of  his  death. 'i--«.-*i.i^*^**i^^ 

Though  this  account,  preferved  by  Pur* 
chas,*  bears  fufficient  marks  of  authenticity  | 
yet  it  has  been  rejed:ed  as  fabulous  for  nearly 
two  centuries ;  and  is  treated  fo  even  by  the 
very  candid  Dr.  Forfter.'f'  Recent  voyages 
however,  have  eftablifhed  the  exiftence  of  the 
ftrait ;  and  De  Fuca  is  no  longer  to  be  con- 
fidered  as  an  impoftor ;  though  the  gold  and 
filvcr  in  his  account  were  but  conjeftural.      • 

The  ftrait  vvhich  now  bears  his  name  is 
formed  by  land,  which  is  fuppofed  to  be  the 

continent 


♦  lAh,  iv,  chap.  XX,  p.  849. 
P2 


+  Northern  voyages,  p.  4.51, 


1  \ 


228 


D     E       F     U    C     A. 


v- 


continent  of  America  on  one  tide  5  and  by  a 
very  extenfive  clufter  of  iilands  on  the  other. 
Its  fouthern  entrance  lies  in  lat.  48*  20^  N. 
long.  1 24**  W.  from  Greenwich,  and  is  about 
ieven  leagues  wide^  On  the  larboard  fide, 
which  is  compofed  of  iflands^  the  land  is  very 
mountainous ;  rifing  abruptly  in  high  and 
fharp  peaks.  On  the  (larboard  fide,  is  a  point 
of  land  terminating  in  a  remarkably  tall  rock, 
called  the  pillar.  Within  the  entrance,  the 
paflage  grows  wider,  extending  to  the  S.  E. 
N.  and  Ni  W,  and  is  full  of  iflands.  On  the 
E.  and  N.  E.  at  a  great  diftance  are  fcen  the 
tops  of  mountains ;  fuppofed  to  be  on  the 
continent ;  but  the  fhips  trading  for  furs  have 
not  penetrated  far  to  the  eaftward ;  the  fea 
otters  being  their  principal  objeft,  and  the 
land  furs  of  fmall  confidcration.  For  this 
reafon,  the  eaftern  boundary  of  the  inland  fea 
is  not  yet  fully  explored.  The  ftrait  turns  to 
the  N.  and  N*  W.  cncompafling  a  large 
clufler  of  iQands,  among  which  is  fituate 
Nootka  Sound,  and  comes  into  the  Pacific 
ocean  again  in  lat„  51"  15',  long.  128"  40^ 
This  extremity  of  the  flrait  is  called  its  north- 
ern entrance,  and  k  wider  than  the  fouthern. 

Another 


D    E      F    U    C    A. 


229 


Another  flralt  has  been  lately  feen  which  is 
fuppofed  to  be  that  of  De  Fonte,  a  Spanlfh 
Admiral,  difcovered  in  1640  ;  the  exigence  of 
which  has  alfo  been  treated  as  ^bulous.  The 
clufter  of  iilands,  called  by  the  Britifh  feamen 
Queen  Charlotte's,  and  by  the  Americans^ 
Wafhington's  iflands,  are  in  the  ver;'  fpot 
where  De  Fonte  placed  the  Archipelago  of 
St.  Lazarus.*  The  entrance  only  of  this 
ftrait  has  been  vifited  by  the  fur  ihips.  It 
lies  in  lat.  54°  35^  and  long,  iji*  W.-j^  ^^^^ 

Thefe  recent  and  well  eftablifhed  fad:s  may 
induce  us,  to  treat  the  relations  of  former 
voyages  with  decent  refpeft.  The  circurn-* 
navigation  of  Africa  by  the  ancient  Fhenicians, 

gs  for  feveral  ages  deemed  fabulous  by  the 
rned  Greeks  and  Romans.  But  its  credi- 
bility was  fully  eflabliihed  by  the  Portuguefe 
difcQveries  in  the  fifteenth  century.  In  like 
manner  the  difcoveries  of  De  Fuca  and  D< 


-nt  iihi^  Mi, 


nn 


'■tifik- 


.A- 


if.     '#i 


Fontc? 


Jiv-r  Umi' 


*  See  the  Critical  Review,  January,  *79i.  '• 
,  +  For  this  information  I  am  indebted  to  Captain  Robert 
Gray;  who  has  the  laft  fummer,  (1793)  returned  from  a  fecond 
circumnavigation  of  the  globe  in  the  (hip  Columbia  of  Bofton. 
He  has  failed  quite  through  the  ftrait  of  De  Fuca;  and  feen  the 
entrance  of  that  of  De  Fonte.  The  latitudes  and  longitudes  of 
thefe  pUces  are  taken  from  a  very  neat  and  accurate  map  of  the 
N.  W.  coaft  of  America,  drawn  by  Mr,  Haswell,  firft  Mate 
of  the  Columbia  in  her  late  voyage, 


•j^' 


'*1\ 


il 


s^S<^ 


D    E      F    U    C    A. 


Polite  which  have  long  been  ftigmatizcd  by 
geographers  as  pretended^  and  niarked  in  their 
maps  as  imaginary^  are  now  known  to  have 
been  founded  in  truth,  though  from  the  im- 
perfedlion  of  inflruments  or  the  inaccuracy  of 
hiflorians,  the  degrees  and  minutes  of  latitude 
and  longitude  were  not  precifely  marked,  and 
though  feme  circumftances  in  their  accounts 
are  but  conjedlural.  Farther  difcoveries  may 
throw  new  light  on  the  fubjed,  and  though 
perhaps  a  N.  W.  paflage,  by  fca,  from  the 
Atlantic  into  the  Pacific  may  not  e^rift ;  yet 
bays,  rivers  ^nd  lakes  are  fo  frequent  in  thofc 
northern  regions  of  our  continent  that  an  in- 
land navigation  may  be  pradticable.  '  *^  * ''  — 
It  has  been  fuggefted  that  the  company^ 
Englifti  merchants  who  enjoy  an  cxclufrfe 
trade  to  Hudfon*s  Bay  have,  from  interefted 
motives,  concealed  their  knowledge  of  its 
weftern  extremities.  Whether  there  be  any 
juft  foundation  for  this  cenfure,  I  do  not  pre- 
tend to  determine  ^  but  a  furvey  is  faid  to  be 
now  making,  from  which,  it  is  hoped,  that 
this  long  contefted  queftion  of  a  N.  W.  paff- 
»ge  will  receive  a  full  folution. 

XI.  BARTHOLOxMEW 


,1: 


'H'-  '.V   W 


231 


% 


.«,».»  1 


(■^At^ 


j-^.a.  ■-■>!.  jn 


^l^rfi 


f*    teAi'.-  j<*..^«t    A.-^'f.S*. 


Xf.   BARTHOLOMEW   GOSNOL% 


•  ^■■Vu-      ■'W^,' 


'^j  The  unfortunate  iflue  of  Rakigh's  at- 
tempt to  make  a  fettlement  in  America,  to* 
gether  with  the  war  with  Spain,  which  con- 
tinued for  feveral  years,  gave  a  check  to'  the 
fpirit  of  colonizing.     In  the  beginning  of  the 
feventeenth  century  it  was  revived  by  Bar- 
tholomew GosNOLD,  an  intrepid  mariner 
in  the  weft  of  England.     At  whofe  cxpenfe 
he  undertook  his  voyage,  to  the  northern  part 
of  Virginia,  docs    not  appear ;    but,  on  the 
26th  of  March   1602,  he  failed  from  Fal- 
mouth, in   Cornwall,  in  a  fmall   bark,   with 
thirty  two  men.     Inftead   of  going  by  the 
way  of  the  Canaries  and  the  Weft  Indies,  he 
kept  as  far  north  as  the  winds  would  permit, 
and  was  ihe  firft  Englifhman  who  came  in  a 
dired  courfe  to  this  part  of  America.    1*^ m^ 
On  the   14th  of  May  they  made  the  land, 
and   met  with  a  fhallop  of  European  fabric, 
in  which  were   eight  favages,  one  of  whom 
was  drcfled  in  European  clothes ;  from  which 
they  concluded  that  fome  unfortunate  fifher- 
men  of  Bifcay  or  Brittany,  had  been  wrecked 
on  the  coaft. 

P  4  The 


I  s 


■B§ 


■i  0* 


(i;l  f 


232 


GO    S    N    O    L    D. 


The  next  day  they  had  again  fight  of  land, 
which  appeared  like  an  iiland,  by  reafon  of  a 
large  found  which  lay  between  it  and  the 
main.  This  found  they  called  Shole  Hope. 
Near  this  cape  they  took  a  great  number  of 
cod,  from  which  circumflance  they  named 
the  land  Cafe  Cod,  It  is  defcribed  as  a  low 
fandy  (hore  in  the  latitude  of  42*.  The  Cap« 
tain  went  on  ihore  and  found  the  fand  very 
deep.  A  young  Indian,  with  plates  of  copper 
hanging  to  his  ears,  and  a  bov/  and  arrows  in 
his  hand,  came  to  him,  and  in  a  friendly  man- 
lier offered  his  fervice.''  -  «- -f  **  «^f»«^|/*i#j  .^^.^ 

On  the  1 6th,  they  coafted  the  land  fouth- 
erly,  and  at  the  end  of  twelve  leagues  difcov- 
ered  a  ppint,  with  breakers  at  a  diftance ;  and, 
in  attempting  to  double  it,  came  fuddenly  in- 
to (hoal  water,  Tp  this  point  of  land  they 
gave  the  nam?  of  Point  Care ;  it  is  now  calU 
ed  Sandy  Point,  and  forms  the  foutheaflern 
extremity  of  the  county  of  Bamftable,  in 
Mailachuietts.  *  ^'^-^  *:,v*^  ;^ .  ^^  .,.*;&>.* 
*^'  Finding  themfelves  furrpunded  by  ihoals 
and  breakers,  they  lay  at  anchor  till  they  had 
examined  the  coafl  and  foundings  in  their 
boat ;  during  which  time  fome  of  the  natives 
m^dc  them  a  vifit.     One  of  them  bad  a  pla^e 

of 


GO     S    N    O    L    D/ 


«33 


of  copper  over  his  bread,  a  foot  in  length  and 
half  a  foot  in  breadth ;  the  others  had  pend- 
ants of  the  fame  metal  at  their  ears  :  they  all 
had  pipes  and  tobacco,  of  which  they  were 
very  tona..  i^.  jiiin^^  'iii'i;*it!iswt.N  \9ut  ■■^^jm^t  %;fi*?  'f%^v\. 

In  furveyin'':  the  coail  they  difcovered 
breakers  lying  oJa  point  (^land,  which  they 
denominated  Gilbert's  Point ;  it  is  now  call- 
ed Point  Gammon,  and  forms  ^he  eaftera  fide 
of  the  harbour  of  Hyennes.        :;.  . ;  /  r    7-^^  i 

On  the  19th  they  paiTed  the  breach  of  Gil- 
bert's Point,  in  four  and  five  fathoms  of  water, 
and  anchored  a  league  or  more  to  the  wefl- 
ward  of  it.  Several  hummocks  and  hills 
appeared,  which  at  firft  were  taken  to  be 
iflands  ;  thefe  were  the  high  lands  of  Barnfta-. 
ble  and  Yarmouth.  .»h^.,~  .  *  -Hv  .v  iv  ^^ 
.  To  the  weft  ward  of  Gilbert's  Point,  ap- 
peared an  opening,  which  Gofnold  imagined 
to  have  a  communication  with  the  fuppofed 
found  which  he  had  feen  weftward  of  Cape 
Cod;  he  therefore  gave  it  the  fame  name 
Shole  Hope ;  but  finding  the  water  to  be  no 
more  than  three  fathoms  deep,  at  the  diftance 
of  a  league,  he  did  not  attempt  to  enter  it. 
From  this  opening,  the  land  tended  to  the 
fouthweft ;   and,  in  coailing  it,  they  came  to 

an 


Um 


IM   .1. 


234 


G     O     S    N     O     L    D. 


an  ifland  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of 
Martha* s  Vineyard.  This  ifland  is  defcribed 
as  "diftant  eight  leagues  from  Shole  Hope> 
five  miles  in  circuit,  and  uninhabited;  full 
of  wood,  'liines  and  berries :  here  they  faw 
deer  and  took  abundance  of  cod."  .4  .^^^^ 
^  From  their  ftation  off  this  ifland,  where 
they  rode  in  eight  fathoms,  they  failed  on  the 
24th  \  and  doubled  the  cape  of  another  ifland, 
next  to  it,  which  they  called  Dover  cliff: 
this  courfe  brought  them  into  a  found,  where 
they  anchored  for  the  night,  and  the  next 
morning  fent  their  boat  to  examine  another 
cape,  which  lay  between  them  and  the  main^ 
from  which  projcdeda  ledge  of  rocks,  a  mile 
into  the  fea,  but  all  above  water,  and  not  dan- 
gerous. Having  pafl^ed  round  them,  they 
came  to  anchor  again,  in  one  of  the  finefl; 
founds,  which  they  had  ever  feen  3  and  to 
which  they  gave  the  name  of  Gofnold's  Hope. 
On  the  northern  £de  of  it  was  the  main ;  and 
on  the  fouthcrn,  parallel  to  it,  at  the  diftance 
of  four  leagues,  was  a  large  ifland  which  they 
called  Elizabeth,  in  honor  of  their  Queen. 

determined  to  tal 


they 


up 


their  abode  ;  and  pitched  upon  a  fmall  woody 
jflet  in  the  middle  of  a  frefh  pond,  as  a  fafe 


pi 


ace 


G    O    S    N    O    L    t). 


235 


place  to  build  their  fort.     A  little  to  the 

northward  of  this  large  ifland  lay  a  fmal!  one 

half  a  mile  in  compafs,  and  full  of  cedars. 

This  they  called  Hill's  Hap.     On  the  op- 

pofite  northern  (horc  appeared  another  fimi- 

lar  elevation  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of 
Hap's  Hill.  "^-'  9ilii^»inL*yi>s^'. bl4ftr»>/«i^cliOJ?iia^^ 

'^  By  this  defcription  of  the  coaft  it  is  evident 
that  the  found  into  which  Gofnold  entered 
was  Buzzard's  Bay.  The  ifland  which  he 
called  Martha's  Vineyard,  was  not  that  which 
now  goes  by  that  name,  but  a  fmall  ifland, 
the  cafternmoft  of  thofe  which  are  known  by 
the  name  of  Elizabeth's  ^flands.  It  is  called 
by  the  Indians  NenimiflTett;  its  prefent  cir*- 
cumference  is  about  four  miles,  but  it  has 
doubtlefs  been  diminiflied  fmce  Gofnold's 
time,  by  the  force  of  the  tides  which  fct  into 
and  out  of  the  bay  with  great  rapidity.  Its 
natural  produdions  and  pleafant  fituation  an- 
fwer  well  to  his  defcription;  and  deci*  are 
frequently  feen  and  hunted  upon  it  :  but 
none  were  ever  known  to  have  been  on  the 
great  ifland,  now  called  Martha's  Vineyard; 
which  is  above  twenty  miles  in  length  and 
was  always  full  of  inhabitants.  For  what 
reafon  and  at  what  time  the  name  was  tranf- 

'    "         ferred 


236        G    O    S    N    O    L    D. 

ferred  from  the  one  to  the  other,  I  have  not 
yet  learned.     - 

The  clifF  named  Dover  is  fuppofed  to  be 
the  eaftern  head  of  a  fmall  ifland  which  was 
called  by  the  natives  Onky  Tonky,and  is  now 
corrupted  into  Uncle  Timmy.  The  rocky 
ledge  is  called  Rattlefnake  Neck.  Hill's 
Hap  confifls  now  of  two  very  fmall  iilands 
called  Wicpeckets.  There  is  every  appear- 
ance that  thefe  were  formerly  united;  and 
there  are  now  a  few  cedars  on  them.  Hap's 
Hil],  on  the  oppoflte  part  of  the  main»  is  a 
fmall  elevated  iiland,  of  an  oval  form,  near  the 
mouth  of  a  river  which  pafTes  through  the 
towns  of  Wareham  and  Rochefter.  It  is  a 
confpicuous  objedt  to  navigators,     i       -l  « 

The  ifland  on  which  Gofnold  and  his  comr 
pany  took  up  their  abode,  is  now  called  by  its 
Indian  name  NauQiaun,  and  is  the  property  of 
the  Honourable  James  Bowdoin,  of  ]^of- 
ton,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  thefe  remarks 
on  Gofnold's  journal,  which  is  extant  at  large 
in  Purchas's  colledtions.*  ,,rH;  i  -   1*^  >*  -- 

Near  the  fouthweft  end  of  Nau(haun  is  a 
large  freih  pond  ;  fuch  an  one  as  anfwers  to 
Gofnold's  defcription,  excepting  that   there  is 

no 

•  Vol.  V,  p,  1647. 


n  isa 
rs  to 
Here  is 
no 


G    O    S    N    O    L    D.        237 

no  iflet  in  the  middle  of  it.  T^ie  (hore  is 
Tandy  ;  but  what  revolution  may  have  taken 
place  within  the  fpace  of  almoft  two  centuries 
pad,  we  cannot  fay*  '..  <.  J  ;, 
*^  Whilft  fome  of  Oofnold's  men  laboured  in 
building  a  fort  and  ftore  houfe  on  the  fmall 
iHand  in  the  pond,  and  a  flat  boat  to  go  to  it  $ 
he  crofled  the  bay  in  his  vefTel  and  difcovered 
the  mouths  of  two  rivers  :  one  was  that  near 
which  lay  Hap's  Hill,  and  the  other,  that,  on 
the  fhore  of  which  the  town  of  New-Bedford 
is  now  built.  .       , 

,  After  Ave  days  abfence,  Gofnold  returned 
to  the  ifland  and  was  received  by  his  people 
with  great  ceremony ;  on  account  of  an  Indian 
chief  and  fifty  of  his  men  who  were  there  on 
a  vifit.  To  this  chief  they  prefented  a  draw 
hat  and  two  knives ;  the  hat  he  little  regarded ; 
but  the  knives  were  highly  valued.  They 
feafled  thefe  favages  with  fifh  and  muflard, 
and  diverted  themielves  with  the  effe£l  of  the 
muftard  on  their  nofes.  One  of  them  flole  a 
target,  but  it  was  reftored.  They  did  not  ap- 
pear to  be  inhabitants,  but  occafional  vifitants 
at  the  ifland,  for  the  fake  of  gathering  (hell- 
fifh.     Four  of  them  remained,  after  the  others 

I  were 


,^■•■ 


yf.    i 


'i  » 


^38 


G     O    S     N     O     L     D. 


were  gone,  ftnd  helped  the  £ngli(h  to  dig  th« 
roots  of  falTafras  ;  with  which,  as  well  as  the 
furs  which  thejr  bought  of  the  Indians,  the 

vefTel  was  loaded. 

'  After  fpending  three  weeks  in  preparing  a 
ftore  houfe,  when  they  came  to  divide  their 
provifion,  there  was  not  enough  to  visual  the 
(hip,  and  to  fubfift  the  planters  till  the  fhip's 
return.  Somejealoufy  alfo  arofe  about  the 
intentions  of  thofe  who  were  going  back} 
and  after  five  diiys  confultation  they  determin- 
ed to  give  up  their  defign  of  planting,  and  re- 
turn to  ErTJgland.  On  the  eighteenth  of  June 
they  failed  out  of  the  bay  through  the  fame 
paflage  by  which  they  had  entered  it  j  and  on 
the  twenty  third  of  July  they  arrived  at  Ex- 
mouth,  in  thewefl  of  England. 

Gofnold's  intention  was  to  have  remained 
with  a  part  of  his  men,  and  to  have  fent  Gil- 
bert, the  fecond  in  command,  to  England,  for 
farther  fupplies ;  but  half  of  fo  fmall  a  com- 
pany would  not  have  been  a  fufficient  num- 
ber to  refill  the  ravages,had  they  been  difpofed 
to  attack  them. 

After  his  return  to  England  he  was  inde- 
fatigable in  his  endeavours  to  forward  the  fet*^ 


-^  1 


tling 


G    O     S    N    O    L    D. 


239 


fettling  of  a  colony  in  America,  and  was  one 
of  thoTe  who  embarked  in  the  next  expedi- 
tion for  Virginia,  where  he  had  the  rank  of  4 
Counfellor,  and  where  he  died  in  the  year 
1607, 


XII.  JOHN 


■■Tfe 
r  ■ 


'S.'IS 


Vi 


«' 


I » il 


140 


|J5i; 


XII.    JOHN    S  M  I  T  Hi 


•i'-tti  yi 


.  .^s^-^n 


Though  the  carly  part  of  the  life 
of  this  extraordinary  man  was  fpent  in  foreign 
travels  and  adventures  which  have  no  refer- 
ence to  America ;  yet  the  incidents  of  that 
period  fo  ftrongly  mark  his  chara'^er,  and 
give  fuch  a  tindhire  to  his  fubiequent  adions, 
and  are  v^ithal  fo  flngular  in  themfelves,  that 
no  reader  (it  is  prefumed)  will  cenfurtf  the  in- 
troduction of  them  here  as  impertinent.  "^"^' 
He  was  born  at  Willoughby,  in  Lincoln- 
shire, in  the  year  1 579.*  From  the  firft  dawn 
of  reafon,  he  difcovered  a  roving  and  roman- 
tic genius,  and  delighted  in  extravagant  and 
daring  anions  among  his  fchool  fellows. 
When  about  thirteen  years  of  age,  he  fold  his 
books  and  iatchel,  and  his  puerile  trinkets,  to 

*  This  is  deUrmlned  by  an  infcriptlon  annexed  to  his  portrait  on 
his  map  of  New-England        ■"  i£tat  37.  Anno  1616." 

This  portrait  reprefents  him  clad  in  armour  and  under  it  are 
ihcfc  verfcs :  ■— -■^-  ■  '•■  -^     *''^'--  '        '-  ■  ^*--  ,^^    ;  ^.^  •  " '  -.■  ^  r" 

u    "  Such  are  the  lines  that  Aew  thy  (ace  ;  1>ut  thofe  ^  * '^■-  ' 
That  Ihcw  thy  grace  and  glory  brighter  bee  ;       ,%'*?W^4 
Thy  faire  difcoveries  and  fowle  overthrowes 

Of  falvages  much  civilized  by  thee,  '   ^^^ '**^ ' 

Bcft  flicvr  thy  fpirit,  and  10  it  glory  win,      ^'*^^*  fel'^isv* 
So  thou  arc  brajfe  without,  but  golde  within," 


y^' 


,<>  1 


^rtnitoQ 


S    M    I    T    H.  241  , 

raiie  nidh^',  with  a  view  tb  conv^  himfell' 
privately  to  fea  1   but  the  death  of  his  father' 
put  a  flop  for  theprefent  to  this  attempt,  and   * 
threw  him  into  the  hands  of  guardiansywho  en- 
deavoured to  check  the  ardour  of  his  genius^by  < 
confining  him  to  a  compting  houCe.  Being  put  , 
apprenticetoa  merchant  at  Lynn,  at  the  age  ^ 
of^fteen,  heat  fifft  conceived  h:^>es  that  his  4 
mader  would  fend  him  to  fea  in  his  iervice» 
but  thi^  hope  failing,  he  quitted  his  mafter» 
and  witl^  only  ten  Aiillings  in  his  pocket»  en«  . 
tered  into  the  train  of  a  young  nobleman  who 
was  travelling  to  France.     At  Orleans  he  was 
discharged  from  his  attendance  on  lord  Bertie, 
and  had  money  given  l^m  to  return  to  Eng- 
land.    With  this  money  he  vifited  Paris,  and 
proceeded  to  the  Low  Countries,  where  he  en- 
lifted  as  a  foldier,  and  learned  the  rudiments 
of  war,  a  fcience  peculiarly  agreeable  to   hh 
ardent  and  active   genius.      Meeting   with  a 
Scots    gsfitleman    abroad,  he   was    perfuad^ 
to  pafs  into  Scotland,  with  the  promife  of  be- 
ing Wrongly  recommended  to  King  James  ^ , 
but  being  baffled  in  this  cxpedation,   he  re- 
turned to  his  native  town,  and  finding   no 
company   there  which  fuited  his  tafte,   he 
built  a  booth  in  a  wood,  and  betook  himfelf 


£^' 


,..r 


:vj: 


.•i-jfnKl|^  "^«0ff  ^ft:-'i^;^1-*^^^^'M-%|£' 


)^u 


(.( 


242 


$    M    I    T    H. 


to  the  ftudy  of  military  hiftoiy  and  tadics,  di* 
verting  lumfelf  at  intervals  with  his  horfe  and 
lance ;  in  which  exercife  he  at  length   found 
acompaniony  an  Italian  gentleman,rider  to  the 
e;irl  of  Lincoln,  who  drew  hii?i  fr^pijM^^^^- 
van  retirement  to  TatteHal.  -■}  ^^.. 
■'.  Having  recovered  a  part  of  the  eilate  which 
bis  father  had  left  him,  he  put  himfelf  into 
^  better  condition  than  before,  .  and  fet  off 
^gain  on  his  travels,  in  the  winter  of  the  year 
1596,    being  then  only  feventeen  years  of 
age.      His   firfl  ibge  was  Flanders,  where 
meeting  with  a  Frenchman  who  pretended  to 
be  heir  to  a  noble  family,  he,  with  his  three 
attendants,  prevailed  upon  Smith  to  go  with 
them  to  France.     In  a  dark  night  they  arrived 
at  St.,  Valery  in  Picardy,  and,  by  the  conni- 
vance of  the  (hip  maiikpr,  the,  Frenchmen  were 
carried  aihore  with  the  trunks  of  pur  young 
traveller,  whilO:  he  was  left  on  board  till  the 
return  of  the  boat. ,   In  the  mean  time  they 
had  conveyed  the  baggage  out  of  his  reach, 
and  were  not  to  be  fuund.     A  iailor  on  board, 
who  knew  the  villains,  generoufly  undertook 
to  conduct  him  to  Mortaine  where  they  lived, 
and  fupplied  his  wants  till  their  arrival  at  the 
place.     Here  he  fc^nd  their  friends,  from 
whom  he  could  gain  no  recompence ;  but  the 

report 


ii- 

ind 
Lnd 
the 
fyl- 
~* 
[lich 
into 
off 
year 

s  of 
/here 
edto 
three 
with 
rrivcd 
onni- 

wcrc 
roung 
II  the 

they 
jreach, 
Iboard, 
lertook 

lived, 

at  the 
from 

>ut  the 

»rt 


S    M.lcT    H.  faJfs. 

report  of  his  fuflferiags  indaced  feveral  perfons 
^df  dtftin£tiOn  to  invite  him  to  their  houfesv 
^  Eager  to  purfuehis  travels^and  not  carin^^to 
"^receive  favours  which  he  Was  unable  to  re- 

quite^  he  left  his  new  friends  and   went  from 

port  to  port  in  fearch  of  a  (hip  of  war.     In 

one  of  ihefe  rambles^  near  Dinan,  it  v^s  his 
'^ichance  to  meet  one  of  the  villains  who  had 
^^robbed  him*  Without  fpeaking  a  word, 
^they  both  drew  ;  and  Smith  having  wouhd- 
^  ed  and  difarmed  his  antagoniil,  obliged   him 

t  c  ')nfers  his  guilt  before  a  number  of  pl^r- 
■  !,.,>»  who  had  afifembled  on  the  occaiion.  Sat- 
'  isfied  with  his  victory,  he  retired  to  the  feat 
^  of  an  acquaintance,  the  earl  of  Ployer,  who 
^  had  been  brought  up  in  England^  and  having 

received  fupplies  from  him,  he  travelled  along 
^  the  French  coaftto  Bjiyonne,andfrom  thence 
k  crofTed  over  to  Marfeilles ;  viiiting  and  obferv- 
'  ing  every  thing  in  his  way  whkh  had  any 
V  reference  to  naval  or  military  architecture*  v^ 
'*;jt!.Aif  iMarfeilles  he  embarked  for  Italy,   in 

'  company  with  a  rlW)le  of  pilgrims.  The 
^  fhip  was  forced  by  a  temfieft  into  the  harbour 
^  of  Toulon,  and  afterward  was   obliged   by  a 

*  contrary   wind   to  anchor  under    the    little 

*'   ifland  of  St.  Mary,  off  Nice,  in  Savoy.     The 

bigotry  of  the   pilgrims   made    them  afcribe 

Q   2  their 


t 


I  \ 


\l- 


<* 


244 


.^1  M    I    T    H. 


,,<f 


theiiriH  fortvme  to  dac  prefcnce  of  a  heretic  on 
htmd,  Tfae^  tdevoDtly  curfed  Smithy  and  his 
QgC(  it  Elitkbich,.  and  ka  fit  of  pious  rage 
threw  him  into  the  fisi.  He  fwam  to  the 
Hknd/  and  the  next  day  was'  takkea  on  bojerd  1i 
flnp  of' St.  Malo  vhkh  had  al£jiput  in  there 
for  (heUer^  The  mailer  of  the  (hip,  trho  wad 
well  known  to  his  nobte  friend  the  6ar]  of 
Flo^r,sn^tained  hkit  kindly,and  o*rried  him 
to  Alexandria  in  Bgypt  $  from  thence  he 
coafled  the  Levant ;:  Sttti  oh  hit  retbrn  had 
the  high  fatisfa€tion<  of  a  naval  engagement 
with  a  Venetian  Ihip,  which  they  tdok  and 
ti&sd  d6  her  rich  cargo*  Smith  was  fit-  on 
ihore  at  Antibcs  with  %"'  b&x  of  a  thoufand 
chequinsi  (about  2ooo  d^lars)  by  the  hdp 
of  which  he  made  the  too?  of  Italy,  croSkd 
the  Adrktic  and  travcMed  into  Stiria,  to  the 
feat  of  Ferdinand,  Archdi\ke  of  Auflria.  Here 
hemet  with^  an  EnglifH  and  an  Iri^Jeiuit 
who  introditced  him  to  lord  £ber(|)a{ighta 
baron  Kixel  and  other  o^ers  of  diftinfUon, 
and  here  he  fotind  faft<#ope  for  his  gtaius ; 
for  the  emperor  b^ng  then  at  war  with  the 
Turks,  he  entered  into  his  army  as  a  vol- 
.  unteer.  : ^^^  ■4:/^^^^%  oi^ ; |,V;  .^  ,^yt^ 


'■rmii 


^Kfe     \-^ 


*:«  Hehad  comdMi^uca^d  |o  Ehp^f^ught  a 
mtthod  pf  ooa vqifing  at  a  diiHnoc  }>y  figaals 
ynad^  "w'uh  torches,  which  being  ^^naie)^ 
ihown  and  hidden  a  certaia  nvunber  of  times, 
tdefigaated  ev^pry  letter  o£  the  alphabet.  He 
Jud  foot!  after  an  qppoftiinity  of  making  the 
i^xiperinaeat.  Eberi^gbt  bei^g  bi^dcged  by 
the  Turks;  in  the  ilrei^  towa  of  Oiimpach^ 
was  cut  ofF  from  all  Intelligence  and  hope  of 
iuccour  from  his  friends*  Smith  propo^ 
his  method  of  coaimunicatioa  to  baron  Kijse], 
who  approved  it,  and  allowed  him  to  put  it 
in  pradlice.*  He  was  conveyed  by  a  guard  to  a 
hill  within  view  of  the  town>  atod  fii^iently 
remote  from  the  Turkiih  camp*  At  the  dif- 
play  of  the  fignal,  Eberfpaught  knew  and  an- 
fwered  it,  and  Smith  conveyed  to  him  this 
inteiligenoe^,  <t,Thurfday  night,  ly^  charge 

"'•  The  raetliod  is  this.  Firft,  three  torches  are  fliown  In  a 
4ine  cqai-dfflant  ffom  etch  other,  which  are  ;inf\vered  by  three 
others  in  the  fame  manner.  Theu  the  mefiage  being  written  as 
briefly  as  poIHble,  and  the  alphabet  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
letters  from  A  to  L  are  figiiJfied  by  ftiowing  and  hiding  owe  light, 
as  often  as  there  are  letters  fVom  A  to  that  letter,  which  you 
mean.  The  letters  from  M  to  Z  by^wo  lights  in  the  fame  man- 
ner. The  end  of  a  word  is  fignified  by  Ihowing  three  lights.  At 
every  letter,  the  light  flands  till  the  other  party  may  write  it  down 
and  anfv^cr  by  his  fignal,  which  is  one  light. 

Q.  3 


24^ 


#'M    I    T    H. 


on  the  Eaft  >  at  the  alarm  &lly  tfaoii/'  The 
anfwcr  was  *•'  I  will/'  Juft  before  the  at- 
tack, by  Sciiith^s  adWce^agreat  number  of 
falfe  fires  were'  made  on  another  quarter^ 
which  divided  the  attention  of  the  enemy  and 
gave  advantage  to  the  a^lants  ;  who,  be- 
ing aflifted  by  a  Tally  from  the  town,  killed 
many  of  the  Turks^  drove  others  into  the 
river,  and  threw  fuccours  into  the  place, 
which  obliged  the  enemy  the  next  day  to  raife 
the  fiege.  This  well  conduced  exploit,  pro- 
duced to  our  young  adventurer,  the  command 
of  a  company,  confifling  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  horfemen  in  the  regiment  of  count  Mel- 
drick,  a  nobleman  of  Tranfylvania.-^-**^^  •'**»= 
*  The  regiment  in  which  he  fcrvcd  being  en- 
gaged in  fcvcral  hazardous  enterprizes.  Smith 
was  foremcfl  in  all  dangers  and  diflinguifhed 
himfelf  both  by  his  ingenuity  and  by  his  val- 
our ^  and  when  Meldrick  left  the  Imperial 
army,  and  pailed  into  the  fcrvice  of  his  native, 
prince.  Smith  followed  him.  -/  .^.-n^u,^*^ 
At  the  fiege  of  Regal,  the  Ottomans  derided 
the  (low  approaches  of  the  Tranfylvanian 
^rmy,and  fent  a  challenge,  purporting  that  the 
lord  Turbiiha,  to  divert  the  ladies,  would 
fight  any  fingle  Captain  of  the  Chriflian  troops. 

'  The 


'''m' 


SMITH, 


247 


,  The  honour  of  accepting  this  challenge,  being 

.  determined  by  lot^  fell  on  Captain   Soaith  ; 

?>  who,  meeting   his  antagoniil  on  hor&back» 

j  vithin  view  of  the  ladies  on  the  battlements^ 
at  the  found  of  mufic  began  the  encounter, 
and  in  t  fhort  time  killed  him,  and  bore  away 

this  head  in  triumph  to  his  general  the  lord 
Moyzes*.'* '  »g*i^(i«j '  tmmi'^  ut'^iMWiif^i^^,ii&^^^ 

;^9  The  death  of  the  chief  fo  irritated  his  friend 
Grualgo,  that  he  fent  a  particular   challenge 

,  to  the  conqueror,  who,  meeting  him  with 
the  fame  ceremonies,  after  a  fmart  combat, 
took  off  his  head  alfo.  Smith  then  in  his 
turn  fent  a  mefTage  into  the  town,  informing 

,  the  ladies,  that  if  they  wiihed  for  more  diver- 
iion,  they  fhould  be  welcome  to  his  head,  in 
cale  tb^iir  third  Chamf  ^a  could  take  it. 
This  chaijicnge  was  accepted  by  Bonamolgro, 
who  unhorfed  Smith  and  was  near  gaining 
the  vidtory.      But  remounting  in  a  critical 

,  moment,  he  gave  the  Turk  a  ftroke  with  his 
faulchion  which  brought  him  to  the  ground, 
and  his  head  was  added  to  the  number.  For 
thefe  (ingular  exploits  he  was  honoured  with 
a  military  proceHion,  confiiling  of  fix  thoufand 

"men,  three  led  horfes,  and  the  Turks*  heads 
on  the  poiats  of  three  lances.  With  this  ce- 
-'0^4        *  remony 


^■. 


vijrr 


1^48  SMITH. 

rembny  Smith  wis  conduced  to  the  pavilion 
of  his  general,  who^   after  embracing  him» 
prefented  him  with  a  horfe  richly  furniflied> 
g  fcymitar    and  belt  worth    three  hundtvd 
ducats,  and  a  commiflion  to  be  major  in  his 
regiment.     The  prince  of  Tranfylvankiy  aftftr 
the  capture  of  the  place,  made  hhn  a  l^rdbut 
of  his  pidture  fet  in  gold,  and  a  penfion  of 
three  hundred  ducats  per  annum,  afnd  mortover 
granted  him  a  coat  of  arms  bearing   tinte 
Torks'  heads  in  a  (hield*     The  patent  Ms 
admitted    s^nd    recorded    in  the  college  of 
Heralds  in   England,  by  Sir   Henry  Segar, 
garter  king  3t  arms.    6mith  was  always  prcad 
of  this  diftinguiihing  honour,  and  thefe  aims 
arc  accordingly  blazoned  in  the  frontifpicce 
to  his  hiftory,  with  this  mdttOi  siit  $r?"9v^^f' ^^ 
'"i^v^i**s^^^    f^  Vincert,  eji  vivereA-^'i^rtMi^.  ink 
After  this,  the  Tranfylvanian  army  was  de- 
feated by  a  body  of  Turks  and  Tartars   near 
Rotenton,  and  many  brave   inen   were  flain, 
among  whom  were  nine  Englifh  and  Scots 
officers,  who,  after  the  fafhion  of  that  day,  had 
entered  into  this  fcrvice,  from  a  religious  zeal 
to  drive  the    Turks   out   of    Chriftendom. 
Smith  was  wounded  in  this  battle  and   lay 
^mpng  the  dead..     His  habit  difcovered  hid:^ 

to 


S    M^I^l*^ 


«# 


^ 


to  the  viBxfts  as  ^  pMfon  of  €6tilkq(ittict\^' 
thxj  iifod  I^M  wdl  t^  his  \vbohd$  w^it  heal- 
ed,  and  then  fold  him  to  the  Hatha  Bbgd^ 
vrho  {akt  hiatal a|9refent  co liis  miArefi  ?>4r^ 
giXgzamla  at  Conftaiitinopk*  acD&vnpahied 
with  a  meEage,  as  Ml  of  vanity  as  Void  of 
triidi,  that  iie  had  conquered  in  hattle  a  Bo- 
hemian  nobleman,  and  prefented  hkh  to  her 
■  as  a-flavcw''>*3a«?ri'iu'<»i«B'Riq  '^m-.m^i^'-^^p-y'^'^-'''^ 

"  The  fttfant  proved  more  acfceptabk  to  fhe 
lady  thiffi  hbr  loed  intended.  She  could  fpeak 
Italian  j  sind  Sn^th,  in  t^t  fenguage,  not'  only 
informed  her  of  la^connff^&nd  quality,  bixt 
converged  wkh  her  in  fo  pleaflng  a  manner  ite 
to  gain  her  ^^Aiions.  The  conn^ion  prov- 
ed ^b  tender,  that  to  fbcureliihi  for  h^rfelf  and 
to  prevent  his  being  ill  Wfed  br  fold  again,  iht 
km  him  to  hfcr  brother  the  Bafha  of  Nalbraitz, 
in  the  country  of  the  Cambrian  Ttu^rs,  on 
the  borders  of  the  fea  of  Afoph.  Her  pre- 
tence was,  that  he  (hould  there  lea^fn  theWiSn- 
nersand  langtiage  as  wdl  sis  religion  of  ihe 
Tartars.  By  the  terms  in  which  ffiie  Yrro'te 
to  her  brother,  he  fufpcdied  her  defign,  and 
refolved  to  difappOint  her.  Within  an  'hour 
after  Smith's  arrival  he  was  fti  ipp6d  ;  his 
head  and  beard  were  fliaven,  an  iron  Collar  was 

put 


^'i*' 


1  I 


-250 


f^yri  T  H. 


put  about  his  neck  ;  he  was  clothed  with  a 
coat  of  hair-cloth,  and  driven  to  labour  among 
other  Chriftian  (laves.  He  had  now  no  hope 
of  redemption,  but  from  the  love  of  his  mif- 
trefs,  who  was  at  a  great  diftance,  and  not  like- 
ly to  be  informed  of  his  misfortune  ;  the 
hopelefs  condition  of  his  fellow  ilaves  could 
not  alleviate  his  defpondency.        /«Mi>  •'> 

In  the  depth  of  his  diflrefs,  an  opportunity 
prcfented  for  an  efcape,  which  to  a  perfon  of 
a  lefs  courageous  and  adventrous  fp^rit  would 
have  provjpd  an  aggravation  of  mifery.  He 
was  employed  in  thrcihing,  at  a  grange,  in  a 
large  field  about  a  league  from  the  houfe  of 
his  tyrant,  who  in  his  daily  vifits  treated  him 
with  abufive  language,  accompanied  with 
blows  and  kicks.  This  was  more  than  Smith 
could  bear,  wherefore  watching  an  opportu- 
nity when  no  other  perfon  was  prefent,  he  lev- 
elled a  ftroke  at  him  with  his  threfhing  in- 
flrumcnt,  which  difpatched  him.  Then  hid- 
ing his  body  in  the  ftraw  and  ihutting  the 
doors,  he  filled  a  bag  with  grain,  mounted  the 
Bafha's  horfc,  and  betaking  himfelf  to  the 
defart,  wandered  for  two  or  three  days,  ig- 
norant of  the  way,  and  fo  fortunate  as  not  to 
meet  with  a  fingle  perfon  who  might  give 
:ii  ,:i;  :i  information 


■(  r 


SMITH. 


25f-t 


rith  a 
imong 
f  hope 
I  mif- 
t  like- 
;  I  the 
could 

:tunity 
fon  of 
would 
wf   rie 
;e,  in  a 
ufe   of 
;d  him 
i  with 
Smith 
portu- 
he  lev- 
g    in- 
n  hid- 
ig   the 
ted  the 
to   the 

l^s,    ig- 

not  to 
It  give 
;ion 


information  of  his  flight.  At  length  he  came 
to  a  pod  ereded  in  a  crofs  road,  by  the  markt) 
on  which  he  found  the  way  to  Mofcovy,  and'' 
in  fixteen  days  arrived  at  Exapolis  on  the  river 
Don-;  where  was  a  Ruiltan  garrifon,  the  com- 
mander of  which  undcrilanding  that  he  was 
a  Chriftian,  received  him  courtcoufly  ;  took 
off  his  iron  collar,  and  gave  him  letters  to  the 
other  governors  in  that  region.  Thus  he 
travelled  through  part  of  Ruilia  and  Poland, 
till  he  got  back  to  his  friends  in  Tranfylvania  i 
receiving  prafents  in  his  way  from  many  per- 
fons  of  diftin^on,  among  whom  he  particu- 
larly mentions  a  charitable  lady,  Callamata, 
being  always  proud  of  his  connexion  with 
that  fex,  and  fond  of  acknowledging  their  fav-.« 
ours.  At  Leipfic  he  met  with  his  colonel,^ 
count  Meldrick,  and  Sigifmund,  prince  of 
Tranfylvania,  who  gave  him  1500  ducats  to 
repair  his  IpfTes.  With  this  mjney  he  was 
enabled  to  travel  through  Germany,  France, 
and  Spain,  and  having  viiited  the  kingdom  of 
Morocco,  he  returned  by  fea  to  England  1 
having  in  his  paflage  enjoyed  the  pleafure  of 
another  naval  engagement.  At  his  arrival  in 
his  native  country  he  had  a  thoufand  ducats 
in  his  purfc,  which,  with  the  intereft  he  had 


y'  -^ 


J  ,v-f'^R-m.  vfi. 


remaming 


it!   ** 


I 


252 


SMITH. 


remaining  in   England,   he  devoted  to  feck 
adventures   and  make  difcoveries   in  North 

Am  erica.      t*«*H4 •  *  "i^  MiW^^  -wl^  ».«*»l«ki  Wu* 

*'  Bartholomew  Gofnold  having  conceived  a 
^vourable  idea  of  America,  had  made  it  his 
bufinefs,  on  his  return  to  England,  to  ifolicit 
afli/lance  in  profecuting  difcoveries.  Meet- 
ing with  Captain  Smith,  he  readily  enteird 
into  his  views,  the  employment  being  exactly 
Aiited  to  his  enterprizing  genius.  Having  en«- 
gaged  Edward  Maria  WingfieTd,  a  merchant, 
Robert  Hant,  a  clergyman,  and  feveral  others, 
they  prevailed  upon  a  number  of  noblemen, 
gentlemen,  and  merchants,  to  folicit  a  patent 
from  the  crown,  by  which  the  adventurers  to 
Virginia  became  fubjcfl  to  legal  direftion,and 
had  the  fupport  and  encouragement  of  a 
wealthy  and  refpcdtable  corporation  ;  which 
was  ufually  ftylcd  the  South  Virginia  conipa»- 
ny,  or  the  London  company,  in  diftin^ion 
from  the  Plymouth  company,  who  fuperin- 
tended  the  affairs  of  North  Virginia.  The 
date  of  their  patent  was  April  10,  1606,  and 
on  the  1 9th  of  the  following  December,  three 
/hips,  one  of  one  hundred  .  tons,  another  of 
forty,  and  one  of  twenty,  fell  down  the  river 
Thames  for  Virginia*     The  commander  was 

Chriflopher 


SMITH. 


25s 


to  ffck 

[ORTH 

eivtd  ft 
it  his 

)  foitcit 
Mcct- 

entcftd 
cxadly 
ing  «n*- 
rchant, 
others, 
[)kme«, 
a  patent 
urcrs  to 
ion,  and 

It  of  a 
which 
conipa*- 
Hndtion 
iipcrin- 
.  The 
06,  and 
T,  three 
)thcr  of 
^e  river 
der  was 
)her 


Chriflophcr  Newport,  zn  experienced  mari*. 
ncr.  They  had  on  board  the  ncccflary  pcr- 
fon^  and  provitions  for  a  colony  ;  and  their 
orders  for  government  were  fealed  in  a  box* 
which  was  not  to  be  opened  till  they  ihould 
vrive  in  Virginia..*  s'.vr;.n'/.'\^t  it  n^.^f..^*' 
The  ihip9  were  kept  in  the  Downs  by  bad 
weather  dx  week;s,  and  afterward  had  a  tern* . 
peftuous  voyage*  They  took  the  old  route 
by  the  Canary  and  Caribbee  illands,  and  did 
not  make  the  entrance  of  Cheiapeak  Bay  till 
the  a6th  of  April  1607.  From  the  begin 
ning  of  their  embarkation,  there  was  a  jealou- 
fy  and  diflcntion  among  the  company.  .  Smith 
and  Hunt  were  frieQds>  and  both  w^re  envied 
and  fufpe<^ed  by  the  others.  Hunt  was  ju-r 
dicious  and  patient,  his  office  fecured  him 
from  infqlt.  Smith  was  ardent  and  induilrlT 
ous,  courteous  in  his  deportment,  but  liberal 
in  his  language.  On  fomc  fuggeH  :c  t^s  that 
he  intended  to  ufurp  the  government,  and 
that  his  confederates  were  difperfed  among 
the  companies  of  each  ihip,  he  was  made  a 
prifbner  from  the  time  of  their  leaving  the 
Canaries,  and  was  under  confinement  whea 
they  arrived  in  the  Chefapeak.  When  the 
box  was  opened  it  was  found  that  Bartholor 


TJiiVi 


mew 


m 


i'lt 


254 


SMITH. 


mew    Gofnold*  John  Smith*    Edward    M. 
Wingfield,  Chriftopher  Newport,  John  Rat- 
clifF,   John  Martin,  and  George  Kendal  were 
named  to  be  of  the  council  j  who  were  to  chufe 
a  prefident  from  among  therlfelves  for  one 
year,  and  the  government  was  vefted  in  them^ 
Matters  of  moment  were  to  be  '*  examined  by 
a  jury,  but  determined  by    the  major  part  of 
the   council,  in  which  the  prefident  had  two 
voices."  -    When    the    council  was   fworn, 
Wingfield  was  chofen  prefident,  and  a  decla- 
ration was  made  of  the  reafons  for  which 
Smith  was  not  admitted  and  fworn  among  the 
others. '  ■'■  ^''•;-  :^st'*-^'%  ■  ■  Mf»^''«i  ~'^ms'^'"M?i^ 


S.-t.' 


Seventeen  days  from  their  arrival  were  fpcnt 
in  fceking  a  proper  place  for  their  firft  planta- 
tion. The  fouthern  point  of  the  bay  was 
named  Cape  Henry,  and  the  northern  Cape 
Charles,  in,  honour  of  the  two  fons  of  King 
James.  To  the  firft  great  river  which  they 
difcovcred  they  gave  the  name  of  their  fove- 
reign  ;  and  the  northern  point  of  its  entrance 
was  called  Point  Comfort,  on  accoant  of  the 
good  channel  and  anchorage  which  they  found 
there.  On  the  flats  they  took  plenty  of 
oyfters,  in  fome  of  which  were  pearls ;  and 
on  the  plain  they  found  large  and  ripe  ftraw- 

berries, 


i  M. 
iRat- 
1  were 
>  chufe 
for  one 
them  4 
ned  by 
part  of 
lad  two 
fworn, 
I  decla- 
which 
ong  the 

-'     ^    ■  ' 

re  fpcnt 
planta- 
bay  was 
rn  Cape 
)f  King 
ch  they 
ir  fove- 
lentrance 
of  the 
ey  found 
Icnty  of 
'Is;  and 
»e  ftraw- 
irries, 


S    M    I    T    H;  255 

berrieS)  which  afforded  them  a  delicbus  re- 

Having  met  with  five  of  the  natives,  they 
invited  them   to   their   town,    Kecoughtan, 
where  Hampton  is  now  built.     Here  they 
were  feafted  with  cakes  made  of  Indian  corn, 
and  regaled  with  tobacco  and  a  dr^nce.     In 
return  they  prefented  the  natives  beads  and 
other   trinkets.      Proceeding  up    the   river, 
another  company  of  Indians    ppeared  in  arms. 
Their  chief,  Apamatica,  holding  in  one  hand 
his  bow   and  arrow,  and  in  the  other  a  pipe 
of  tobacco,  demanded  the  caufe  of  their  com- 
ing }  they  made  figns  of  peace,  and  were  hof- 
pitably  received.     On  the  13th  of  May,  they 
pitched  upon  a  ptninfula  where  the  ihips 
could  lie  in  fix  fathom  water,  moored  to  the 
trees,  as  the  place  of  their  intended  fettlement. 
Here  they  were  vifited  by  Pafpiha,  another 
Indian  chief,  v/ho  being  made  acquainted  with 
their  deiign,  offered  them  as  much  land  as 
they  wanted,  and  afterward  ient  them  a  deer 
for  their  entertainment.     On  this  fpot  they 
piched  their  tents,  and  gave  it  the  name  of 

James-town.  .■   »;-.<t<^., ^.}|.t?:.. ■:^'»f-'*»'<^  ,«;-••  *.j«f*- 

Every  man  was  now  employed  either  in 

digging  and  planting  gardens,  or  making  nets, 

or 


n. 


256  S    M    I    T    H, 

or  in  cutting  and  riving  timber  to  rekde  the 
fhips.  The  prefident  at  firfl  would  admit  of 
no  martiil  exercife,  nor  allow  any  fortifica- 
tions to  be  made  excepting  the  boughs  of  treea 
thrown  together  in  the  form  of  1  half  moon. 
Captain  Newport  took  Smith  and  twenty  more 
with  him  to  di(bover  the  head  of  James-river. 
In  fix  days  they  arrived  at  the  falls,  and  ered-* 
ing  a  crc^s,  a^  they  had  at  Cape  Henry,  took 
pofTedion  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  King 
James.  In  this  route  they  vifited  Powha- 
tan, the  principal  Indian  chief,  or  emperor* 
His  town  confiflcd  of  twelve  houfes  pleafantly 
iatui^e  on  a  hill ;  l^efere  which  wfere  three 
i(lahd$,  a  little  below  the  fpot  where  Rich- 
mond ia  now  built.  Captain  Newport  pre- 
iented  i  hatchet  to  this  prince,  which  he 
gratefully  received,  and  when  fbme  of  his  In^ 
dians  murmured  at  the  coming  of  the  £ng« 
lift  among  them,  he  filenced  them  by  faying 
•♦  why  fhould  we  be  offended  ?  they  hurt  us 
not,  no*-  take  any  thing  by  force ;  they  want 
only  a  little  ground  which  we  can  eafily  fpare." 
This  appearance  of  friendihip  was  not  much 
relied  on,  when  at  their  return  to  James-town, 
they  lound  that  the  company  hadbeen  furprif- 
ed  at  their  work  by  a  party  of  Indians,  who 

had 


*; 


I  the 

it  of 

ifica- 

treca 

lOon. 

mora 

river. 

ere£):<* 

took 

King 

peror* 
ifantly 
three 
Rich- 
•t  pre-  . 
ch  he 
is  In- 
Eng» 
faying 
kurt  us 
want 
fparc." 
much 
-town* 
iirprif- 
I,  "who 
had 


SMITH*  25/ 

had  killed  one  and  wounded  feventeen  others » 
A  double  headed  (hot  from  one  of  the  Ihips 
had  cut  off  a  bough  of  a  tree,  which  falling 
among  the  Indians,  terrified  and  difperfed 
them.  This  incident  obliged  the  Prefident 
to  alter  the  plan  of  the  -  fort,  which  was  now 
a  triangular  palifade  with  a  lunette  at  each  an-^ 
gle  j  and  five  pieces  of  artillery  were  mounted 
on  the  works,  which  were  completed  by  the 
1 5th  of  June.  It  was  alfo  found  neceffary  to 
exercife  the  men  at  arms,  to  mount  guard  and 
be  vigilant,  for  the  Indians  would  furprife  and 
moleil  ftragglers,  whilft  by  their  fuperior  a- 
gility  they  would  efcape  unhurt.  a.^-  ^  * 

The  ftiips  being  almoft  ready  to  return,  it 
Was  thought  proper  that  fome  decifion  fhould 
be  had  refpeding  the  allegations  againf^  Smith. 
His  accufers  affe(5led  .commiferation,  and  pre- 
tended to  refer  him  to  thecenfure  of  the  com- 
pany in  England,  rather  than  to  expofe  him, 
to  a  legal  profecution  which  might  injure  his 
reputation  or  touch  his  life.  Smith,  who 
knew  both  their  malice  and  their  impbtence, 
openly  fcorned  their  pretended  pity  and  defied 
their  refentment.  He  had  conducted  himfelf 
fo  unexceptionably  in  every  employment 
which  had  been  allotted  to  him,  that  he  had 
•^  .-*  >  R  rendered 


,•■'*„ 


lie 


I 


.258 


SMITH. 


rendered  himfelf  very  popular ;  and  his  accuf* 
ers  had  by  a  different  condu<ft  loft  the  affec- 
tions and  confidence  of  the  people^  Thofe 
who  had  been  luborned  to  accufe  him  ac- 
kno^yledged  their  faulty  and  difcovcred  the  fc- 
cret  arts  which  had  been  pra^tifed  agaitift 
him.  He  demanded  a  trial,  and  the  iffue 
was,  that  the  Prefident  was  adjudged  to  pay 
him  two  hundred  pounds ;  but  when  his  pro- 
perty was  feized  in  part  of  this  fatisfadtion, 
Smith  generoufly  turned  it  into  the  common 
ftorc,  for  the  benefit  of  the  colony.  Such  an 
£id:ion  could  not  but  increafe  his  popularity. 
Many  other  difficulties  had  arifen  among 
them,  which,  by  the  influence  of  Smith,  and 
the  exhortations  of  Hunt,  their  chaplain. 
Were  brought  to  a  feemingly  amicable  conclu- 
ilon.  Smith  was  admitted  to  his  feat  in  the 
council,  and  on  the  next  Sunday  they  celebrat- 
ed the  communion.  At  the  fame  time  the 
Indians  came  in,  and  voluntarily  defired  peace. 
With  the  good  report  of  thefe  tranfadtions 
Newport  failed  for  England  on  the  22d  of 
June,  promifing  to  return  in  twenty  weeks 
with  frefh  fupplies. 

The  colony  thus  left  in  Virginia  confifted 
of  one  hundred  and  four  pcrfons,  in  very  mif- 
-        '"*  crablc 


SMITH. 


accuf-* 
afFec- 
Thofe 
m  ac- 
the  fe- 
agaitiH 
c  iflue 
to  pay 
is  pro- 
fa^ion, 
)mmon 
)uch  an 
ularity. 
among 
th,  and 
laplain, 
onclu- 

in  the 
;lebrat- 
me  the 

peace, 
adtions 

2  2d  of 

weeks 

onfiiled 
ry  mif- 
crable 


259 


erable  circumftances,  efpecially  on  account  of 
provifionSi  to  which  calamity  their  long 
voyage  did  not  a  little  contribute,  both  as  it 
confamed  their  ftock,  and  deprived  them  of 
the  opportunity  of  fowing  feafonably  in  the 
fpring.  Whilft  the  (hips  remained,  they 
could  barter  with  the  failors  for  bread ;  but 
after  their  departure,  each  man's  allowance 
was  half  a  pint  of  damaged  wheats  and  as 
much  barley,  per  day  :  the  river,  which  at 
the  flood  was  fait,  and  at  the  ebb  was  muddy, 
afforded  them  their  only  drink  ;  it  alfo  fuppli- 
ed  them  with  fturgeon  and  fhellfifti.  This 
kind  of  food,  with  their  continual  labour  in 
the  heat  of  fummer,  and  their  frequent  watch- 
ings  by  night  in  all  weathers,  having  only  the 
bare  ground  to  lie  on  with  but  a  flight  cov- 
ering, produced  difeafes  among  them  ;  which 
by  the  month  of  September  carried  off  fifty 
perfons,  among  whom  was  Captain  Gofnold. 
Thofe  who  remsined  were  divided  into  three 
watches,  of  whom  not  more  than  five  in  each 
were  capable  of  duty  at  once.  All  this  time 
the  Prcfidcnt,  Wingfield,  who  had  ihe  key  of 
the  flores,  monopolized  the  few  refiefhments 
which  remained,  and  was  meditating  to  de- 
fert  the  plantation  privately  in  the  pinnace, 
R  2  and 


f%^w 


260 


SMITH. 


and  remove  to  the  Weft  Indies.     Tliv;^:,  diiags 
rendered  hint  (o  hateful  to  the  rcfl^  that  they 
depofed  him  aiidele(5ted  RatclifFei»i  his  {oojii; 
they  aUo  removed   Kendal     (om  r.i?  pluce  la 
the  council,  fo  that  by  jhc  middle  or'  Septem- 
ber, three  members  only  vfere  left.         .,;u..j- 
RatclifFe,  being  a,  man  of  ^:o  refolution  nor 
adivity,  :»>nimitted  the  manageiaent  of  aF'^irs 
abroad  to  Smith,  in  whom  his  confidei.ee  was 
^ol  ill? r~ faced.     At  the  fame  time  the  Indians 
in  th'^ir  neighbourhood  brought  in  a  plenti- 
ful iupply    of  fuch  provifions  as    they  had, 
which    revived   their  drooping    fpirits ;    and 
Smith  feeing  the  neceffity  of  exertion  to  fe- 
cure  themfelves,  and  provide  for  the  approach- 
ing winter,  partly  by  his  animating  fpeeches, 
but  more  by  his  example,  fet  them  to  work 
in  mowing  and  binding  thatch,  and  in  build- 
ing and  covering  houfes.     In  thefe  exercifes 
he  bore  a  large  fliare,  and  in  a  fhort  time  got 
a  fufficiency  of  houfes  to  make  comfortable 
lodgings  for  all  the  people  excepting  himfelf. 
This  being  done,  and  the  provifions  which  the 
natives  had   brought  in  being  expended,  he 
picked  a  number  of  the  beft  ha\  's  and  em- 

'!  brought 


barked  iji  a  fhallop  which  they 


L^« 


S     M    IT    H. 


26ii  ■ 


t  tbsy 
i  oosn ; 

sptem- 

ion  nor 
p  aFnrs 
iCe  was 
Indians 
plenti- 
cy  had, 
5 ;    and 
I  to  fe- 
proaph- 
>ccches, 
work 
build- 
xercifcs 
me  got 
brtable 
limfelf. 
ich  the 
ded,  he 
nd  em- 
jroQght 
from 


\  >(  ji 


from  England,  to  fearch  the  country  for  a- 
nothcr  fupply.  ,.,  .      ..,. 

The  party  which  accompanied  Smith  in 
this  excurfion,  confifled  of  fix  men,  well  arm- 
ed, but  ill  provided  with  clothing  and  other 
neccffaries.  What  was  wanting  in  equipment 
was  to  be  fupplied  by  refolution  and  addrefs ; 
and  Smith's  genius  was  equal  to  the  attempt. 
They  proceeded  down  the  rivej-  to  Kecoughtan 
[Hampton]  where  the  nativies,  knowing  the 
needy  ftate  of  the  colony,  treated  them  with 
Contempt,  offering  an  ear  of  corn  in  exchange 
for  a  mufket,  or  a  fword,  and  in  like  propor- 
tion for  their  /cant  and  tattered  garments. 
Finding  that  courtefy  and  gentle  treatment 
would  not  prevail,  and  that  nothing  was  to 
be  expected  in  the  way  of  barter,  and  more« 
over  provoked  by  their  contempt,Smith  order* 
ed  his  boat  to  be  drawn  on  fliore  and  his  men 
to  fire  at  them.  The  affrighted  natives  fled 
to  the  woods,  whilft  the  party  fearched  their 
houfes  in  which  they  found  plenty  of  corn  j 
but  Smith  did  not  permit  his  men  to  touch 
iti  e-.  ^ -Ctin?r  that  the  Indians  would  return 
ar'f  attack  them.  They  foon  appeared  to  the 
nutriber  ot  fixty  or  feve  ity,  formed  into  & 
fquare  carrying   their  idol   okee,    compofed 


R 


ot 


/^ 


262 


SMITH. 


r'!f 


of  fkins,  fluffed  with  mofs  and  adorned  with 
chains  of  copper.  They  were  armed  with 
clubs  and  targets,  bows  and  arrows,  and  ad- 
vanced, linging,  to  the  charge. ,  The  party  re- 
ceived them  with  a  volley  of  fhot,  which 
brought  feveral  of  them  to  the  ground  and 
their  idol  among  them  ;  the  reft  fled  again 
to  the  woods,  from  whence  they  fent  a  depu- 
tation to  offer  peace  and  redeem  their  god. 
Smith,  having  in  his  hands  fo  valuable  a 
pledge,  was  able  to  bring  them  to  his  own 
terms ;  he  flipulated  that  fix  of  them  fhould 
come  unarmed,  and  load  his  boat  with  corn, 
and  on  this  condition  he  would  be  their  friend 
and  give  them  hatchets,  beads  and  copper. 
Thefe  flipulations  were  faithfully  performed 
on  both  fides ;  and  the  Indians  in  addition 
prefcjited  them  with  venifon,  turlries,  and 
other  birds ;  and  continued  fmging  and  danc- 
ing till  their  departure.  '  t 

The  fuccefs  of  this  attempt  encouraged 
him  to  repeat  his  cxcurfions  by  land  and  wa- 
ter ;  in  the  courfe  of  which  he  difcovered 
feveral  branches  of  James-River,  and  particu- 
larly the  Chickahamony,  from  whofe  fertile 
banks  he  hoped  to  fupply  the  colony  with 
provifion.     B^t  induftry  abroad  will  not  make 

d  fiouri filing 


S    M     I    T     H. 


263 


Iwith 
I  with 
nd  ad- 
irty  rc- 
which 
id  and 
d  again 
I  depu- 
ir  god. 
Liable  a 
xis  own 
,  (hould 
h  corn, 
ir  friend 
copper, 
rformed 
iddition 

ss,   and 

d  danc- 

*'' ' ' 

ouraged 
and  wa- 
fcovered 
particu- 
fe  fertile 
ny  with 
ot  make 
jfhing 


. 


a  flouriOiing  plantation  without  economy  at 
home.  What  he  had  taken  pains  and  rifqued 
his  life  to  provide,  was  carelefsly  and  wanton  J^ 
ly  expended ;  the  traffic  with  the  natives  be-< 
ing  under  no  regulation,  each  perfon  made  his 
own  bargain,  and  by  out  bidding  each  other 
they  taught  the  Indians  to  fet  a  higher  value 
on  their  commodities,  and  to  think  themfelvcs 
cheated  when  they  did  not  all  get  the  fame 
prices.  This  bred  a  jealoufy  and  fowed  the 
feeds  of  a  quarrel  with  them,  whicl>  the  colo- 
ny were  in  a  poor  condition  to  maintain,  bet- 
ing at  variance  among  themfelves.      ..,  ,  ^^^  . 

-(The  (hallop  being  again  fitted  for  a  trading 
voyage,  whilft  Smith  was  abroad  on  one  of 
his  ufual  rambles,  and  the  people  being  dif-* 
contented  with  the  indolence  of  RatclifFe, 
their  prefident,  and  the  long  ficknefs  of  Mar- 
tin; Wingfield  and  Kendal,  who  had  been 
difplaced,  took  advantage  of  Smith's  abfence, 
and  confpired  with  fome  malcontents  to  run 
away  with   the  veffel  and  gq  to  England. 

Smith  returned  unexpededly,  and  the  plot 
was  difcovered.  To  prevent  its  execution, 
recourfe  was  had  to  arms,  and  Kendal   was 

killed,     /mother  attempt  of  the  fame  kind 

was         je  by  Ratcliffc  himfelf,   aflifted  by 
.,  R  4  Archer  ^ 


%64  SMITH. 

Archer  j  but  Smith  found  means  to  defeat 
this  alfo  tiw  :•  -tcrmineJ  to  keep  poflcflion 
of  the  country,  the  value  of  which  was  daily 
rifing  in  his  eftimation ;  not  only  as  a  fourcc 
of  wealth  to  individuals,but  as  a  grand  nation- 
al obje6l ;  and  he  k liw w  umi  gt .it  undertake 
iogs  could  not  be  accomplifhed  without  la^ 
hour  and  perfeverance.     -..,,..  y,  .  *-#  ,  ^i*-. 

As  the  autumn  advanced,  the  waters  were 
covered  with  innumerable  wild  fowl ;  which 
with  the  addition  of  corn,  bean«i,  and  pump- 
kins, procured  from  the  Indians,  changed 
hunger  into  luxury,  and  abated  the  rage  for 
abandoning  the  country.  Smith  had  ^jcen 
once  up  the  river  Chickahamony,  but  becaufe 
he  had  not  penetrated  to  its  fource,  exceptions 
were  taken  to  his  condu6t  as  too  dilatory. 
This  imputation  he  determined  to  remove. 
In  his  next  vovage,  h  •  went  fo  high  that  he 
was  obliged  to  cut  the  trees,  which  had  fall- 
en into  the  river,  to  make  his  way  through  as 
far  as  his  boat  could  fwim.  He  then  left  her 
in  a  fafe  place,  orderin^^  As  men  not  to  quit 
her  until  his  rer.  *  9  then  taking  two  of 
them,  and  two  Indians  fur  guides,  he  proceed- 
ed in  one  of  their  canoes  to  the  meadows  at 
th?  river's  hcad^    and  leaving  his  two  men 

with 


a'  M    I    T    H.  265 

with  the  canoe,  he  went  with  his   Indian 
guides  acroA  the  meadows.     A  party  of  300* 
Indians  below,  had  watched  the  motions  of 
the  boat.     They  firft  furprized  the  draggling' 
crew,  and  made  one  of  them  prtfoner,  from' 
whom  they   learned  that  Smith  was  above. 
They  next  ^ound  the  two  men,  whom  he  had 
left  with  the  canoe,  afleep  by  a  fire,  and  killed 
thcm^    then  having  difcovered  Smith,  they 
wounded  him  in  the  thigh  with  an  arrow. 
Finding  himfelf  thus  aflaulted,  and  wounded, 
he  bound  one  of  his  Indian  guides  with  his 
garters  to  his  left  arm,  and  made  ufc  of  him 
as  1  ihield,  whilft  he  difpatched  three  of  his 
enemies  and  wounded  fome  others.     He  was 
retreating  to  his  canoe,  when  regarding  his 
enfmies,  more  than  his  footftcps,  he  fuddcn- 
ly  i  lunged  with  his  guide  into  an  oozy  creek,' 
and  ftuck  faft  in  the  mud.     The  Indians  af- 
toniOied  at  his  bravery  did  not  approach  him, 
till  almoft  dead  with  cold,  he  threw  avay  his- 
arms,  and  begged  them  to  draw  hkn   cut,* 
which  they  did  and  led  him  to  the  fire,  where 
his  flain  companions  were  lying.     This  fight 
admonifhed  hinr»  what  he  was  to  cxpedt.     Be- 
ing revived  by  their  chafing  his  benumbed 
limbs,  he  called  for  their  chief,  Opechanka- 

now. 


266 


SMITH. 


now»  King  of  Patnaunkee,  to  whom  he  pr^-. 
fented  his  ivory  compais  and  diah  The  vi« 
brations  of  the  needle*  and  the  fiy  under  th^ 
glafs,  which  they  could  fee  but  not  touch, 
forded  them  much  amufement ;  and  Smith, 
having  learned  ibmething  of  their  language, 
psurtly  by  means  of  that,  and  partly  by  figns, 
entertained  them  with  a  defcription  of  the 
nature  and  uies  of  the  iilflrument ;  and  gave 
them  fuch  a  tedture  on  the  motions  of  the 
heavens  and  earth,  as  amazed  them,  and  fuf- 
pended  for  a  time,  the  execution  of  their  pur->. 
pofe.  At  length,  curiofity  being  fatiated, 
they  faflened  him  to  a  tree,  and  prepared  to 
4ifpatch  him  with  their  arrows.  At  this  in- 
Aant,  the  chief  holding  up  the  compafs, 
which  he  efleemed  as  a  divinity,  they  laid  £^- 
fide  their  arms,  and  forming  a  military  pro- 
cefTion,  led  him  in  triumph  to  their  village 
Orapaxe.  The  order  of  their  march  was 
thus :  they  ranged  themfelves  in  a  tingle  file, 
the  King  in  the  midd,  before  him  were  borne 
the  arms  taken  from  Smith  and  his  compan- 
ions ;  next  after  the  King,  came  the  prifoner, 
held  by  three  ilout  favages  -,  and  on  each  fide 
a  file  of  fix.  When  they  arrived  at  the  vil- 
lage, the  old  men,  women,  and  children,  came 

out 


8    M    I    T    H, 


367 


out  to  receive  them  ;  after  fome  manoeuvres, 
which  had  the  appearance  of  regularity,  they 
formed  themfelves  round  the  King  and  hit 
prifoner,  into  a  circle,  dancjng  and  finging, 
adorned  with  paint,  furs,  and  fea|her$,  bran-r 
difhing  their  rattles,  which  were  made  of  the 
tails  of  rattlefnakes.  After  three  dances, 
they  difperfed,  and  Smith  was  conduced  to  a 
long  hut,  guarded  by  forty  men.  There  he 
was  fo  plentifully  feared  with  bread  and  veni^ 
fon,  that  he  fufpeded  their  intention  was  to 
fatten  and  eat  him.  One  of  the  Indians,  to 
whom  Smith  had  formerly  given  beads, 
brought  him  a  garment  of  furs,  to  defend  him 
from  the  cold.  Another,  whofe  fon  was  then 
fick  and  dying,  attempted  to  kill  him,  but 
was  prevented  by  the  guard.  Smith  being 
conducted  to  the  dying  yputh,  told  them  that 
he  had  a  medicine  at  James-town,  which 
would  cure  him,  if  they  would  let  him  fetch 
it  3  but  they  had  another  defign,  which  was 
to  furprize  the  pla^e,  and  niakc  ufe  of  him  as 
a  guide.  To  induce  him  to  perform  this  fer- 
vice,  they  promifed  him  his  liberty,  with  as 
much  land,  and  as  many  women,  as  would 
content  him.  Smith  magnified  the  difficulty 
gnd  danger  of  thpir  attempt,fron[i  the  ordnance. 

mines 


263 


glM    I    T    He 


i 


mined  and  other  defences  of  the  place,  which 
exceedingly  terrified  them,  and  to  convince 
them  of  the  truth  of  what  he  told  them,  he 
wrote  on  a  leaf  of  his  pocket  book,  an  inven- 
tory of  what  he  wanted,  with  fome  directions 
to  the  people  at  the  fort,  how  to  affright  the 
meffengers  who  went  to  deliver  the  letter. - 
They  returned  in  three  days,  reporting  the 
terror,  into  which  they  had  been  thrown,  and 
when  they  produced  the  things  for  which  he 
had  written,  the  whole  company  were  afton- 
iihed  at  the  power  of  his  divination  by  the 
Jpeaking  leaf. 

After  this  they  carried  him  through  feveral 
nations,  inhabiting  the  banks  of  the  Potow- 
mack  and  Rapahanock,  and  at  length  brought 
him  to  Pamaunkee;  where  they  performed  a 
ftrange  ceremony,  by  which  they  intended  to 
divine,  whether  his  intentions  toward  them, 
were  friendly  or  hoftile.  The  manner  of  it 
was  this :  early  in  the  morning  a  great  fire  was 
made  in  a  long  houfe,  and  r  mat  fpread  on 
each  fide,  on  one  of  which  he  was  placed,  and 
the  guard  retired.  Prefently,  an  Indian  prieft, 
hideoufly  painted,  and  drefled  in  furs  and  fnake 
fkins,  came  Skipping  in,  and  after  a  variety  of 
uncouth   noifes  and  geftures,  drew  a  circle 

v'ith 


S    M    I    T    H,  26^ 

with  meal  round  the   fire.     Then   came  in 
three  more  in  the  fame  frightful  drefs,  and 
after  they  had  performed   their  dance,  three 
others.     They  all  fat  opposite  to  him  in  a  line, 
the  chief  pricfl:  in  the  midft.     After  Ringing 
a  fong,  accompanied  with  the  mufic  of  their 
rattles,  the  chief  pried  laid  down  five  grains 
of  corn,  and  after  a  (hort  fpeech  three  more; 
this  was  repeated  till  the  fire  was  encircled. 
Then  continuing  the  incantation,  he  laid  {ticks 
between  the  divifions  of  the  corn.   The  whole 
day  was  fpent  in  thefe  ceremonies,    with  fad- 
ing ;  and  at  night  a  feaft  was  prepared  of  the 
bead  meats  which  they  had.    The  fame  tricks 
were  repeated  the  two  following  days.     They 
told  hkn  that  the  circle  of  meal  reprefented 
their  country,  the  circle  of  corn  the  fea  diore, 
and  the  dicks  his  country  ;  they  did  not  ac- 
quaint him,  or  he  1  as  not  acquainted  us  with 
the  refult  of  the  operation     b'lt  he  obferved 
that  the  gunpowder,  which  they  had  taken 
from  him,  wa$  laid  up  among  their  corn,   to 
be  planted  the  next  fpring.     -    ^  2    <v  %.»    »v 
After  thefe  ceremonies,  they  brought  him 
to  the  emperor   Iowhatan,  who  received 
him    in  royal  date,   clothed    in  a  robe  of 
racoon   (kins,   feated  on  a  kind  of  throne, 

elevated 


270 


SMITH. 


elevated  above  the  floor  of  a  krge  hut,  in  the 
midil  of  which  was  a  fire  ;  at  each  hand  of 
the  prince,  fat  two  beautiful  girls,  his  daugh- 
€ers>  and  along  each  fide  of  the  houfe,  a  row 
of  his  counfellors,  painted  and  adorned  with 
feathers  and  (hells.  At  Smith's  entrance  a 
great  fhout  was  made.  The  Queen  of  Apa- 
matox,  brought  him  water  to  wafh  his  hands, 
and  another  ferved  him  with  a  bunch  of 
feathers,  inftead  of  a  towel.  Having  feafted 
him  after  their  manner,  a  long  confultation 
Was  held,  which  being  ended,  two  large  flonCvS 
were  brought  in,  on  one  of  which  his  head 
was  laid,  and  clubs  were  lifted  up  to  beat  out 
his  brains.  At  this  critical  moment,  Poca- 
hontas, the  King's  favourite  daughter,  flew 
to  him,  took  his  head  in  her  arms,  and  laid 
her  own  upon  it.  Her  tender  intreaties  pre- 
vailed. The  king  confented  that  Smith 
fhould  live,  to  make  hatchets  for  him,  and 
ornaments  for  her. 

Two  days  after,  Powhatan  caufed  him  to 
be  brought  to  a  diftant  houfe  j  where,  after 
another  threatening,  he  confirmed  his  promife, 
and  told  him  he  fhould  return  to  the  fort,  and 
fend  him  iwo  pieces  of  cannon,  and  a  grind- 
ftone  i  for  which  he  would  give  him   the 

country 


SMITH. 


271 


to 

after 

Imife, 

L  and 

kind- 

the 


country  of  Capahoufick,  and  forever  efteem 
him  as  his  fon.  Twelve  guides  accompani->- 
ed  him,  and  he  arrived  at  James-town,  the 
next  day.  According  to  the  flipulation,  two 
guns  and  a  large  grindftone  were  offered  them, 
but  having  in  vain  tried  to  lift  them,  they 
were  content  to  let  them  remain  in  their  place. 
Smith,  however,  had  the  guns  loaded,  and 
difcharged  a  volley  of  ftones,  at  a  tree  cover  • 
cd  with  icicles.  The  report  and  efFe<5t  con- 
founded them  ',  but  being  pacified  with  a 
few  toys,  they  returned,  carrying  prefents  to 
Powhatan  and  his  daughter,  of  fuch  things  as 
gave  them  entire  fatisfadion.  After  this  ad- 
venture, the  young  princefs,  Pocahontas,  fre- 
quently vifited  the  plantation, with  her  attend- 
ants, and  the  refreihments  which  Ihe  brought 
from  time  to  time  proved  the  means  of  faving 
many  lives,  which  otherwift  would  have  been 
loft. 

Smith's  return  happened  at  another  critical 
juncture.  The  colony  was  divided  into  parties, 
and  the  malcontents,  were  again  preparing  to 
quit  the  country.  His  prefence  a  third  time, 
defeated  the  projed:  j  in  revenge  for  which  they 
meditated  to  put  him  to  death,  under  pretence 
that  he  had  been  the  means  of  murdering  the 

two 


y^m 


I 


i 


w 
I 


2J2  S^  H.    I    T.  H, 

two  men  who  went  with  him  in  the  canoe  j 
but  by  a   proper  application  .of  valour  and  . 
Itrength,  he  put  his  accufers  ujider   coniliV"?' 
ment,  till  an  opporttinity  prefcnted  for  ffigily 
ing  them  as  prifoners  to  England.    ,  /  :;  ,ir,J^  . 

The  misfortunes  and  mifmanagem^ts  of '/ 
this  Virginian  colony,  during  the  period  here 
related,  feem  to  have  originated  partly  in  th(p  ] 
tempers  and  qualifications  of  the  men  vAio 
were  appointed  to  command,  and  partly  in  the 
nature  akid  circumflances  of  the  adventure. 
There  could  be  no  choice  of  men  for  the  fer- 
vice,but  among  thofe  who  offered  themfelves  ; 
and   thcfe  were  previoufly  ftrangers  to  each 
other,  as  well  as  different  in  their  education, 
qualifies  and  habits.     Some  of  them  had  beca 
ufed  to  the  command  of  ftiips,  and  partook  of 
the  roughnefs  of  the  element  on  which  the/ 
were  bred.     It  is  perhaps,  no  great  compli- 
ment to  Smith,  to  fay  that   he  was    the  beft 
qualified  of  them,  for  command  i  fince    the 
event   proved  that  none  of  them,  ^)\o  furviv- 
e^  the  firft   ficknefs,  had  the  confidence  of 
the   people  in  any  degree.     It  is  certain  that 
his  refolution  prevented  the  abandonment  of 
the  plac;e  the  firft  year ;  his  enterprizing  fpi-  \ 
rit  led  t9  ap  exploration  of  the  country,  and 

^  ^  ^  acquainted 


I 


SMITH. 


^f3 


and 

here 
i  .th9 
who 
ithe 
ture. 
;  fer- 
Ives; 
each 
^ion> 
beea 
ok  of 

they 

.pli. 

lebeft 

the 

irviv- 
[ce  of 
In  that 

jut  of 

|g  ^Pir 
and 

ited 


ae<|uainted  them  with  its  many  advantages  ^ 
his  captivity  produced  an  intercoude  with  thq 
fa\rages  i  and  the  fupplres  gained  from  them^ 
chiefly  by  means  of  his  addrcfs,  kept  the  peo- 
pfe  alive  till  the  fecond  arrival  of  the  fhips 
from  England.  The  Virginians,  thetcfore, 
jaftly  regard  him,  if  not  as  the  father,  yet  as 
the  iaviour  of  that  infant  plantation. 

In  the  winter  of  1607,  Capt.  Newport  ar- 
rived from  England  in  Virginia.  The  other 
fhip,  comman^lcd  by  Capt.  Nelfon,  which  fail- 
ed at  the  fame  time,  was  difmafted  on  the 
Ainericati  Coaft,  and^blown  6flf  to  the  Weft- 
Indies:  The  fupplies  fent  by  the  company 
were  received  in  Virginia  With  the  mod  cor- 
dial avidity  ;  but  the  general  licenfe  given  to 
the  failors,  to  trade  with  the  ftvages,  proved 
detrimental  to  the  planters,  as  it  raifed  the 
prices  of  their  commodities  fo  high,  that  a 
pound  of  coppet  would  not  purchafe,  what 
before  could  be  bought  for  an  ounce.  New- 
port himfelf  was  not  free  from  this  fpirit  of 
ptofufion,  fo  common  to  feafaring  men,  which! 
he  ihanifefted  by  fending  prefents  of  various 
fcitid^  to  t'oWhatan,  intending  thereby  to  give 
him  an  idea  of  the  grandeivr  of  the  Englitfi 
fiction .     In  a  vifit   which  he  ma/ie   to  this 


>-t  I 


»rincc. 


274 


SMITH. 


prince,  under  the  conduA  of  Smith,   he  was 
received  and  entertained  with  an  equal  (how 
of  magnificence  ;    but  in  trading   with   the 
favage   chief,   he  found   himfelf    outwitted. 
Powhatat),  in  a  lofty  Arain,  fpoke  to  him  thus  : 
"  It  is  not  agreeable  to  the  greatnefs  of  fuch  '^^ 
men  as  we  are,  to  trade  like  common   people 
for  trifles  j  lay  down  therefore   at  once,  all 
your  goods,  and  I  will  give  you  the  full  value 
for  them."     Smith  perceived  the   fnarc,  and 
warned  Newport  of  it  -,  but   he,  thmking   to 
out   brave   the  favage .  prince,  difplayed   the 
whole  of  his  ftorec     Powhatan  then  fet   fuch 
a  price  on  his  corn,  that  not  more  than   four 
bufhels  could  be  procured  -,  and  the  necef- 
fary    fupplies   could  not  have   hten   had,  if 
Smith's  genius,  ever  ready  at  invention,   had 
not  hit  on  an  artifice  which  proved  fuccefsful. 
He  had  fecreted  fome  trifles,  and  among  them 
a  parcel  of  if/ue  beads,  which,   feemingly  in  il 
carelefs  way,  he  glanced  in  the  eyes  of  Pow- 
hatan.    The  bait  caught  him  ;  and  he  earn- 
cflly  defired   to  purchafe   them.     Smith,  in 
his  turn,  raifed  the  value  cf  them,  extolling 
them  as  the  mofl  precious  jewels,   refembling 
the  colour  of  the  fky,  and  proper  only  for  the 
npblcft  fovereiens  in  the  univcrfe.  Powhatap's 

w-     *'-   '  •      ■     »  •  •  • 


miagmation 


SMI    T    H. 


V5 


was 

(how 
the 

itted, 

:hu8  : 
(uch  * 

eople 

e,  all 

value 

,  and 

ng  to 

d  the 
fuch 

I  four 

I  neccf- 

lad,  if 
had 
efsful. 
them 
y  in  iL 
Pow- 
earn- 
ith,  in 
Ltoliing 
mbling 
for  the 
hatan's 
;ion 


■P 


imagination  was  all  on  fire  i  he  made  large, 
offers.     Smith  infifled  on  more,  and  at  length 
fuffered  himfelf  to   be  perfuaded   to  take  be-, 
tween  two  and  three  hundred  bufhels  of  corn 
for  about  two  pounds  of  blue  beads,  and  they 
parted  in  very  good  humour,  each  one  being 
very  much  pleafed  with  his   bargain.      In  a> 
fubfequent  vifit  to  Opecankanough,  King  of 
Pamaunkee,   the  company  were   entertained 
with  the  i^me  kind  of  fplendor  and  a  fimilar 
bargain  clofed  the  feftivity  ;  by  which  means, 
the  blue  beads  grew  into  fuch  eftimation,  that 
none  but  the  princes  and   their  families   were 
able  to  Wear  them*  -^^t^  ,^v}- ;  r^^:ys^  =tntKl^Mf^f 
Loaded  with  this  acquifition^  they   return-: 
ed  to  James-town  }  where  an  unhappy  fire  had 
confumed  leveral  of  their  houfes,  with  much 
of  their  provifions  and  furniture.     Mr.  Hunt, 
the  chaplain,  loft  his   apparel  and  library   in 
this  conflagration,  and  efcaped  from   it   with 
only  the  clothes  on  his  back.     This  misfor- 
tune  was  feverely  felt  ;  the  fhip   (laying   in 
port  fourteen  weeks,  and  refer ving  enough  for 
the  voyage  home,  fo   contracted  their  ftpck 
of  provifions,  that  before  the  winter  was  gone, 
they^  were  reduced  to  great  extremity,   and 
many  of  them  died.     The  caufc  of  the  (hip's 


S  a 


deteQtion 


.^  -^ 


2^  S^^M    I    T     H. 

dietention  £6t  (o  long  d  time  was  this  :  In 
ftarc^hing  for  fteOi  water  m  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Jafties-town,  th^y  had  difcovcred  in 
a  rivulet,  fome  partieks  6f  a  yeUowkh  iiihg- 
glafsy  which  their  ia»guine  kMaginations  had 
refined  into  gold  duH;.  The  jseal  fbr  this  pre-^ 
cious  matter  Yfus  fo  illrdng,  that  in  diggifig;^ 
wflfhing  and  packing  it  to  tomplete  the  lading 
of  the  fliif^,  all  other  cares  wcra  abforbed. 
This  was  a  tedious  interval  to  Capt.  Smith  ; 
his  judgment  condemned  their  folly,  his  pa- 
tience was  exhaufted,  £(nd  his  paffion  irritated, 
and  the  only  recompenfe  which  he  had  for 
this  long  vexation  was,  the  pleafure  of  fend- 
ing home  Wingfield  and  Archer,  when  the 
fliip  departed-  ^     ^  •  <  "•  '      •  nVaMir 

The  other  fhip  arrived  in  the  fpring,  and 
notwitbflanding  a  long  and  unavoidable  deten* 
tion  in  the  Weft-Indies,  brought  them  a  com- 
fortable fupply  of  provifions.  They  took  ad- 
vantage of  the  opening  feafon,  to  rebuild  th«r 
houfes  and  chapel,  repair  the  palifades,  and 
plant  torn  f6r  the  enfuing  fummer,  in  all 
which  works  the  example  and  authority  of 
Smith,  were  of  eminent  f^vice.  Every  ma*r 
of  activity  was  fond  of  him,  and  thofe  of  a 
contrai^   dif^ofition  were  afraid  of  him.     It 


c*- 


was 


SMITH. 


"^ri 


In 

in 

had 

th  ; 

pa. 
ited» 

for 
end- 

I  the 

si     ^i 

and 

L  ad- 
thesir 
and 
alt 
y  of 

of  a 
It 


.^ 


;iva5  propofed  that  he  (hould  go  into  the  coui^- 
try  of  the  lionacans*  beyond  the  falls  of 
James^river)  that  th^y  might  have  fome  news 
of  (he  interior  parts  to  fen4  home  to  the  com- 
pany ;  but  a  fray  with  the  Indians  detained 
him  at  James- town,  till  the  fhip  failed  fc^r 
England,  laden  chiefly  with  cedar,  but  not 
without  another  fpecime.i  of  the  yellow  dufi, 
of  ;/hich  Martin  was  fo  fcidi  that  he  toot^ 
chai  ge  of  the  packages  himfelf  and  returned 
to -England.  An  accefHen  of  above  one  huo^ 
{dred  men,  among  whom  were  feveral  gpld- 
fmiths  and  refiners,  had  been  tpade  to  the  coir 
ony,  by  the  two  lafl;  (hips,  and  a  new  memr 
ber,  Matthew  Sfrwjefxer^.:  -^^  ^cled  to  the 
council. 

.  Having  finifhed  the  nccs^y  bufinefs  of 
the  feafon,  and  difpatched  the  ibip,  another 
voyage  of  difcovery  was  undertaken  by  Capt^ 
Smith  and  fourteen  otliers.  They  went  dowi) 
the  rtvcf  (June  lo,  1608),  in  an^opcn  barge, 
in  company  with  the  fhip,  and  having  parted 
with  her  at  Cape  Henry,  they  croffcd  the 
mouth  of  the  bay,  and  fell  in  with  a  clqfler 
of  iilands  without  Cape  Chatleii',  to  which 
the)  gave  the  name  of  Smith's  Ifles,  which 
they  fUll  bear*  Then  re-entering  the  bay 
-/.,  •  S3  they 


27^ 


S 


M  i  r  H. 


^. 


they  hnded  on  the  caftern  neck,  an  \    vere 
kindly  received  by  Acomack,   the  prince  of 
that  peninfula,  a  part  of  which  flill  bears  his 
ndrtie.     From  thence  they  coafted  the  eaftern 
fliore  of  the  bay,   and  landed   fometimes  on 
the  main,   and  at  other  times  on  the  low 
iflands,  of  which  they  found  many,  but   none 
fit  for  habitation.     They  proceeded   up  the 
bay  to  the  northward  and  croflcd  over  to  the 
weftern  (hore,  down  which  th^y  coafted  to  the 
fouthward,  and  in   this   route  difcovered  the 
mouths  of  the  great  rivers,  which  fall   into 
the  bay  on  that  fide.     One  in  particular,   at- 
tracted much  of  their  attention,   becaufe   of  a 
reddifh    earth  which   they  found  there,    and 
iron?  its  rj^femblance  to  bole-aninfioniac,  they 
gave  it  the  name  of  Bolus-river,  and  it  is  fo 
named  in  all  the  early  maps  of  the   country  i 
but  in  the  later,  it  bears  the  Indian  nam?   Pa- 
tapfco  ;  on  the  north  fide  of  which  ^s  now 
the  flourifhing  town  of    Baltimore.      They 
failed  thirty  miles  up  the  Potowmack,   with- 
out fceine  any  inhabitants  ;  but  on   entering 
a  crtek  found  themfelves  furrounded  by   In* 
dians  who  threjjtened  them.     Smith  prepared 
for  an  encounter  •  but  on   firing  a  few  guns, 
the  Indians,  terrified  at  the  noife,  made  figns 
■      '     '  '  of 


ir 


ir 


SMITH.  279  ' 

ofpeace,  and  exchanged  hoftagcs .  One  of  the 
company  was  by  this  means  carriea  to  the 
habitation  of  their  prince,  anr'  the  whole  were 
kindly  ufcd.  They  learn  d  '^at  it  was  by 
direction  of  Powhatan  tnat  t  '  idians  were 
in  arms,  and  had  attemptec  rife  them  5 

from  this  circumftance  they  ^         ^ed  to   fuf- 
pedtthat  Powhatan,  had   been    jnformcd  of 
this  expedition,  by   the  difcontented  part   of    ' 
the  colony  whom  Smith  had  obliged  to  flay 

in  the  country  when  they  would  have  dcfcrt- 

ed  it    '■^•^^ '•*-^;^'*'*^^"   '''im':'%'mw^'w^^*;^^''''*^'^ 

It  was  Smith's  invariable  cuftom,  when  he 
met  with  the  Indians,  to  put   on  a  bold   face, 
and  if  they  appeared  defirous  of  peace  to  de- 
mand their  arms,  and  fome  of  their  children 
as  pledges  of  their  fincerity  ;  if  they  complied, 
he  confidered  them  as  friends  ;  if  not,  as  ene- 
mies.    In  the  courfe  of  this  voyage,  he  col- 
lected foqjp  furs,  and  difcovered  fome  colour- 
ed earths,  which  the  favages   ufed   as   paints, 
but  found  nothing  of  the  mineral   kind.     At  ^ 
the  mouth   of  the   Rappahanock,   the   boat  i 
grounded,  and  whilft  they  were  waiting  for  the  . 
tide,  they   employed   themfclves   in   flicking  . 
with  their  fwords  the  fiflies  which  were  left  ^ 
on  the  flats.     Smith  having  fluck  his  fword 
84  into 


^%.  ^^1 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


150   "■^~     IM^H 

■^  1^    |2.2 


m  m 


M^ 

Ili4 

II— 

IJ4 

4" 


<-V# 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


■o"  V-f^J^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


SMITH, 

Into  a  ftingray,  the  ^(h  mki  it$  tail,  »Pid  witi^ 
its,iharp  indented  thorp,  wonadfd  hmx  in,  the 
arm.  The  wound  was  extreijacly  jpjiioftj,  j^^J: 
he  prefcntly  fwflled  to  tha^  dqgree,  th|i^.  ^ip^v 
^peded  him  to  d^e,  and  he  hio^fejf  p^ 
them  qrdefs  tQ  h^t^  him  on  a  neighhoiiring 
iAand.  B^t  the  fur^on,  J)u  Ruifel»  ha^i^ipg 
probed  the  wound ;  by  the  help  of  a  o^ts^ 
oil,  (q  allayed  the  aoguiih  andt  fwelUo^*,  tJim, 
Smith  vv^s  ableto  eat  part  of  the  fiflx  fot  hi& 
fupper.  From  this  occurrence*  the  plaee 
was  diftinguifhcd  by  the  ngpie  of  Stingraj-?; 
point,  which  it  ftill  bears,  "*  -  •  •  - 

Qn  the,  2ift  pf  J>dy,  they  retiirned  to 
James-town.  Having,  with  the  coloured 
earths  which  they  bad  iouud^  diigjttifpd  their, 
boat  and  ftrcamers,  their  old  conEipaoion&  were 
alarmed  at  their  approach,  with  the  appreheu- 
fion  of  an  attack  frjom  the  Spaniards  5,  this  was, 
a  trick  of  Smith's,  to  fdghten  the  M  Fi»&^ 
dentft  who  had  rioted  on  thepAihlicltorc&KS^nd 
,Yf»s  building  a  houfe.  in  the  woodsi,!  thai  ho 
'^ight  (delude  himiCelf  (ima  the\fickl^,  difcon-. 
ientedj  quarrelfome  company,^  On  Smith's 
arrival,  they  iignifted  their  defijee  of  invefting 
him  with  the  government,  Ratclifib  be^'og 
depoied^  it  fell  ta  hipaof  pourfe  ;  andh^iijg 

recommended 


'Ft 


a  M  I   T^  i^ 


ife 


th's. 


f^commea^cd  Scrivener  tp  prefido  in  bimb* 
%q^  he  9ntcrc4  on  adiiQther  vQy«gf»  oC  dtfeoiTt 

tj^^i  ^Jf  nKi9^  tiw  24!^h,  of  Ji4yt  t^  ij»  7th  0^  9(lf3^ 

ttmbtqr,  witb  twelves  qEUsa  in  t^ii   o|)9n   ^rge^ 

3^i;ai^^  tke  Wy  of  Ct^ef^^f^^^a^  in"  norths 

i'lpmr^  as  the  f^^  oif  Su£i|«i«lttnna]ii,  cntoriog 

^  the  rivers  that  flow  into  the  bay,  aid  9:1^ 

9fiB4n]^lh^ir  ftirores«;    ||^  ibnMrplaees,  dn^iia- 

^^liir«is  wi^Ke  frkii^y,  «wii  ii>  others  j$a1oix&«  Their 

i(^a  9!  tb«^ftrangi9  vilitors^  w«s,  thait  thoy  hid 

comie-  '*  from  Dn4«r  the  world  to  talte  timt 

^*wqf]4  ff0V^  t^m."     Smith's  conihmt  endea^ 

i^YDjkif^  was  tjo  preih've  peace  with  them  f  feUtt 

x^ovh^n  he  <?ould  not  obtain  coca  in  die  way  of 

^a^ti^fi^  he  nevei!  fcrnpled  to  uTe  thma^  and 

in.  i(xm  cafes^  violeiice,.  and  t^  one  or  tLe 

other  iBtenhod  he  prevaikd  fa  as  to  bring 

-  ^pme  aft  load  o€  jMrovifiont:  fbc  his^  diiro^teiited 
itifiompasSon^,  wha  without  hi^.  e^rts  would 
1;  pot  have  bee&  able  to  Hvcv     diekofefs'  and 

-  dea^  were  v>ecy  frequent^  and  the  laieOs  com*^ 
'  mi^,  yvtrv  wmi\^  al&£M  by  dnedifordtroof  til<^ 

^r>  Smith  ^!«u  now  eftahlilbed  hi*  fhe  pivfdtibP 
2tf)f  by  th<>  eki^on  of  the  council  and  the  te-* 


2Sl2 


s   M    I    f    W 


.A 


queft  of  the  compahy  ;  but  the  ^cdmmif&oil ' 
gave  to  a  majority  of  the  council  the  whole  ^ 
power.  Newport,  at  his  third  arrival,  brOughf  ■- 
over  two  new  members,  and  Ratcliffe  havirtg  s 
(till  a  feat,  though  depofed  from  the  prefiden-i^  >^ 
cy.  Smith  was  obliged  in  fome  cafes  to  comiply  '<^ 
with  their  opinions,  conti^ary  to  his  own  -^ 
judgment,  an  inftance  of  which  will  now  be  - 
exhibited.  ■  i'i4'^^»f-K*'-:>'^«ii:t't3>'w(«»Mt ■!«**/»  T^^«^-:^i«^*-i^% 

^  The  Virginia  company  in  London,  dc-  -'^^ 
ceived  by  fahe  reports,  and  mifled  by  their 
own  fanguine  imaginations,  had  conceived  an  ^ 
expedbation  not  only  of  finding  precious  metals  ^ 
in  the  country,  but  of  difcovering  the  South  '^ 
Sea,  from  the  mountains  at  the  head  of  James*  ' 
river  ;  and  it  was  thought,  that  the  journey 
thither,  might  be  performed  ia  eig*  or  ten 
days.  For  the  purpofe  of  making  a  iS  capi-i> 
tal  difcovery,  they  put  on  board  Newport's  fhip; 
a  barge  capable  of  being  taken  to  pieces,  and 
put  together  again  at  pleai'ure.  This  barge 
was  to  make  a  voyage  to  the  head  of  the  river, 
then  to  be  carried  in  pieces  acrofs  the  moun* 
tains,  and  to  defcend  the  rivers  iwhich  were 
fuppofed  to  run  weftward  to  tl^  South  Sea; 
To  faciliate  this  plan,  it  was  neceffary  to  gain 
the  ; favour,  of  Powhatan,  through;  whofe^'^' 
;.i  cbuntry 


»i 


■i 


m 


SMITH. 


tH 


1  :^*r 


,1  f 


■Kr 


coantty  the  pailage  muft  be  made  ;  and  tfs 
means  of  winning  him,  a  royal  preKent  was 
brought  over,  confiftiiigof  a  biafon  and  ewer, 
a  bed  and  furniture,  a  chair  of  ftate,  a  fiiit  of 
fcarlet  clothes,  with  a  cloak  and  a  crown,  all 
which  were  to  be  prefented  to  hini'  in  due 
form ;  and  the  crown  placed  on  his  head,  with 
as  much  folemnity  as  poflible.     Toaperfon 
who  knew  the  country  and  its  inhabitants  (b 
well  as  Smith,  this  project  appeared  chimeri- 
cal; and  the  means  whereby  it  was  to  be  car- 
ried on,   dangeroias^     With  a  fmall  quantity 
of  coplper  and  a  few%eads,  he  could  have  kept 
Powhatan  in  good  humour,  and  made  an  ad- 
varitj^e  of  it  for  the  colony,  whereas  a  profu- 
fion  of  preferitshe  knew  would  but  increafe 
his  pride  and  iiifolence.  The  projedl  of  travel- 
ling over  unknown   mountains    with    men 
already  weakened  by  ficknefs,  and  worn  out 
with  fatigue,   in  a  hot  climate,  and  iii  the 
midft  of  enemies,  who  might  eafily  cut  off 
their  retreat,  was  too  romiantic  even  for  his 
fanguine  and  adventrous  fpirit.     His  opinion 
upon  the  matt#  cannot  be  exprefTed  in  mone^ 
pointed  latiguafe,  than  he  ufed  in  a  letter'  to 
the  company.     *'  If  the  quartered  boat  was 
burned  to  alhes,  one  might  carry  her  in  abagi 
-  but 


."-  f,k»' 


2S4  SMITH. 

lull  m  (h9  is,  five  hundred  cannot^  to  »  nairU 
g$t>b  place  above  the  falls/'Mi.iiit  diiSeat 
however  wa9  iaefieduali  and  wheahe^  fy^d 
thai  the  yoke  of  the  council  was.  for  ejBBcut*- 
ing  it,  he;  leel  his  affiftance  to  eik&  as  o^ich 
oC  it  jii$  was  pr^icable,  --^  .A^'r».*.4«  *f  fst^y- 
.  JPi^viou%  )to  their  fettiog  out,  he  undq:^ 
loolsy  wilh  four  men  only,  to  carry  notke  io 
Powhacan  of  the  intended  prelent,aad  invite 
him  to  come  to  James-town,  that  he  naght 
receive  it  there.  Having  travelled  by  land 
twelve  miles  to  WerocooMco,  on  Pamunl^ 
(York)  rWer,  where  hi  expe^ed  ta  meet 
Powhatan^  and  not  finding  him  there,  whilft 
amefibftger  wa»  diipatcjied  thirty  miks  for 
hinft  I  ht$  daloghter  Foc#hoi^tas,  entertained 
ScBtth  and  his  eofiip£tny  with  a  dance,  which 
fior  its  itngularityi  merits  a  particular  def*' 
Cfiptioft*  ••  .liftr^  ;Jfei^^^'l^f^|>»♦»#j^ -'i-^ii'-ii^fibift^at&liv. 
«  In  tn  open^  pkin^  afii^e  being  made,,  ^e 
gentlemen  were  Abated  by  it.  Suddenly  a 
Boife  waS(  heard  ia  the  adjacent  wood,  which 
made  them  fly  t^*  their  apmsi  and  ^ze  on.  two 
Of  ihrer  old  Inen^  as  hoftages  lor  their  own 
(ecuntfg  imagining  that  they  pere  betrayed. 
Upoiir  this  the  young  princefs  came  raooing 
^Smidi,  and  paifiona^ly  embracing  him^ 
3ii?i        "  offered 


offered  heifelfio  be  killed,  if  iiny  harm  fhoxM 
h0p^n  to  hltn  or  his  comptAy»  Her  aflkr-^' ' 
ahoet^  fteonded  by  all  thei  IhdiaAs  prefent^ 
r&nmtd  their  Ibtrs.  The  noife  which  ha#' 
danfied  '^em,  was  made  hf  thirty  gtrk,  wh^' 
were  preparing  for  the  intefided  ceremony!.'' 
kwmt^iatdy  they  made  their  appearance,  with' 
no  other  covering  than  a  girdle  of  green  leavei* 
and  their  (kins  painted,  each  one  of  a  difierent 
eokmr.  -Their  lieader  had  a  pair  of  buck'# 
horfis  on  her  head,  an  otter^s  (kin  as  her  gir-^ 
dle»  and  another  on  6ne  arnt' ;  a  bow  and  ar«^ 
row  in  the  other  hand,  and  a  quive?  at  her 
baok/^  The  ttk  of  them  had  horns  oti 
dieir  heads,  and  a  wooden  fword  or  ^ihiiFi» 
their  hands.  With  (houting  and  finging^ 
th^  formed  a  ring  round  the  iipe,  and  peru 
ft>rmed  adfealar  dance  for  aboat  ati  hour/ 
afieer  ^ich  they  retired  tn  die  fame  order  atf 
they  had  advanced.  The  danee  wa«  followed 
by#  feaftiai  which^  the  iaVage  nymphf  Were 
a^  eager  with  thetr  catefib  as  with  th^  tff^ 
tendance ;  and  this  being  ended,  they  eoti^ 
doaed  the  gen^men  to  their  tod^g  by  fhi^ 
light  of  fit©  brin<fe.  ^^*w«^?»y^^'«»*^^^iJ^'^^*^^r 
The  ncjtt  %  Powhatan^rrived,  aiid  BttsHXi 
delivered  the  meiEig|e  from  hit  Either,  New^ 
•        •  (as 


M 


4 


2^6 


SMITH. 


(as  he  alwrays  calle»l  him)  to  this  efie^. 
*.'  That  he  ha4  brought  him  from  the  King 
of  England,  a  royal  prefent,  and  ¥ri£hed'to  fee 
him  at  James-town,  that  he  might  deliver  it 
to  him  i  promifing  to  aifift  him  in  profecut*. 
ing  his  revenge  againft  the  Monacans,  whofe 
country  they  would  penetrate  ^even  to  the  fea 
beyond  the  mountains."  To  which  the  kv- 
age  prince  with  equal  fubtilty  and  haughti- 
nefs,  anfwered,  *'  If  your  King  has  fent  me  a 
prefent,  I  alfo  am  a  King,  and  am  .on  my  own 
land.  I  will  flay  here  eight  days.  Your  father 
muft  come  to  me,  I  will  not  go  to  him,  nor 
to  your  fort.  As  for  the  Monacans,  I  am 
able  to  revenge  myfejf .  If  you  )iave  heard  of 
ialt  water  bciyond  the  mountains,  frotn  any  of 
my  people,  they  have  deceived  you."  Then 
with  a  (lick  he  drew  a  plan  of  that  region  on 
the  ground ;  and  after  many  compliments  the 
conference  ended.  •.i,.^^;j^*..^^|^^^j^,^  t^^rrt 
^>  The  prefent  being  put  on  board  the  boats,, 
was  csurried  down  James-river  and  up  die  Ba- 
munkee,  whilft  Newport,  with  fifty,  men,  went 
%crofs  by  land  and  met  the  boafs,  in  which  he 
pafTed  the  river,  and  held  the  propofed  inter- 
yipw.  All  things  being  prepared  for  the  ce- 
remony of  coronation,  the  prefent  was  brought 
-  ^    a;^  from 


•» 


rSiM    I    T    H.  a87 

from  the  boats  ;  the  bafon  arid  ewer  were  de-- 
pofited,  the  bed  and  chair  were  fet  up,  the 
fcvlet  fuit  and  cloak  were  put  on,  though 
not  till .  Namontac  (an  Indian  youth  whom 
Newport  had  carried  to.  England  and  brought 
bacl^  again)  had  aiTured  him  that  thefe  habili- 
menis  would  do  him  no  harm ;  but  they  had^ 
great  difficulty  in  periuading  him  to  receive 
the  crown,  nor  would  he  bend  his  knee,  or 
inclioe  his  head  in  the  leaft  degree.  After 
many  attempts,  and.  with  adual  preiling  on' 
his  {houlders,  they  at  laft  made  him  ftoop  a 
little  and  put  it  on.  Inftantly,  a  fignal  being* 
given,  the  men  in  the  boats  fired  a  volley,^  at ' 
which  the  monarch  flarted  with  horror,  im- 
agining that  adefign  was  forming  to  deftroy 
him  in  the  fummit  of  his  glory;  but  being 
aflured  that  it  was  meant  as  a  compliment,  his 
fear  fubfidcd,  and  in  return  for  the  bauble  .^  ^f 
royalty  received  from  King  James,  he  deiired 
Newport,  to  prefent  him  his  old  fur  mantle 
and  i  deer  ikin  ihoes,  which  in  his  eftimatfion 
were  doubtlefs  afuU  equivalent ;  fince  all  tki» 
finery  co^ld  not  prevail  on  the  wary  chief. to 
allow  them  guides  for  the  <lifcovery  of  the  in- 
land country,  or  to  approve  their  defiga.of 
vifitiQg  it.    Thus  difappointed  they  returned 


'% 


i^ 


m* 


t9ft 


S.   M    IT    H. 


to  Januw-town^  ckterlnitied  to  proceed  ^wtth« 
out  his  Ailiftasioe.  -<•'   t*'  t  c^' 

'  Smiirfi,  who  lisui  no  mind>t#  go  brt  (Udli  ft 
froitlvfs  emnd,  tarriod  at  the  fort  with  (viglHf 
ihValidv  to  relade  the  (hip»  whiUl  Newport 
with  all  tbe  ^coiincily  and  on^  hundNri  ftild 
dwcti^  t)£  the  hcalthiefl  inen^  began  their 
tranAoontane  tour  of  difcovery*  They  pviK 
oceded  in  their  boats  to  the  falls  ajt  the  head 
of  the  river  I  from  thence  they  travdkd  vp 
the  ooimtry  two  days  and  a  half,  and  dirco?er->^ 
ed  two  towbs  of  the  Monacdns,  tht  inhabit*^ 
ants  df  which  ^emed  very  iodifl^nt  toward 
chem#  end  tiled  theih  neither  well  nor  ill  w 
They  took  one  of  their  petty  princes  and  M 
l>iiQ  bound  to  guide  them.  Having  pejpfonii-*, 
ed  this  mitrchi  they  grew  weary  ind  returned,i 
taking  with  them  in  their  wi^badt  certoih 
poFtioiis  df  earthy  in  whidi  their  rtfinet  pre^ 
leRdbd  thlit  he  bad  feen  iigns  of  iilveua  TJiisr 
iMas  fldrl  dne  fhocefs  of  theic  extpeditionj^  fpr^tfad 
Savages  had  concesded  /their  ^am^  and  thc^ 
eosdd  neithcf  perf\iade  |heili  cofdl  k^  nor  ^nd 
irtd^tdkeicbyfotfcei  Thu^  dvey  t^t^ritidite^ 
JaitiaiiJt^wivy  Jtimdy  di^]5poifitlsd>  hUfM^  iiid 
litkM  and  li^Uhe  additic^JalifhoKtifid^iiOri  >d^ 
behif  ku^^ttl  i^  by  SmMlh  for  theii^  ^vtf n  at^ 
tempt.  4J, 

The 


p^h6'ViigmiL  cbfifipany  had  not  6f^y  a  vie# 
to  the  difcovery  of  the  South  Sea,  but  alfo  to 
eftablifhtnanufa^tures  in  thtir<;olony  $  and  for 
this^purpofe  had  ient  over  a  number  of  work<^ 
Men  from  Poland  and  Germany,  who  were 
Adlled  in  the  making  potafhes  and  glafa,  as 
well  as  pitch  and  tar.  Had  the  country  been 
f^li  of  people;  wdl  cultivated  and  provided 
with  all  fieceiTafiei  for  carrying  on  thefc  works^ 
there  might  have  been  fbme  profpedb  of  ad« 
vantage  ^  but,  in  a  new  region^  the  principal 
bb^tt6t$  are  fubfiftence  and  defence  $  tthefe  will 
htedBirily  occupy  the  firfl:  adventurers  to  the 
tttciufion  of  all  others.  However,  Smith  was 
of  fo  generous  a  difpoiition,  and  Co  indefatiga^ 
bkf  i(l'  doing  what  he  apprehended  to  be  hh 
autjs*  and  in  gratifying  his  employers,  that  as 
jpoon  as  Newport  returned  from  his  fruitlefs 
Mtempt  to  find  the  Soutb  Sea,  he  fet  all,  who 
Were  able,  to  work,  that  he  mighty  if  poflible, 
anfwer  the  expectation  of  the  company.  Thofe 
%ht)  Afltre  fltiHed  in  the  manufadtures,  be  left 
ilttdar  the  care  of  die  councilr  to  Carry  on  their 
^ttkt ;  whilft  be  took  thir^  of  the  mofl  ac*« 
tivc  with  him,  about  fi^e  miles  down  the  riv- 
er,'to  cut  timber i  and  make  clapboards  i  this 
being*  as  he  well  knew,  an  employment  the 
T  i  moil 


a9o 


SMITH* 


moft  certain  of  fuccefs.  Among  thefe  were 
feveral  young  gentlemen,  whofe  hands  not 
having  been  ufed  to  labour,  were  blidered  ^y 
the  axes,  and  this  occafioned  frequent  exprcf- 
fions  of  impatience  and  profanenefs*  To 
puni(h  them.  Smith  caufed  the  number  of 
every  man's  oaths  to  be  taken  down  daily,  and 
at  night  as  many  canns  of  water  to  be  poured 
infide  his  fleeve.  This  difcipline  was  no  lefs 
Angular  than  effectual  j  it  fo  lefTened  the 
number  of  oaths,  that  fcarcely  one  was  heard 
in  a  week,  and  withal  it  made  them  perfedly 
good  humdured,  and  reconciled  them  to  their 
labour.  At  his  return  to  the  fort,  he  found, 
Qot  only  that  bufmefs  had  been  negledted,  but 
much  provifion  confumed,  and  that  it  was 
necefTary  for  him  to  undertake  another  expe- 
dition for  corn.  He,  therefore,  went  up  the 
Chickahamony  with  two  boats  and  eighteen 
men,  and  finding  the  Indians  not  in  a  humour 
for  trading,  but  rather  fcornful  and  infolent, 
he  told  them  that  he  had  come  not  fo  much 
for  corn,  as  to  revenge  his  imprifonment,  and 
•the  murder  of  his  two  men,  fome  time  before. 
Putting  his  crew  in  a  poftqre  of  attack,  the 
Indians  fled,  and  prefently  fent  mefTengers  to 
treat  of  peace ;    for  the  obtaining  which,  he 

^  «  made 


SMITH. 


apt 


made  them  give  him  an  hundred  bufhels  of 
corn,  with  a  quantity  of  fiHi  and  fowls ;  and 
with  this  fupply  he  kept  the  colony  from 
ftarvingy  and  preferved  the  {hip's  proviiions 
for  her  voyage  to  England.  At  her  depar- 
ture, (he  carried  fuch  fpecimens  as  could  be 
had  of  tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  foap  a(hes,  clap- 
boards, and  wainfcot ;  and  at  Point  Comfort* 
met  with  Scrivener,  who  had  been  up  the 
Pamaunkee  for  corn,  and  had  got  a  quantity  of 
pocones,  a  red  root,  ufed  in  dying ;  theie  being 
taken  on  board,  Capt.  Newport  returned  to 
England  the  third  time,  leaving  about  two 
hundred  perfons  in  Virginia.  ,,.  ^^r*  .i.j..i^, 
The  harveft  of  1608,  had  fallen  fhort  both 
among  the  new  planters  and  the  natives ;  and 
the  colony  was  indebted  to  the  inventive  ge- 
nius and  indefatigable  perfeverance  of  Smith, 
for  their  fubliftence  during  the  fucceeding 
winter.  As  long  as  the  rivers  were  open,  he 
k^pt  the  boats  continually  going  among  the 
natives,  for  fuch  fupplies  as  could  be  obtain- 
ed ;  and  he  never  would  return  empty,  if  any 
thing  were  to  be  had  by  any  means  in  his 
power.  WhiliV  abroad  on  thefe  excurfions, 
he  and  his  men  were  obliged  frequently  to 
lodge  ^in  the  woods«  when  the  ground  was 
T  2  %  hard 


apt  /SMITH. 

hard  frozen  and  covered  with  fnow ;  and  their 
mode  of  accomodating  themfelves  Was,  fifit 
to  dig  away  the  fhow  and  make  a  fire;  wh^n 
the  ground  was  dried  and  warmed,  they  tie- 
moved  the  fire  to  one  fide,  and  fpread  their 
mat$  over  the  warm  fpot  for  their  hed,  ufing 
another  mat  as  a  fcreen  from  the  wind  |  when 
the  ground  cooled,  they  fhifted  the  fire  again; 
by  thus  continually  changing  their  pofitioa 
^y  kept  them&lves  tolerably  warm  through 
many  cold  nights ;  and  it  was  obierved,  that 
4hofe  who*  went  on  this  fervice  and  fubmitted 
to  thefe  hard(hips,  were  robuft  and  healthy, 
whilfl  thofe  who  Aayed  at  liome  wa^  always 
.weak  and  fickly.  ''  .■;'-;  Sc-^^v^Ai/-:^--*^ 
^  The  fupplies  procured  by  trading  being  in- 
fufficient,  and  hunger  very  preffing,  Smith 
ventured  on  the  dangerous  projedt  of  furpriz- 
ing  Powhatan,  and  carrying  off  his  whole 
ilock  of  provifions.  This  Indian  prince,  had 
formed  a  fimilar  defign  refpe<5ting  Smith ; 
and  for  the  purpofe  of  betraying  him,  had  in- 
^ted  him  to  his  feat,  prdmifing  that  if  he 
1f7ouId  fend  men  to  build  him  a  houfe,  after 
the  Englifh  mode,  and  give  him  fome  guns 
and  fwords,  copper  and  beads,  he  would  load 
his  boat  with  corn.  Smith  fent  him  three 
"  .  ■♦^^  Dutch 


Dutch  carpenters*  i^ho  treacheroufly  revealed 
to  him  the  cicftgn  which  Smith  had  formed. 
Qa  his  arrival  with  forty  fir  men,  he  foari^ 
the  prince,  fo  much  on  his  guard,  that  it  wa9 
impofHble  to  execute  his  defign.  Having 
ipent  the  day  in  conversation  (in  the  courfe 
([^;  I  which  Powhatan  had  in  Vain  endeavoured 
to  perfu^de  Smith  to  l4y  afide  his  arms,  as 
being  there  in  perfe<^  fecurity)  he  retired  in 
the  evening  and  formed  a  deiign  to  furprize 
Smith,  and  his  pcopl"^  at  their  fupper  j  and 
had  it  not  been  for  the  affectionate  friendfhip 
of  Pocahontas,  it  would  probably  have  been 
efie<5ted.  This  liable  gir),  at  the  rifque  of 
her  life,  dole  from  the  fide  of  her  father,  and 
pafTing  in  the  dark  through  the  woods,  told 
Smith  with  tears  in  her  eyes  of  the  plot,  and 
then  as  privately  returned.  When  the  In- 
dians brought  in  the  fupper.  Smith  obliged 
them  to  tafte  of  every  difli ;  his  arms  were  in 
readinefs,  and  his  men  vigilant  $  and  though 
there  came  divcra  fets  of  mcflengers  one  after 
another,  during  the  night,  under  pretence  of 
fiiendly  inquiries,  they  found  them  fo  well 
prepared,  that  nothing  was  attempted*  and  the 
oarty  returned  in  iafcty,         a\   ■u;|;!i;:mf 

;:v '':'',■■'  T3.  ^    ./^^^"  '/..ow-:  i^ 


"* 


294 


S    M    I    T    H. 


^  In  a  fubfequent  vifit  to  Opecancanough^  b^. 
whom  he  formerly  was   taken  prifoner,  this 
prince  put  on  the  femblance  of  friendihip» 
ivhilfl  his  men  lay  in  ambufli  with  their  bows 
and  arrows.     The  trick  being  difcovered  by 
one  of  Smith's  party  and  communicated  to 
him,  he  refolutely  feized  the  King  by  his  hair» 
and  holding  a  piftol  to  his  bread,  led  him 
trembling  to  the  ambufh,  and  there  with  a 
torrent  of  reproachful  and  menacing  words, 
obliged  him  to  order  thofc  very  people  not 
only  to  lay  down  their  arms,  but  to  load  him 
with  proviflons.    After  this,  they  made  an  at- 
tempt to  murdei*  him  in  his  (leep,  and  to  poi- 
fon  him,  but  both  failed  of  fuccefs.     The 
chief  of  Pafpiha  meeting  him  alone  in  the 
woods,  armed  only  with  a  fword,  attempted 
to  fhoot  him,  but  he  clofed  with  the  favage, 
and  in  the  ftruggle  both  fell  into  the  river  i 
where,  after  having  narrowly  efcaped  drown- 
ing. Smith  at  laft  prevailed  to  gripe  him  by 
the  throat,  and  would  have  cut  off  his  head, 
but  the  intreaties  of  the  poor  vidlim  prevail- 
ing on  his  humanity,  he  led  him  f  rifoner  to 
James-town,  ^        'v   ;    >    ^^-* 

This  intrepid  behaviour  flruck  a  dr^d  into 
the  ravages,  and  they  began  to  believe  what 

he 


Sf^M    IT    H.  i^5; 

Ii6  had  often  told  them,  that,  ^<his  God 
would  protect  him  againfl  all  their  power, 
vrhilft  he  kept  his  promife;  .which  was  to 
preferve  peace  with  them  as  long  as  they 
ihould  refrain  from  hoftilities,  and  continue  to 
fupply  h\m  with  corn."  An  incident  which 
occurred  about  the  fame  time,  confirmed  their 
veneration  for  him.  An  Indian  having  ftolen 
a  piftol  from  James-town»  two  brothers  who 
were  known  to  be  his  companions  were  feiz- 
ed,  and  one  was  held  as  hoilage  for  the  other, 
who  was  to  return  in  twelve  hours  with  the 
piftol,  or  the  prifoner  was  to  be  hanged.  The 
weather  being  cold,  a  charcoal  fire  was  kind- 
led in  the  dungeon  which  was  very  clofe,  and 
the  vapour  had  fo  fufFocated  the  prifoner,  that 
on  the  return  of  his  brother  at  the  appointed 
time,  with  the  piAol,  he  was  taken  out  as 
dead.  The  faithful  favage  lamented  his  fate 
in  the  mofl  diftrefHng  agony.  Smith,  to  con-^ 
fole  him,  promifed,  if  they  would  ileal  no 
more,  that  he  fhould  be  recovered.  On  the 
application  of  fpirits  and  vinegar,  he  (hewed 
ligns  of  life,  but  appeared  delirious ;  this  griev* 
ed  the  brother  as  much  as  his  death.  Smith 
undertook  to  cure  him  of  this  alfo,  on  the 
repetition  of  the  promife  to  ileal  no  mpre. 
r'  T4  The 


A-»^ 


Tho  ddiriutn  ^ng  only  the  ofFed  of  the'fpfw 
fits  whkh  he  had  fwallowed,  ws^s  remedied 
t>y  a  few  hours  deep  i  and  being  difmi^M, 
with  a  prefent  of  copper,  they  went  away,  be^ 
}ieving  and  reporting  that  Smith  was  able  /« 
pring  the  dead  to  life,  The  t&tGt  was*  that 
not  only  many  (tolen  things  were  recovered} 
^nd  the  thieves  puniQied,  but  that  peace  and 
friendly  intercourfe  were  preferved,  and  corft 
{wrought  \n  as  long  as  they  h^d  any,  whilfl 
^mith  remained  in  Virginia.  -^.  i^^  >; -«!  -^-5., 
He  was  equally  fevere  and  refolute  with  his 
own  men,  dnd  finding  many  of  them  inclin* 
ing  to  be  idle,  and  this  idlenefs  in  a  great 
Tneafure  the  caufc  of  their  frequent  iickneiTes 
and  deaths,  he  made  an  order,  ^*  that  he  who 
would  not  work  (hould  not  eat,  unlefs  he 
were  difabled,  by  ficknefs  \  and  that  every 
one  who  did  not  gather  as  much  food  in  a  day 
^8  he  did  himfelf,  fhould  be  banifhed."  A 
recent  attempt  having  been  made,  tarun  away 
with  the  boats,  he  ordered  that  the  next  per- 
fon  who  (hould  repeat  this  offence  fhould  be 
hanged.  3y  firmnefs  in  the  execution  of 
thcfe  laws,  and  by  the  concurrent  force  of  hit 
pwn  example  in  labouring  continually,  and 
^iftributing  his  whole  fhare  of  European  pro* 

vifloni 


MIT    H 


«97 


vkions  tnd  refrefiiments  to  the  fick,  he  kept 
the  colony  in  fuoh  order,  that,  though  many 
of  them  murmured  at  his  feverity,  they  aU  be- 
came veryinduftriousi  and  withal  fo  healthy, 
that»  of  two  hundred  perfons,  there  died 
that  winter  and  the  next  fpring  no  more  than 
fcvun.  In  the  fpace  of  three  monthcr  they  hah 
made  a  quantity  of  tar,  pitch,  ahd  pot  alhes  '$ 
bad  produced  a  lample  of  glais  i  dug  a  well  in 
the  fort ;  built  twenty  new  houfes  ^  provided 
nets  and  wiers  for  lifting  j  eredted  a  block 
houfe  on  the  ifthmus  of  James-town ;  anoth- 
er on  Hog  Ifland;  and  had  begun  a  fortrefs 
on  a  commanding  eminence.  As  the  fpring 
came  on,  they  paid  fuch  attention  tahufband- 
ry,  as  to  have  thirty  or  forty  acres  cleared  and 
jit  for  planting ;  and  a  detachnient  had  been 
fent  to  the  fonthward,  to  look  for  the  long  loft 
colony  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  but  without 
AlAeft,  ■'^\, 

Such  was  the  ftate  of  the  Virginiacoldiiy, 
when  Captain  Samuel  Argal  arrived  on  a  trad- 
ing vdyage,  and  brought  letters  from  the  com- 
pany in  England,  complaining  of  their  difap- 
pointment,  and  blaming  Smith  as  the  caufe  of 
it.  They  had  conceived  an  ill  opinion  of 
hiini  from  the  perfons  whom  he  had  fent 

home. 


- .  ■< 


298 


SMITH. 


home,  vfho  reprefented  him  as  arbitrary  and 
violent  toward  the  colonifts,  cruel  to  the  lav- 
ages* and  difpofed  to  traverfe  the  views  of  the 
adventurers,  who  expected  to  grow  rich  very 
fuddenly.  ^ 


^.- 


fi&  4r>  1 1  i-h'.\ 


■rf'-'^fhii^ri 


There  was  this  difadvantage  attending  the 
bufinefs  of  colonization  in  North  Anaerica,  at 
that  day,  that  the  only  precedents  which  could 
be  had  were  thofe  of  the  Spaniards,  who  had 
treated  the  natives  with  extreme  cruelty,  and 
amafTed  vaft  fums  of  gold  and  iilver.  Whilft 
the  Engliih  adventurers  deteiled  the  means  by 
which  the  Spaniards  had  acquired  their  riches, 
they  dill  expe^ed  that  the  fame  kind  of  riches 
might  be  acquired  by  other  means ;  it  was 
therefore  thought  politic,  to  be  gentle  in  de* 
meanor  and  lavifli  of  prefents  toward  the  na- 
tives, as  an  inducement  to  them  to  difcover 
the  riches  of  their  country.  On  thefe  priqcir 
pics  the  orders  of  the  Virginia  company  to 
their  fervants  were  framed.  But  experience 
had  taught  Smith,  the  mod  difcerning  and 
faithful  of  all  whom  they  had  employed,  th^t 
the  country  of  Virginia  would  not  enrich  the 
adventurers  in  the  time  and  manner  which 
they  expected ;  yet  he  was  far  from  abandon— 
ing  it  as  worthlefs  :  his  aim,  was  thoroughly 

to 


SMITH. 


299 


to  explore  it ;  and  by  exploring ,  he  had  difcov- 
ered  what  advantages  might  be  derived  from 
it  I  to  produce  which,  time,  patience,  expenfe 
and  labour,   were  abfolutely  neceflary.     He 
had  fairly  reprefented  thefe  ideas  to  his  em- 
ployers, he  had  fpent  three  years  in  their  fer- 
vice,  and  from  his  own  obfervations  had  drawi^ 
and  fent  them  a  map  of  the  country ;  and  he 
had  conducted  their  affairs,  as  well  as  the  na- 
ture of  circumftances  would  permit.     He  had 
had  a  diforderly,  factious,  difcontented,  difap- 
pointed  fet  of  men,  to  control,   by  the  help 
of  a  few  adherents ;  in  the  face  of  the  native 
lords  of  the  foil,  formidable  in  their  numbers 
and  knowledge  of  the  country,  verfed  in  ftrat- 
agem,  tenacious  of  refentment,  and  jealous  of 
flrangers.     To  court  them  by  prefents  was  to 
acknowledge  their  fuperiority,  and  inflate  their 
pride  and  infolance.     Though  favages,  they 
were  men  and  not  children.     Though  defli« 
tute  of  fcience,  they  were  pofTefTed  of  reafon, 
and  a  fufHcient  degree  of  art.     To  know  how 
to  maftage  them,  it  was  neceflary  to  be  per- 
fonally  acquainted  with  them ;  and  it  mufl  be 
obvious,  that  a  perfon  who  had  refided  feveral 
years  among  them,  and  had  been  a  prifoner 
with  them«  was  a  much  better  judge  of  the 

proper 


300 


8    M    I    T    H. 


proper  methods  of  treating  them,  than  a  com-« 
pany  of  gentlemen  at  feveral  thouiaad  miles 
diftance,  and  who  could  know  them  only  by 
report.  Smith  had,  certainly,  the  intereft  qf 
the  plantation  at  heart,  and  by  toilfome;  expe-i 
rience,  had  )\ii\  learned  how  to  conduct  it  i 
when  he  found  himfelf  fo  obnoxious  to  bis 
employers,  that  a  plan  was  concerted  tofuper*- 
fede  him,  and  reinflate,  with  a  (hare  of  author 
rity,  thofe  whom  he  had  difmi0ed  from  the 
'  fcrvice.  ■^•■?:- j^>-v- ■•?:  ■-%-'-■.  -,-'^  '■:-%■  '^■'• 
The  Virginia  Company  had  applied  to  the 
King  to  recal  their  patent  and  grant  another  ; 
in  virtue  of  which  they  appointed  Thomas 
Lord  dc  la  Warre»  general  -,  Sic  Thomas 
Gates,  lieutenant  general ;  Sir  George  Somers» 
admiral ;  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  marfhal ;  Sic 
Ferdinando  Wainman,  general  of  horfe  ^  and 
Captain  Newport,  (the  only  one  of  themw^ 
had  feen  the  country)  vice-admiral.  Theau^r* 
venturers  having,  by  the  alteration  of  their  pa^ 
tent,  acquired  a  reinforcement  both  of  dignity 
and  property,  equipped  nine  ihips  ;  ia  vhicl| 
were  embarked  five  hundred  perrons,men,wom« 
en  and  children.  Gates,  Somers,  and  NcwpQirti 
had  each  a  commiflion,  invefling  either  of  them  ^ 

who  might  iiril  arrive,  with  power  to  calHo  the 

old 


0 


S    M    I    T    H.  3©r 

pM  snd  (et  up  the  new  commi(nbn.  The  fket 
failed  from  England  in  May  1609,  and  by  fome 
ftrange  policy  the  three  commanders  were  em^ 
bdfked  in  one  (hip.  This  Ihip  being  feparated 
from  the  others  in  a  ftorm,  was  wrecked  on 
the  iOaild  bf  Bermuda  ;  another  foundered  at 
ffel' ;  iand  when  the  remaining  feren  arrived  int 
Vfqgifiia,  two  of  Which  were  commanded  by 
Ratclifte  and  Archer,  they  found  themfelves 
deilitute  of  authority  ;  though  ibme  of  them 
were  full  enough  of  prejudice  againfl  Smith 
who  was  then  in  command.  The  (hips  had 
been  greatly  (battered  in  their  pafTage,  mudi 
of  their  provifion  was  fpoiled,  many  of  their 
pdople  were  (ick  ;  and  the  feafon  in  which 
thtiy  arrived  was  no^  the  moft  favourable  to 
their  recovery.  A  mutinous  fpirit  foon  broke 
<5ut,  and  a  fcene  of  confufion  enfued ;  the  new 
C(^ers  would  not  obey  Smith,  becaufe  they 
fuppofed  his  commiffion  to  be  fuperfeded }  the 
new  commifiion  was  not  arrived,  and  it  was 
Uncertain  whether  the  (hip  which  carried  it 
tvould  ever  be  fcen  or  heard  of.  Smith  would 
gladly  have  withdrawn  and  gone  back  to  £iig<« 
bnd,  but  his  honor  Was  concerned  in  main-^ 
'  iaining  his  authority  till  he  (hould  be  regularly 
ibperfed^ ;  and  his  fpirit  would  not  fuiferhim 

T  'T'"*  "'  '  *  •."  to 


..Jki 


1 1 


302  8    M    1    T    H^  J 

ta  be  trampled  on  by  thofe  whom  he  defpiie^. 
Upon  due  coniideratibn,   he  determined  to' 
maintain  his  authority  as  far  as  he  was   able  ; 
waiting  fome  proper  opportunity  to  retlre«^ 
Some  of  the  mod  infolent  of  the  new  comers^^^ 
"he  laid  by  the  heels."    With  the  more' 
moderate  he  confulted  what  was   bed  to   beV 
done  I  and,  as  a  feparation  Teemed  to  be   ther' 
beft  remedy,  and  it  had  been  in  contempla-'.^ 
tion  to  extend  the  fettlements,  fome  were  in- ' 
duced  to  go  up  to  the  Falls,  others  to  Nanle*'^ 
mohd,  and,  others  to  Point  Comfort.     Smith's 
year  being  almoft  expired,  he  offered  to  refigit ' 
to  Martin,  who  had  been  one  of  the  old  coun-^' 
cil,  but  Martin  would  not  accept  the  com-^ " 
mand ;  he,  therefore;  kept  up  the  form  ;  and,  ^ 
as  much  as  he  could,  of  the  power  of  govern-;' 
ment ;    till  an  accident  which  had  nearl^^ ' 
proved  fatal  to  his  life,  obliged  him  to  Kttagk^ 
to  England., J..;  •.,.  ri-  :.-i.:.-'^r-:',^r'i.vi^:v:TW'^ 
On  his  return  from  the  nfew  planlalloH  if* 
the  Falls  $  fleeping  by  night  in  his  boat ;  ar^ 
bag  of   gun  powder  took  fire,  and  tiurnt'*^^ 
him  in  a  moft  terrible  manner.      Av/aking^ 
in  furprife,  and  finding  himfelf  wrapt  in  flames, 
he  leapeil  into  the  water,  and  was  almofl^^ 
drowned,  before  his  companions  could  recoveir^ 
■. ui-^-.— >.-»,*-.   ■•  •  ■•      him." 


ii^- 


ui 


S    M    I    T,.  H,  303 

him*    At  his  return  to  James- town,  in  this 
diftrefled  condition,  RatcliflTe  and  Archer  con-* 
fpired  to  murder  him  in  his  bed  1  but  th#l 
aifsfifin,  whom  they  employed,  had  not  courage 
to  fire  a  piftol.     Smith's  old  foldiers  would 
h^ye  taken  off  their  heads  1  but  he  thought 
it  prudent  to  pafs  by  the  offence,  and  take 
this  opportunity,  as  there  was   no  furgeon  iat- 
the  country,  of  returning  to  England.     As 
foon  as  his  intention  was  known,  the  council 
appointed  Mr.  Perci^  to  prefide  in  his  room  1  * 
an4  detained  the  (hip  three  weeks,  till  they 
cpi^ld  write  letters,  and  frame    complaintty- 
againft  him.    He  at  length  failed  for  England,^ 
abput  the  latter  end  of  September   1609  |4 
much  regreted  by  his  few  friends,  one  of 
whoi][i  has  left  this  character  of  him.     **  Jtkfi 
al)  his  proceedings  he  made  juftice  his  firft^ 
gui4e,  and  experience  his   fecond ;    hatingt 
bafenefs,  floth,  pride,  and  indignity,  more  thaa  1 
any  dangers.    He  never  would  sdlow  more 
£c^  himielf  than  for  his  foldiers  ;  and  upon  < 
no  danger  would  fend  them  where  he  would 
not  lead  them  himfelf.     He  would  never  fee 
us  want  what  he  had,  or  could  by  any  means^i 
gel  for  us.     He  would  rather  want  than  bor->^ 
row  i  or  fbrve,  than  not  pay.    He  loved  adtion  h 
morq  than  words  ;  and  hated  covetoufhef^ 

and 


\'  .\ 


■)• 


'). 


anA  falfehood  worfe  thin  death.    Hut  fli(lv<&i- 

*  tUres  were  bur  lives  -,  and  his  lofs  our  deaths/' 

*^'   Therti  needs  no  better  teftimony  to  r^e 

^  thith  of  this  charadter,  than  what  is  related 

^  of  the  iiliferable  Colony  after  he  had  qoiUcd 

""It.    Without  government,  without  prudence^ 

^irelefsy  indolent,  and  fadious,   tbey  becioie 

**ii  prey  to  the  infolcnce  of  the  natives,  to  tfcu 

'  diieafes  of  the  climate  and  to  famine.     Wirh- 

'  m  Hi  months,  their  number  was  reduced  from 

five  hundred  to  fixty ;   and  when  the  three 

i^ommanders,  who  had  been  wrecked  on  Ber« 

fnuda,  arrived  (i 6 1 o)  with  one  Hundred  and 

fifty  men  in  two  fmall  veflels,  which  theybaid 

built  out  of  the  vuuis  of  their  (hip,  and  the 

^  tedars  which  giew  on  the  iQand ;  they  found 

ihe  remnant  of  the  colony  in  fuch  t  £iirlorn 

condition ;  that  without  hefitation,  they  de-> 

^rmined  to  abandon  the  country,  and  were 

f^lmg  down  the  river;  when  they  met  1 4ioat 

Trom  the  Lord  De  la  Warrc,  who  had  copi 

with  a  fleet  to  thcT  relief.     By  iw   ^.erm&^fH 

they  refumed  the  plantation,  al         Uv  >  f<»* 

'  tunate  incident,  may  be  afcribcd  the  fallef'^ 

labliftiment  of  the  colony  of  Virginia.      .  -^ 

*^  Such  a  genius  as  Smith's  could  not  retnain 

ife  jfie  was  well  known  in  England*  and 


k:*;-. 


■^tf^t 


it£3) 


J-'  '» 


\   , 


"^^r 


8    M    t    t    H. 


3®5 


the  report  of  his  vak  nr,  and  his  fpirit  of  ad- 
ventaie,  pointed  him  out  to  a  numbei  ol 
merchants.  Who  were  engaged  in  the  Aaieri- 
can  fifhery,  as  a  pepper  per^n  to  malce  diicoy* 
vV^L  on  the^coaft  of  North  Virginia.    la 
tx.    A  i6i4»  he  failed  from  London  with  two  > 
<|iips, andarriyed  at  the  ifland  of  Monahigon. 
in  latkude .  43"^,  as  it  < was   then  computed, 
where  he  huUi  feven  boats.     The  defisn  c^ 
the  yo^ge  vna^.tp  take  whales,   to  examine  i 
tnine  of  gold^  J^d  another  of  copper,  which 
were  faid  to  be  there  ;  and  if  either,  or  both 
of  thefe  (hould  fail,  to  make  up  the  cargo ; 
with  fi(h  and  furs.     The  mines  proved  a  fie* 
tion,  and  by  long  chafing  the  whales  to  no 
purpofe,  they  loft  the  beft  feafon  for  fidung  y. 
but  whilft  the  feamen  were  engaged  in  thefe, 
fervlces  ;  Smith,  in  one  of  his  boats,  with, 
eight  men,  ranged  the  coaft,  eaft  and  weft»/ 
from  Pendbfcot  to  Cape  Cod  ;  bartering  with' 
the  natives  for  beaver  and  other  furs,  and 
making  obfervations  on  the  (hores,   iflands^  ^ 
harbours,  and  head  lands ;  which,  at  his  re-  < 
turn  to  England,  he  wrought  into  a  map,  and , 
preienting  it  to  prince  Charles,  (afterward  th«; 
royal  marfyr)yifith  arequeft  that  he  would  give 
the  country  a  name,  it  was  for  the  fidft  timftv 
"^1  U  csdlol  f 


3o6  S    M    I    T    H. 

called  New-England:  The  pflhce  alio  ma3fe 
feveral  alteration^  in  the  natties  Which  Smith 
had  given  to  particular  placed.  Fbr  ihftantciy 
he  had  called  the  name  of  that  promontbry, 
which  forms  the  eaftfcrn  enttatice  bf  Ma^ 
chufetts  bay,  Ti-agabigzanda ;  after  the  namb 
of  the  Tnrkifh  lady  to  whom  he  Had  becft 
formerly  a  flave  at  Coniladtindple ;  atid  thie 
three  iflands  which  lie  off  the  Cape,  the 
Turks  Heads,  in  memory  of  his  vidtory  ovSt 
the  three  Turkifli  chahiJ)iotis,  ih  his  Tranfyl- 
vanian  adventures.  The  fbrnifer,  Charles,  in 
filial  refpedt  to  his  mother,  called  Cape  Aone, 
which  name  it  has  ever  iince  retained  ;  the 
name  of  the  iflands  has  long  fince  been  loft  ; 
and  another  clufter  to  which  he  gave  his  own 
name.  Smith's  Ifles,  and  which  name  the 
prince  did  not  alter,  are  now,  and  have  for 
more  than  a  century  been  called  the  Ifles  of 
Shoals ;  fo  that  the  mod  pointed  marks  of  hii 
difcoveries  on  the  coaft  of  New-England,  have, 
either  by  his  own  complaifance  to  the  fon  of  ^ 
his  fovereign,  or  by  force  of  time  and  acci-^ 
dfents  become  obfolete.  When  he  failed  for 
England  in  one  of  the  (hips,  he  left  the  other 
biehind,  to  complete  her  lading,  with  orders 
to  fell  the  fifli  in  Spain.  Themafler,  Thomas 

Hunt, 


iith 

)eeH 
the 
the 
ovSt 
ifyl^ 
,   ill 
one, 
I  the 
oil; 
own 
the 
;  for 
;s  of 
fhii 
lave, 

of. 
acci- 

for 
other 
rders 
omas 


fJviiifljL 


^&.* 


S    M    I    t    ri:  307 

Hiint,  decoyed  twenty  four  6f  the  natives  on 
board,  and  fold   them  in  Spain  for  flavesi 
The  memory  of  this  bafe  tranfaflion  was  long 
preferved  among  the  Americans,  and  fiicceed* 
ing  adventurers  fufFered  on  account  of  it.  '^'- 
At  Smith's  return  to  England  he  put  in  at 
Plymouth  -,    where  relating  his  adventures, 
and  communicating  his    fentiments  to   Sir 
Ferdinando  Gorges,  he  was  introduced  to  the 
Plymouth  Company  of  adventurers  to '  North 
Virginia,  and  engaged   in   their  fervice.     At 
London  he  was  invited  by  the  South  Virginia 
company  to  return  to  their  fervice  ;  but  made 
ufe  of  his   engagement   with   the   Plymouth 
adventurers  as  an  excufe   for  declining   their 
invitation^     From  this  circumftance  it  feems, 
that  they  had  been  convinced   of  his   former 
fidelity,  notwithftanding  the   letters  and   re- 
ports which  they  had  formerly  received  to  his 
diwdvantage. 

^.  During  his  ftay  in  London,  he  had  the 
very  lingular  pleafiire  of  feeing  his  friend 
^Pocahontas,  the  daughter  of  Powhatan .  Hav- 
ing been  made  a  prifoner  in  Virginia,  (he  was 
there  married  to  Mr.  John  Rolfe,  and  by 
him  was  brought  to  England.  She  was  then 
about  twenty  two  years   of  age  j  her   perfon 


U 


was 


3o8 


SMITH. 


was  graceful,  and  her  deportment  gentle  and 
pleaiing.  She  had  been  taught  the  Engli(h 
language  and  the  Chriftian  religion,  and  bap- 
tized by  the  name  of  Rebecca.  She  had  heard 
that  Smith  was  dead,  and  knew  nothing  to 
the  contrary,  till  (he  arrived  in  England. 
The  fame  of  an  Indian  princefs  excited  great 
curioiity  in  London ;  and  Smith  had  the  ad- 
drefs  to  write  a  handfome  letter  to  the  Queen, 
fetting  forth  the  merits  of  his  friend,  and  the 
eminent  fervices  (he  had  done  to  him  and  the 
colony  of  Virginia.  She  was  introduced  by 
the  lady  De  la  War  re  ;  the  Queen  and  royal 
family  received  her  with  much  complacency, 
and  (he  proved  herielf  worthy  of  their  notice 
and  refpe61:.  At  her  firft  interview  with 
Smith  (he  called  him  father  ;  and  becaufe  he 
did  not  immediately  return  the  falutation  and 
call  her  child,  (he  wai  fo  overcome  with 
grief,  that  (he  hid  hei*  face  and  would  not 
fpeak  for  fometime.  She  was  ignorant  of  the 
ridiculous  affectation  which  reigned  in  the 
Court  of  James  ;  which  forbad  Smith  aflum-  , 
ing  the  title  of  father,  to  the  daughter  of  a 
King  i  and  when  informed  of  it  (he  defpi(ed 
it  J  paiHonately  declaring,  that  (he  loved  him 
as  a  father,  and  had  treated  him  as  fuch  in 

her 


SMITH. 


309 


in 


iicr  own  country,  and  would  be  his  child 
wherever  (he  went.  The  fame  pedantic  af- 
fcdation  caufed  her  hufband  to  be  looked  upon 
as  an  offender,  for  having,  though  a  fubjcd, 
invaded  the  myfterious  rights  of  royalty  in 
marrying  above  his  rank.  This  marriage, 
however,  proved  beneficial  to  the  colony,  as 
her  father  had  thereby  become  a  friend  to 
them,  and  when  (he  came  to  England,  he  fent 
with  her  Uttamaccomac,  one  of  his  trufty 
counfellors ;  whom  he  enjoined  to  inquire  for 
Smith,  and  tell  him  whether  he  was  alive. 
Another  order  which  he  gave  him  was,  to 
bring  him  the  number  of  people  in  England ; 
accordingly,  on  his  landing  at  Plymouth,  the 
obedient  favage  began  his  account  by  cutting 
a  notch  on  a  long  flick  for  every  perfbn  whom 
he  faw  i  but  fbon  grew  tired  of  his  employ^ 
ment,  and  at  his  return  told  Powhatan  that 
they  exceeded  the  number  of  leaves  on  the 
trees.  A  third  command  from  his  prince 
was,  to  fee  the  God  of  England,  and  the 
King,  Queen,  and  Princes,  of  whom  Smith 
had  told  him  fo  much  ;  and  when  he  met 
with  Smith,  he  defired  to  be  introduced  to 
thofe  perfonages.  He  had  before  this  feca 
the  King,  but  would  not   believe  it  j  becaufe 

V  2  the 


3IQ  SMITH, 

the  perfon  whom  they  pointed  out  to  him  ha4 
not  given  him  any  thing.     ^*  You  gave  Pow*- 
hatan  (laid  he  to   Smith)  a  white  dog,  h\H. 
your   King  has   given  me  nothing,"      Mr. 
Rolfc  was  preparing  to  return  with   his  wife 
to  Virginia,  when  (he  was  taken  ill  and  die^ 
at  Gravefend  ;  leaving  an  infant  fon,  Thomas 
Rolfe,  from  whom  are  defcended  feveral  fanv 
^  ilies  of  note  in  Virginia,  who  hold  their  lands 
by  inheritance  from  her,         i^f ^i^'>»  ^r  -m^^ 
<"    Smith  had  conceived  fuch  an   idea  of  thp 
value  and  importance  of  the  American  conti- 
nent, that  he  was  fully  bent  on  the  buiinefs  of 
plantation,  rather  than  li(hing  and  trading  for 
furs.     Jn  this  he  agreed  with  his   friend  Sir 
Ferdinand©  Gorges,  and  the  few  other  ailivc 
tnembers  of  the  council  of  Plymouth,  but  it 
had  become  an  unpopular  theme,     One  colo- 
ny had  been  driven  home  from  Sagadahock  by 
the  fe verity  of  the  feafon   and  the  deaths   of 
their  leaders.      Men  who  we^-e  fit   for  the 
bufinefs  were  not  eafily  to  be  obtained,   thofe 
•yvho  had  formerly  been  engaged  were  difcour. 
aged,  and  it  required  great   ftrength  of  mind 
as  well  as  liberality  of  purfe,  to   fet  on  foot 
another  experiment.     After  much  trouble   in 
endeavouring  to  unite  perfons  of  oppofite   ii}? 

^trefts. 


-if  .Vf 


S,   M    I    T,    H.  311 

tcrefts.  and  Ainuilate  thofe  who  b^d  i^ftained 
foro^cr  lofle^^  to  new  attempts,  Jie  obt^ned 
pae  (hip  of  t^vo  hundred  ju^ns,  and  another  of 
fifty,  with  which  b^  failed  ifi  1 615.     Hav^ 
jng  proceeded  abput  one  hundred  ai>d   twenty 
leagues,  tl^ey  \yei:e  fepafate4  in  a  ftorm  ;  the 
ignaller  one  conimanded  by  Capt.  Thojmas 
Pfrmer  purfued  her  voyage  ;  but  Smith  hav- 
ing loil  his  tnafls  was  obliged  to  put  back 
under  a  juiy  niaft  to  Plymouth.      There  he 
put  hi$  /lores  on  board  a  fmall  bark  of  fixty 
tons,  and  thirty  men,  of  whom  iixteen  were  to 
^ft  him  in  beginning  a  nevy  colony,.: 
ij.    Meeting  >yith  an  Englifh  pirate,  his  men 
.would have  had  him  furrenx^er  {  but  though 
^Jie  had  only  four  guns,  aud  the  pirate  tjiirty 
.fix,  he  difdained  to  yield.     On  fpeaking  with 
jier,  he  found  the  commander  and  fomc  of  the 
,€rew  to  be  his  ol,d  fhipmate^, ,  who  had  run 
;  awf y  with  the  ihipfrom  Tunis,  and  were  in 
^jdiftrefs  for  provifions  j  they  pfFered  to  put 
.J  th»emfelyes  under  his  command,  but  he  reje6l:- 
cd  the  propofal  apd  went  on  his  voyage.    Near 
the    Wcftern  Iflands  he  fell    in  with  two 
French  pirates  ^  his  men  were  again   thrown 
'into  a  panic,  and  would  have  ftruck,    but  he 
■tbreiatened  to  blow  up  the  (hip,  if  they  would 
.V,:.;  U+  ,       not     ' 


312 


S    MIT    H. 


not  fight  i  and  by  firing  a  few  running  (hot»  t 
he  efcaped  them  alfo.    After  this  he  was  met 
by  four  French  men  of  war,  who  had  order!  ^ 
from  their  fovereign   to  feize  pirates.      He  1 
ihowed  them  his  commiflion  under  the  great .« 
feal ;  but  they  prefidioufly  detained  him  whilft  { 
they  fuffered  his  (hip  to  efcape  in  the  night,  | 
and  return  to   Plymouth.      They  knew  hit  ; 
enterpriUng  fpirit,  and  were  afraid  of  his  mak- 
ing a  fettlement  in  New-England,   fo  near 
to  their  colony  of   Acadia ;    and  they  fuf-  ' 
pcftcd,  or  at  le^ft  pretended   to  fufpedt,   that 
he  was  the  perfon  who  hod   broken  up  their  * 
fifhcry  at  Port  Royal  (which  was  really  done  ^ 
by  Captain  Argal)  the  year  before.  ;  i 

When  their  cruife  was  finifhed,  they  carried 
him  to  Rochelle  ;  and  notwithftanding  their 
promifes  to  allow  him  a  (hare  of  the  prizes 
which  they  had  taken  whilft  he  was   with  - 
them,  they  kept  him  as  a  prifoner  on  board  a  c 
/hip  at  anchor.     But  a  ftorm  arifing^   which  :^ 
drove  all  the  people  below,  he  took  the  boat,  ^ 
with  an  half  pike  for  an  o^r,   thinking  to 
make  his  efcape  in  the  night.     The  currents 
was  fo  flrong  that  he  drifted  to  fea,  and   was- 
near  perifliing.     By  the  turn  of  the  tide  he. 
got  afliore,  on  a  marfhy  ifland,  where  fomc- , 
*  fowlers 


S    M    I    T    H.  '3?^'  t 

fov^lers  fi)und  him  in  the  morningalmoft  dead 
ivith  cold  and  hanger.  He  give  them  his 
boat  to  carry  him  to  Ri^elle,  where  he 
learned  that  the  (hip  which  had  taken  him^ 
with  one  of  her  prizes,  which  was  very  rich» 
had  been  driven  on  fhore  in  that  ftorm,  and 
lofty  with  her  Captain  and  one  half  of  the 


men. 


.H'^T  * 


iJ^/iKs-fVr 


^  Here  he  made  his  complaint  to  the  judge 
of  the  Admiralty,  and  produced  fuch  evidence 
in  fupport  of  his  allegations,that  he  was  treat- 
ed with  fair  words  ;  but  it  does  not  appear 
that  he  got  any  recompence.  He  inet  here 
and  at  Bourdeaux  with  many  friends,  both 
French  and  £ngli(h;  and  at  his  return  to  Eng- 
land, publi(hed  in  a  fmall  quarto,  an  account 
of  his  two  lafl:  voyages,  with  the  depofitions 
of  the  men  who  were  in  the  ihip  when  he 
was  taken  by  the  French.  To  this  book  he 
prefixed  his  map  of  New-England  ;  and  in  it 
gave  a  defcription  of  the  country,  with  its 
many  advantages,  and  the  proper  methods  of 
rendering  it  a  valuable  acquifition  to  the  Eng- 
lifh  dominions.  When  it  was  printed,  he 
went  all  over  the  weft  of  England,  giving 
copies  of  it  to  all  perfons  of  note  ;  and  en- 
deavouring to  excite  the  nobility,  gentry,  ancl 

merchants. 


3H 


S    M    I    T    H. 


merchants^  to  engage  with  earneftnpfs  ia   i!^ 
buiiners  of  colonizing  America.     He  ojbt^nedi 
from  many  of  tfa^  fair  promifes^  and  w^s 
complimented  by  tbe  Plymouth  company  v/itjn 
the  title  of  Admiral  of  New-England.     3iit 
the  former  ill  fuccefs  of  fome  too  fanguine  acjr 
venturersyhad  made  a  deep  impreflion,  and  a  va** 
riety  of  crofs  incidents,  baffled  all  his  attempts, 
H  owever,  his  experience  ^nd  advice  were 
of  eminent  fervice  to  others.  The  open  frank- 
nefs  and  generoiity  of  his  mind   led  him   to 
give  all  the  encouragement  which  he  could  to 
the  bufincfs  of  fifhing  and  planting  in   New- 
England  ;  for  which  purpofe,  in    1622^  he 
publiflied  a  book,  entitled,  **  New-England's 
Tryals"  fome  extracts  from  which  arepreferv- 
cd  by  Purchas.*      No  man  rgoiced  i^orc 
than  himfelf  in  the  eilablifh^ent  of  the  colo- 
nies of  Plymouth  and  Maffachufetts.  ,^ 
^^:  When  the  news  of  the  maflacre  of  the  Vicr 
ginian  planters  by  the  Indians,  1622,   arrived 
in  England,  Smith  was  all  on  Rre  to  go  over 
to  revenge  the  infult.     He  made  an  offer  to 
the  company  that  if  they   would   allow  him 
one  hundred  foldiers  and  thirty  failors,    with 
the  necefTary  provifions  and  equipments,  he 
would  range  the  country,  keep  the  natives   in 


♦  Vol.  V,  p.  1837, 


awe. 


SMI 


H. 


315 


fiwe,  proted  the  planters,  and  make  dircQvcr>« 
m,  of  the  hitherto  unknown  parts  of  ^^merir 
ca  $  and.fpr  his  own  rifque  and  paips  W9^14 
^Cut  jiothing  hut  what  he  WQi4d  *^  produce; 
from  the  proper  lahour  of  the  ^vages."  Oa 
this  propofal  the  company  \yas  divided^  but 
fhepufillanimouf  ^nd  avaricioMS  party  pre- 
vailed; and  gave  him  this  anfwer^  **  th^  thf 
charges  would  be  be  too  great;  that  their 
ftock  was  reduced  j  that  the  planters  ought 
$0  defend  themfelyes  ;  but,  jthat  if  he  would 
go  at  his  own  expenfe,  th^y  wou}4  give  hio^ 
]eavef  provided  he  would  give  them  one  half 
of  the  pillage,**  Such  an  anfwer  cpuld  be.  fp^ 
ceived  only  with  contempt.  "^'% 

;  When  the  King  in  1624,  inftituted  ^  conir 
miffion  for  the  reformation  of  Virginia,  Smith, 
by  defire  of  the  commiHioners,  gave  in  a  rcr 
lation  of  his  former  proceedings  in  the  colony, 
and  bis  opinion  and  advice  rerpe£ling  the 
proper  methods  of  remedying  the  defers  in 
government,  and  carrying  on  the  plantation 
with  a  profpe(fl  of  fuccefs.*     TheUe  with  ma^ 

*  Agreeably  to  Smith's  advice  to  thefe  commiflioners,  King 
Chiwles  I.  at^is  accedion  diflblv^d  the  coippaoy,  in  1626,  and  ret 
4uced  the  colony  under  the  iminediate  «lice6Hon  of  the  crown,  ator 
pointing  the  governor  and  council,  and  ordering  all  patents  an4 
proceffes  to  iffue  in  his  own  name. 


3^6 


I*'  M    I    T    H. 


ny  other  papers  he  collected  and  publifhed,  iit 

1627,  in  a  thin  folio,  under  the  title  of,  **  The 

Geneva!  Hiftory  of  Virginia,   New-^Bngland, 

and  the  Somer  Ifles."    The  narrative  part  is 

made  up  of  journals  and  letters  of  thofe  who 

^vere  concerned  with  him  in   the  plantation^ 

intermixed  with  his  own  obfervations.      His 

intimate  friend,  Mr.  Purchas,  had  publiih- 

ed  mod  of  them  two  years  before  in  his  '*  Pil- 
grims."  -fai^^'/:^:.  -n^  t^^ni-^rm  *■■  <'  i,''"!^  -'  '"■■^7^-'-..^::^'-'ii 

In  1629,  at  the  requeft  of  Sir  Robert  Cot- 
ton, he  publi(hed  a  hiftory  of  the  early  part  of 
his  life,  entitled,  "  The  triie  Travels,  Adven- 
tures and  Obfervations  of  Capt.  John  Smith." 
This  work  is  preferved  intire,  'i  the  fecond 
volume  of  ChurchiU's  colledtions,  and  from  it, 
the  former  part  of  this  account  is  compiled. 
In  the  concludon  he  made  fome  addition  to 
the  hiftory  of  Virginia,  Bermuda,  New- Eng- 
land and  the  Weft  Indies,  refpedting  things 
which  had  come  to  his  knowledge,  after  the 
publication  of  his  general  hiftory.  He  flated 
the  inhabitants  of  Virginia  in  1628.  at  five 
thoufand,  and  their  cattle  about  the  fame 
.  number.  Their  produce  was  chiefly  tobacco  j 
but  thofe  few  who  attended  to  their  gardens 
had  all  forts  of  fruit  and  vegetables  in. great 

abundance     . 


ff 


5,  M    I    T    H.  317 

abundance  and  perfection.  From  New-Eng- 
land, they  received  falted  fi(h  ;  but  of  frefli 
fi(h  their  own  rivers  produced  enough,  befide 
an  infinite  quantity  of  fowl ;  as  their  woods 
did  of  deer  and  other  game.  They  had  two 
brew  houfes ;  but  they  cultivated  the  Indian 
corn,  in  preference  to  the  European  grain. 
Their  plantations  were  fcattered  ;  fome  of 
their  houfes  were  palifaded  ;  but  they  had  no 
fortifications  nor  ordnance  mounted.  '  •-^  ?^ 
His  account  of  New-England  is,  that  the 
country  had  been  reprefented  by  adventurers 
from  the  weft  of  England,  as  rocky,  barren 
and  defolate ;  but  that,  fince  his  account  of  it 
had  been  publifhed,  the  credit  of  it  was  fo 
raifed,  that  forty  or  fifty  £ul  went  thither  an-, 
liually  on  filling  and  trading  voyages.  That 
nothing  had  been  done  to  any  purpofe  iQ^ 
eftabliflung  a  plantation,  till  "  about  an  hun«^ 
dred  Brownifls  went  to  New- Plymouth  ; 
whofe  humorous  ignorance  caufed  them  to 
endure  a  wonderful  deal  of  mifery,  with  infi- 
nite patience.**  '-'  S^.-/^%    Tl/t 

He  then  recapitulates  the  hiftory  of  his 
American  adventures  in  the  following  term$. 
**  Now  to  conclude  the  travels  and  adven- 
tures of  Captain  Smith  :   Howfirfthe  plant- 
ed 


3'^ 


i'  M  r  T  H. 


cd  Virginia,  and  was  fct  afhorcwitha  hundred 
ihcn  in  the  wild  woods  j  how  he  was  taken 
prrfoncr  by  the  favages,  and  by  the  King  of 
f^amaunky  tied  to  a  tree  to  be  (hot  to  death  ; 
led  up  and  down  their  country,  to  be  {hown 
for  a  wonder  ;  fatted  as  he  thought  for  a  fac- 
rifice  to  their  idol,  before  whom  they  conjur  • 
cd  three  days,  with  ftrange  dances  and  invoca* 
tions ;  then  brought  before  their  Emperor 
Powhatan,  who  commanded  him  to  be  flain  ; 
liow  his  daughter  Pocahontas  faved  his  life, 
returned  him  to  James-town,  relieved  him 
arid  his  famifhed  company,  which  was  but 
eight  and  thirty,  to  poflefs  thofe  large  domi-i 
nions ;  how  he  difcovered  all  the  feveral  na- 
tions on  the  rivers  falling  into  the  bay  of  Chef- 
apeak;  how  he  was  flung  almoft  to  death  by 
the  poifonous  tail  of  a  fiKh  called  a  ftingrayi 
how  he  was  blown  up  with  gunpowder  and 
rfctiirhed  to  England  to  be  cured.  .  ^^    . 

**  Alfo  how  he  brought  New  England  to- 
the  fubjedidn  of  the  kingdom  of  Great  Brit- 
tain;  his  fights  with  the  pirates,  left  alone 
among  French  men  of  war,  and  his  fhip  fan 
from  him;  his  fea  fights  for  the  French  a- 
gaihd  the  Spaniards ;  their  bad  ufage  of  him ; 
how  in  France,  in  a  little  boat,  he  efcaped 

them 


th 
fe 
w 
R 


SMITH.  jx^ 

them  ;  was  adrift  all  fuch  a  ftotxny  night  at 
fea  by  himself,  when  thirteen  French  (hips 
were  fplit  or  driven  on  fliore  by.  the  ifle  of 
Rhce,  the  General  and  mod  of  his  men 
drowned  ;  when  god,  to  whom  be  all  honor 
and  praife,  brought  him  fafe  on  (hore  to  the 
adfniration  of  all  who  efcapcd ;  you  may  read 
at  large  in  his  general  hiflory  of  Virginia^  tho 
Somcr  iflands  and  New  England."  -. 

This  was  probably  his  laft  publication,  fot* 
he  lived  but  two  j^ears  after.  By  a  note  in 
Joflelyn's  voyage,  it  appears  that  he  died  in 
163 1,  at  London,  in  the  fifty  fecond  year  o£ 
his  age.  ^.  ..,  ■.  ..•^\:i  .•/  n'^* »     .  •  -  y--^  &«s«-3  M^k^^ 

It  would  give  fingular  pleafure  to  the  com- 
piler of  thefe  memoirs,  if  he  could  learn  from 
any  credible  teftimony,  that  Smith  ever  receiv-. 
ed  any  recompence  for  his  numerous  fervices 
and  fufFerings.  The  fenfe  which  he  had  of- 
this  matter,  in  1627,  (hall  be  given  in  his 
own  words.  **  I  have  fpent  five  years,  and 
more  than  five  hundred  pounds,  in  the  fer- 
vice  of  Virginia  and  New  England,  and  in 
neither  of  them  have  I  one  foot  of  land,  nor 
the  very  houfe  I  built,  nor  the  ground  I  dig- 
ged with  my  own  hands ;  but  I  fee  thofe^ 
countries  fhared  before  me  by  thofe  who  know 
them  only  by  my  defcriptions." 

XIII. 


3s» 


cs* 


'^'' 


^Ifli    XIIL    D  E    M  O  N  T  S, 

1^4,  f  OUTRINCOURT    ^^^ 

^|0£|j^S.C  H  A  M  P  L  A  I  N;  ^>-d^i 


t«3;  k*  ,A6i  .n  -j'of  »' » 


n^:'- 


ht:-  After  the  difcovery  of  Canada,  by 
Cartier,  the  French  continued  trading  to  that 
country  for  furs,  and  fi{hing  on  the  banks  of 
Newfoundknd,  Cape  Breton  and  Acadia; 
Inhere  they  found  many  excellent  and  conve- 
nient harbours,  among  which  Canfeau  was 
early  diflinguifhed  as  a  place  extremely  fuita- 
ble  for  the  fifhery.  One  Savalet,  an  old  mari- 
ner, who  frequented  that  port,  had  before 
7609  made  no  lefs  than  forty  two  voyages  to 
thojfe  parts.*  '  ^    ,  v.- f^^     ^  .-, 

Henry  IV,  King  of  France,  perceived  the 
advantages  which  might  arife  to  his  kingdom 
from  a  farther  exploration  of  the  northern 
parts  of  America ;  and  therefore  gave  encour- 
agement to  thofe  who  were  defirous  of  mak- 
ing adventures.  In  1598,  the  Marquis  de 
lA  Roche  obtained  a  commiilion  of  Lord 
Lieutenant,  and  undertook  a  voyage  with  a 
view  to  eftablifh  a  colony  -,  confifting  of  con- 

vi(fts    ; 

♦  Purchas  V.  1640,  .       ;  .  '  >t  I 


if 


.a 


,'  "I 


■'"^•^ 


>».■ 


iH 


III-* 


.#.i.,rM'b    N    T 


S, 


,iri(^s  taken  out  of  the  prifons.  IJappening 
'in  the  couffeof  his  v%age  to  fall  itf^ith  tho  . 
iflc  of  Sable,  a  low,  fandy  1(1  and,  lying  about 
twenty  five  leagues  fouthward  of  Cahfcaii,  he 
there  landed^  forty  of  hife  iftifcrdbJe  crew,  to 
jRjbfift  on  the  cattle  and  fwine,  with  which 
jthc  place  had  been  (locked  by  the  Portugwcfe, 
fci*  the  relief  of  fhipwreckcd  Teamen.  The 
reafon  given  for  chufing  this  forlorn  place, 
for  the  difembarkation  of  his  colphy,  was, 
that  they  would  be  out  of  all  daftger  from  the 
favagcs,  till  he  ihould  find  a  better  fituatioii 
for  them  on  the  continent,  when  he  promiie4 
to  return  and  take  them  off.  Whether  he 
ever  reached  the  continent  is  uncertain,*  biii 
he  never  again  faw  the  ifle  of  Sable.  Return- 
ing to  France,  he  engage^  in  the  wars,  was 
jftiade  a  prifoner  by  th€  l^HIRe  of  Merceur,  ahci 
foon  after  died.  The  wretched  exiles  (uWft- 
ed  on  fuch  things  as  the  place  afforded,  and| 
clothed  themfelves  with  the  fkins  of  feals,'  * 

At,  the  end  of  feven  years,-}-  King  Henry,  in 

.   n  .•,.'.  ii.e/  ...^s,  y^.    t     4    compafHon,   > 

*  Forfter  fays,  that  "  he  made  in  difTerent  parts  of  it,  fuch  re-f 
fearches  as  he  thought  neceflary,  ^nd  then  returned  to  France.'*, 
p.  443,     Purchas  fays  that  "it  was  his  fortune,  by  reafon  of  con-f  . 
trlry  wind,  not  to  find   the  main  land,  but  was  blown  back  tq 
France."     Vol.  v,  p.  1807. 

+  Purchas  fays  twelve ;   this  will  bripg  it  to  the  laft  yo^  of 
Jlenry's  life,  x6jo. 

W  ' ' 


^x« 


A  ■'.-';;■•' 


322        D    E      MONT    S>      is 

compaffion,  fent  a  fifherman  to  bring  tfiem 
home.  Twelve  only  were  then  alive.  The 
fisherman,  concealing  from  thcni  the  generous 
intention  of  their  fovereign,  took  all  the  fkios 
which  they  had  collected  as  a  recom  pence  for 
his  fervices,  fome  of  which  being  black  foxfss; 
were  of  great  value.  The  King  had  theim^ 
brought  before  him  in  their  feal  fkin  habits 
and  long  beards.  He  pardoned  their  former 
crimes,  and  made  each  of  them  a  prefent  of 
fifty  crowns.  When  they  difcovered  the 
fraud  of  the  fifherman,  they  inftituted  a  pro- 
cefs  againfl  him  at  law,  and  recovered  large 
damages;  by  means  of  which  they  acquired 
fo  much  property  as  to  enter  into  the  fame 

kmd  or  tramc.  ^,  ^^^  ^^  k,  ^r*'*  *''.#«-.'i  iA.t~<'^i0rt'^ 
The  King  alfo  granted  to  iPoNT grave  de 
Chauvin,  an  excliifivc  privilege  of  trading  at 
Ta^ufac,  the  mouth  of  the  river  Saguenay ; 
to  which  place  he  made  two  vpyages,  and  was 
preparing  for  a  third  when  he  was  prevented 

by  death. ^,  ^^^^j  _;^,^.^^  ,^^  Hi'm'-n^ymm^f  ^i^i^m 
The  next  voyager  of  any  note  was  Samuel 
Champlain,  of  Brouage;  a  man  of  a  noble 
family  ',  who,  in  1603,  failed  up  the  river  of 
Canada,  as  far  as  Cartier  had  gone  in  1535. 
He  made  many  inquiries  of  the  natives  con- 
*--        .  „  '   ^     ccrning 


'W- 


*^ 


rEL 
kble 
of 

|35- 

)n- 


*       t)    E      M    O    N    T    S.        353 

4(feing  their  country,  its  rii^et^,  falls,  lakesi 
Mountains  and  mines,  Thfc  refult  of  his  in- 
quiry was,  that  a  comntiuriication  was  formed, 
by  means  of  two  lakes  j with  the  dountry  df  thd 
Iroquois  toward  the  fouth;  that  toward  the 
Weft  there  were  niore  and  greater  lakes  of 
frefh  water,  to  one  of  which  they  knew  no 
limits ;  and  that  to  the  northward  there  was 
an  inland  fea  of  fait  water.  lii  the  coiirfe  of 
this  voyage,  Champlain  anchored  at  a  plac6 
called  ^ebecky  which  in  the  language  df  the 
country  fignifieda  ftrait;  and  this  was  thought 
to  be  a  proper  fitUation  for  a  fort  and  fettle- 
ment.  He  heard  of  no  rtiines  but  one  of 
copper,  far  to  the  northward.  With  this  in- 
formation he  returned  to  France,  in  the  month 
of  September.  ' '^^ 

^  On  the  eighth  of  November  in  the  famei 
year  King  Henry  granted  to  the  SieUr  Du 
MoNTs,  a  gentleman  of  his  bed  chamber,  a 
patent  conftituting  him  LieUteriant  General 
of  all  the  territory  of  U Acadia,  from  the  for- 
tieth to  the  forty  fixth  degree  of  north  latitude, 
with  power  to  fubdue  the  inhabitants  and 
convert  them  to  the  Chriftiart  faith.*     This 

patent 

.  *  See  the  patent^  in  Frtfnchj  in  Hazard's  Colledion^  voi«  i.  45, 
and  tranflated  into  £ngli{ht  in  Churchill's  Collections,  vol.  viii, 
p.  79^. 

W2 


D     E      M    O     N     T    9^; 


If: 


324        u    t.     ivi    u    IN     r    tf.      4i 

patent  was  publifhed  in  all  the  maritime  tc^As 
of  France ;  and  De  Monts  having  equip^id 
two  veflels  failed  for  his  new  government  oa 
the  feventh  of  March,  1 604  ;  taking  wUli 
him  the  aforeiaid  Samuel  Champlain  for^ii  ^ 
pilot,  and  Monfieur  de  Poutrincourt  ' 
who  had  been  for  a  long  time  defirous  to  vifit 

America*  r'^,,r;iy.,,~  -n'7',v  .^vf^  r'*r>jv  ■  -  v^lv^vfi 
►<  On  the  6tfi  of  May,  they  arrived  at  a  har- 
bour on  the  S.  E.  fide  of  the  peninfula  of  Acadia 
\  '^ere  they  found  one  of  their  countrymen, 
K'  .ignol,  trading  with  the  Indians  without 
licence.  They  feized  his  fliip  and  cargo  1 
leaving  him  only  the  poor  confoktion,  of  giv- 
ing his  name  to  the  harbour  ^here  he  was 
taken  ;  the  provifions  found  in  his  ihip  were 
a  feafonable  fupply,  and  without  them  the  en- . 
terprize  muft  have  been  abandoned.  This 
place  is  now  called  Liverpool.    *  v  t~  •  v 

-  From  Port  Roflignol  they  coafted  the  pen- 
infula to  the  S.  W.  and  having  doubled 
Cape  Sable  canxe  to  anchor  in  the  bay  of  St* 
Mary,  where  Aubfy,a  prieft,  going  afliore,  wa» 
loft  in  the  woods,  and  a  proteftant  was  charg- 
ed with  having  murdered  him,  b^caufe  they 
had '  ibmctimcs  had  warm  difputation  on  re- 
ligious Aibjeds.     They  waited  for  him  fcver- 


t 


%^ 


^ 


.r 


-f 


JD    E      M    O    N    T    S. 


2^S 


lys,  firing  guns  and  founding  trumpets, 
Ji&t  in  vain  ;  the  noife  of  the  fea  was  fo  great 
that  na  other  found  could  be  heard.  Con-^ 
ciluding  that  he  was  dead^  they  quitted  the 
place  after  fixteen  days ;  int^ing  to  examine 
that  extenfive  bay  on  the  weft  of  the  peninfu- 
la  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  La  Baye 
Francoife ;  but  which  is  now  called  the  Bay 
of  Funda,  The  pricft  was  afterward  found 
alive,  but  almoft  ftarved  to  death,  r-  tr  r^ir . 
On  the  eaftern  fide  of  this  bay  they  difcov- 
crcd  a  narrow  llrait,  into  which  they  entered, 
and  foon  found  themfelves  in  a  fpacious  ba« 
fon,  invironed  with  hills,  from  which  dc- 
fcended  ftr^ams  of  frefh  w^ter ;  and  between 
the  hills  ran  a  fine  navigable  river,  which  they 
called  L'Equille.  It  was  bordered  with  fertile 
meadows,  and  full  of  delicate  fifh.  Poutrin- 
court,  charmed  with  the  beauty  of  the  place, 
determined'  here  to  take  his  refidence,  and 
having  received  a  grant  of  it  from  De  Monts, 
gave  it  the   name  of  Port   Royal.    [Anna- 


te*, is' .it 


•Ol;*    rf     »<         ■<    ,#L>*.i*       B»ri 


■  }lji'i\< 


■■  i-x:  # 


polis.} 

From  Port  koyal,  De  Monts  failed  farther 

into  the  great  bay,  to  vifit  a  copper  mine.     It 

was  a  high  rockj  on  a  promontory,  between 

two  bays.    [Menis.]     The  copper,   though 

W  3  mixed 


-* 


.^ 


•V. 


32$        D    E      M    O    N     T    S.*    %, 

mixed  with  ftonc,  was  very  pure  •  rcfembllfi(| 
j^hat  called  Rozette  copper.     Among   the^ 
il:ones  they  found  chryftals  and  a  certain  (hin^. 
ing  ftone  of  a  blue  colour.      Specimens   of 
thefe  ftones  were  fent  to  the  King.   ^    '  :  ^itf^ 

In  farther  examining  the  bay  they  came  to 
a  great  river  which  they  called  St.  John's ; 
full  of  iflands  and  fwarming  with  fifti.  Up 
this  river  they  failed  fifty  leagues,  and  were 
extremely  delighted  with  the  vaft  quantity  of 
grapes  which  grew  on  its  banks.  By  this 
river  they  imagined  that  a  ftiorter  communica- 
tion might  be  had  with  the  Baye  de  Chaleur 
and  the  port  of  Tadoufac,  than  by  the  fea. 

From  the  river  St.  John  they  coaftcd  th6 
bay,  fouthwefterly,  till  they  came  to  an  ifland 
in  the  middle  of  a  river  which  Champlain  had 
previoufly  explored.  Finding  its*  fituation 
fafe  and  convenient,  De  Monts  refolved  there 
to  build  a  fort  and  pafs  the  winter.  To  this 
illand  he  gave  the  name  of  St.  Croix  ;*  bc- 
.,  caufe 

♦  This  is  a  ftation  of  much  importance.  It  has  given  rife  to  a 
pontrovcrfy,  between  the  United  States  and  the  Britift  govern- 
ment, vhich  is  not  yet  terminated.  I  fliall  therefore  give  a  de- 
fcription  of  this  ifland  and  its  furrounding  waters,  from  a  tranfla- 
tion  of  Mark  Lefiarbot's  hiftory  of  the  voyages  of  De  Monts, 
jn  which  he  himfelf  w^s  engaged,  and  therefore  had  feen  the  place 
yi'hich  he  defcribes.     This  tranflation  is  to  be  found  at  large  in 

Churchill's 


r« 


^D    E      M     O     N     T    S.         327: 

owfe  that  two  leagues  higher  there  were 
brooks  which  **  came  crofs-wifc  to  fall  with- 
in this  large  branch  of  the  fca."  l^  -  -W  /^ 
^  The  winter  proved  fcverc,  and  the  people 
fufFered  fo  much  by  the  fcurvy,  that  thir- 
ty fix  of  them  died  ;  the  remaining  forty,  who 
were  all  fick,  lingered  till  the  fpring  (1605) 
when  they  recovered  by  means  of  the  frefh 
vegetation.  Tne  remedy  which  Cartier  had 
found  in  Canada  was  here  unknown,  > 


f?^i 


■'\ 


As 


Churchill's  Colle£ltons,  vol.  viil,  796,  and  an  abridgement  of  it  in 
Purchas's  PilgrinivS,  vol.  v,  1619. 

"  Leaving  St.  John's  river,  they  came,  following  the  coaft 
twenty  leagues  from  that  place,  to  a  great  river,  which  is  proper- 
ly /ea,  [i.  e.  fait  water]  where  they  fortified  themfclvcs  in  a  lit" 
tie  ijland  feated  in  the  midft  of  this  river,  which  the  faid  Cham- 
plain  had  been  to  difcover  and  view.  And,  feeing  it  ftrong  by 
nature,  and  of  eafy  defence  and  keeping  ;  befides  that  the  feafon 
began  to  Aide  away,  and  therefore  it  was  behoveful  to  provide  of 
lodging,  without  running  any  farther,  they  refolved  to  make  their 
abode  there.  ., w,.,    r.,.  ■,  ;,,^-.;  ■<:4i,  ir  .    * 

"  Before  we  fpeak  of  the  Ihip's  return  to  France,  It  is  meet  to 
tell  you,  how  hard  the  iflc  of  St.  Croix  is  to  be  found  out,  to 
them  that  were  never  there.  For  there  are  fo  many  ifles  and  great 
bays  to  go  by  [from  St.  John's]  before  one  be  at  it,  that  I  won-, 
der  iiow  one  might  ever  pierce  fo  far  as  to  fipd  it.  There  are 
three  or  four  mountains^  imminent  above  the  others,  on  the fdes  -, 
but  on  the  north  fde  from  whence  the  liver  runneth  down,  there 
is  but  a  fliarp  pointed  one,  above  two  leaguis  dijlant.  The 
woods  of  the  main  land  are  fair  and  admirable  high,  and  well 
grown,  as  in  like  manner  is  the  grafs.  There  is  right  over  againjl 
the  ifland  frejii   water   brooks^   very   pleafant  and   agreeable  ; 

where 
W4 


3i8        D    E      M    O    N    T    S.f 


^ 


As  Toon  as  his  men  were  recovered,  J^ 
Monts  refolved  to  fcek  a  comfortable  ilatioii; 
in  a  warmer  climatp.  Having  yidualled  an4. 
Qrmed  his  pinnace  he  failed  along  the  coaO: 
to  Norombega,  a  najne  which  ha^  been  givcn^ 
by  fome  Europern  adventurers  to  the  bay  of. 
Penobfcot ;  from  thence  he  failed  to  Kenne- 
bec, Cafco,  Saco,  gnd  finally  came  to  M^^t^-^ 
barre,  as  Cape  Cod  was  tl^cn  •called   by   the. 


..V-.1, 


•J 


French. 


Vrtiere  aivers  of  Monf.   I3e  Monts  men  did  tlieir  burincfs,  and 
Duilded  there,  certain  cabbins.     As  for  the  nature  of  the  ground, 
it  is  mofl  excelleiit,  and  molV  abundantly  fruitful,     t'or  the  faid 
Monf.  Dc  Monts  having  caufed  thtre  fome  piece  of  ground  to  be 
tilled,  and  the  fame  fowed  with  rye  ;  he  was  not  able  to  tarry  for 
the  maturity  thereof  to  reap  it ;  and  nbtwithflanding,  the  grain,. 
failen*^hath  grown  4nd  increafed  fo  wonderfully,  that  two  years  af- 
ter, we  reaped  and  did  gather  of  it  as  fair,  big  and  weighty  as  iti 
France,  which  the  foil  hath  brought  forth  without  any  tillage ;  awd 
yet  at  this  preftnt  [1609]  it  doth  continue  ftill  to  multiply  every, 
year. 

•' The  faid  ifland  con taineth  fottie  half  a  teague  in  circuit, 
fcnd  at  the  end  of  it,  on  the  fea  fide,  there  is  a  mount,  or  frnall 
kill,  which  IS,  as  it  were,  a  little  ijle,  fevered  from  the  other, 
\vhere  Monf.  De  Monts  his  cannon  were  placed.  iThere  is  alfo 
ft  little  chappil,  built  after  the  favage  fafliion.  At  the  foot  of. 
which  chappel  there  is  fuch  Jlore  of  nufcles  as  is  wond^ul,^ 
which  may  be  gathered  at  low  water,  but  they  are  fmall."    "'    ^'** 

*'  Now  let  us  prepare  and  hoift  up  fails.     Monf.  de  Poutrin-. 
(Court  made  the  voyage  into  thefe  parts,  with  fome  men  of  good 
fort,  not  to  winter  there  ;  but  as  it  were  to  feek  out  his  feat,  and 
find  out  a  land  that  might  like  him.     Which  he  having  done,  had 
ho  need  to  fojourne  there  any  longer.     So  then,  ths  fliips  being 

ready 


I>    E      M    O    N    T    S.        :j2^ 

French.  In  fome  of  he  places  which  he 
had  pafled,  the  land  was  inviting  ;  and  par- 
ticular notice  was  taken  of  the  grapes  ;  but 
the  ravages  appeared  numeif6u(>  unfriendly  and 
thievifh.:  De  Monts'  company  being  fmall,  ho 
preferred  fafety  to  pleafure,  and  returned  fird: 
to  St.  Croix,  and  then  to  Port  Royal ;  where 
he  found  Dupont,  in  a  (hip  from  France, 
with  frefh  fupplies    and   a   reinforcement  of 


m-f 


,i\ 


forty 


^%  —i., 


it. 


teady  For  tne  rfetufn,  lie  flilpped  himfclif,  and  thofc  of  his  compi- 
hy  in  one  of  them. 

"  During  the  forefaid  navigation,  Mopf.  De  Monts  his  people, 
did  work  about  the  /art  j  which  he  feated  at  the  end  of  the  ijt- 
and,  oppofite  to  the  place  where  he  had  lodged  his  cannon. 
Which  was  wifely  con&dered,  to  tb  snd  to  command  the  rivet 
itp  and  down.  But  there  was  an  inconvenience  ;  the  iiiid  fori 
did  lie  toward  the  north,  and  without  any  {helter,  but  of  the  trees 
that  were  on  the  ifte  fliore)  which  all  about  he  commanded  to  b^ 
kf^pt  and  not  cut  down.      -'^     '  •>' 

"  The  mod  urgent  things  being  done,  and,  hoary,  fnowy  father 
being  come,  that  is  to  fay  winter,  then  they  were  forced  to  keep 
within  doors,  and  to  live  every  one  at  his  own  home.  During 
which  time,  our  men  had  three  fpccial.difcommodities,  in  this  ifl- 
and,  want  of  wood,  (for  that  which  was  in  the  faid  ifle  was  fpent 
in  buildings)  lack  of  frejh  water,  and  the  continual  watch  made 
by  night,  fearing  fome  furprize  from  the  favagcs,  that  had  lodged 
themfelves,  at  the  foot  of  the  faid  ifland,  or  fome  other  enemyb 
For  the  malediction  and  rage  of  many  chriftians  is  fuch,  that  one 
muft  take  heed  of  them  much  more  than  of  infidels.  When  th^y 
had  need  of  water  or  wood,  they  were  conftrained  to  crofs  over  th^ 
river,  which  is  thrict  as  broad  qf  every  Jide  ax  the  river  of 

By 


^x 


V 


33©        D    E      M    O    N    T    S.       , 

forty  meh.  The  (lores  which  had  been  de^* 
pofited  at  St.  Croix  were  removed  acrofs  th^ 
bay,  but  the  buildings  were  left  {landing. 
New  houfes  were  credted  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river,  which  runs  into  the  bafon  of  Port 
Royal ;  there  the  (lores  and  people  were 
lodged  ;  and  De  Monts  having  put  his  affairs 
in  as  good  order  as  podible,  in  the  month  of 
September  embarked  for  France ;  leaving 
Dupont  as  his  lieutenant,  with  Champlain, 
and  Champdore  to  perfedt  the  fettlement,  and 
explore  the  country.  • 

During  the  next  winter  they  were  plentifully 
fupplied  by  the  favages  with  venifon,  and  a 
great  trade  was  darned  on  for  furs.  Nothing 
is  faid  of  the  fcurvy  ;  but  they  had  (hort  al- 
lowance of  bread  -,  not  by  reafon  of  any  fcarc- 
ity  of  corn  but  bccaufe  they  had  no  other 
mill  to  grind  it  than  the  hand  mill,  which  re- 

ru.     ^  ^^w,        quired 


i'.t^- 


By  a  gentleman  who  refided  feveral  years  in  thofe  parts,  I  have 
been  informed,  that  an  ifland  which  anfwers  to  this  defcription, 
lies  in  the  eajlern  part  of  the  bay  of  Paflamaquoddy  ;  and  there  the 
river  St.  Croix  was  fuppofed  to  be,  by  the  cemmiflioners  who  ne- 
gociated  the  peace  in  1783,  who  had  Mitchel's  map  before  them  ; 
but,  in  a  map  of  the  coaft  of  New  England  and  Nova  Scotia,  pub- 
lilhed  in  London,  1787,  by  Robert  Sayer,  and  faid  to  be  drawn 
by  Capt.  Holland,  the  river  St.  Croix  is  laid  down  at  the 
wejlern  part  of  the  bay  ;  the  breadth  of  which  is  about  fix  cr  lievcn 
kajTues. 


D    E      MONT    S.        33f 

quired  hard  and  continual  labour.  The  fav- 
agc6  were  Co  averfe  to  this  cxercifc,  that  they, 
preferred  hunger  to  the  tafk  of  grinding  coi'n, 
though  they  were  offered  half  of  it  in  pay- 
ment. Six  men  only  died  in  the  courfe  of 
this  winter.       nt.   ::j)tmv  ..  ^mt  , -jt!  *    ^  \%r^\H 

In  the  fpring  of  1606,  Dupont  attempted 
to  find  what  De  Monts  had  miffed,  in  the 
preceding  year,  a  more  foutherly  fettlement. 
His  bark  was  twice  forced  back  with  adverfe 
winds  ;  and  the  third  time  was  driven  on 
rocks  and  bilged  at  the  mouth  of  the  port. 
The  men  and  (lores  were  faved  ;  but  the  vef- 
fel  was  loft.  Thcfc  fruitlefs  attempts  proved 
very  difcouraging  5  but  Dupont  employed 
his  people,  in  building  a  bark  and  (hallop ;  that 
they  might  employ  themfelves  in  vifiting  the 
ports,  whither  their  countrymen  refort  to  dry 
their  fifli,  till  new  fupplies  fhould  arrive. 

De  Monts  and  Poutrincourt  were  at  that 
time  in  France,  preparing,  amidft  every  dif- 
couragement,  for  another  voyage.  On  the  thir- 
teenth of  May,  they  failed  from  Rochelle,  in 
a  (hip  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  tons  j  and  on 
the  27th  of  July  arrived  at  Port  Royal,  in 
the  abfence  of  Dupont,  who  had  left  two 
men  only  to  guard  the  fort.     In  a  few  days 

be 


'^p 


^ 


m^ 


k 


33i        D    E      M    O    N    T    S.  * , 

he  arrived,  having  met  with  one  of  their  boatt 
which  they  had  left  at  Canfeau,  and  great  was 
tjie  joy  on  both  fides  at  their  meeting.  *  *«^^w 
''  Poutrincourt  now  began  his  plantatbn  i 
and  having  cleared  a  fpot  of  ground,  within 
fifteen  days  he  fowed  European  corn  and  fev* 
eral  forts  of  garden  vegetables.  But  notwith* 
Aanding  all  the  beauty  and  fertility  of  Port 
Royal,  De  Monts  had  dill  a  dcfire  to  find  a 
better  place  at  the  fouthward.  He  therefore 
prevailed  on  Poutrincourt  to  make  an« 
other  voyage  to  Cape  Malebarre  j  and  fo  earn- 
eft  was  he  to  have  this  matter  accomplifhed, 
that  he  would  not  wait  till  the  next  fpring, 
but  prepared  a  bark  to  go  to  the  the  fouth* 
ward  as  foon  as  the  (hip  was  ready  to  fail,  j  «if 
On  the  28thof  Auguft,  the  fhip  and  the 
bark  both  failed  from  Port  Royal.  In  the 
fliip  De  Monts  and  Dupont  returned  to 
France ;  whilft  Poutrincourt,  Champlain, 
Champdorc  and  others  croffeii  the  bay  to  St. 
Croix,  and  thence  failed  along  the  coaft ; 
touching  at  many  harbours  in  their  way  till 
they  arrived  in  fight  of  the  Cape,  the  obje£l: 
of  their  voyage.  Being  entangled  among  the 
flioals,  their  rudder  was  broken  and  they  were 
obliged  to  come  to  anchor,  at  the  diftance  of 

three 


D    B      M    O    N     T    S. 


33J 


th^ee  leagues  from  the  land.  The  boat  was 
then  fcnt  adiore  to  find  a  harbour  of  frefh 
water  j  which  by  the  information  of  one  of 
the  natives  was  acconipli(hed.  Fifteen  days 
were  fpent  in  this  place  ;  during  which  time, 
a  crofs  was  credted,  and  poflciTion  taken,  for 
the  King  of  France  ;  as  De  Monts  had  done 
two:  years  before  at  Kenebeck,  When  the 
bark  was  repaired  and  ready  to  fail,  Poutrin- 
court  took  a  walk  into  the  country,  whild  hit 
people  were  baking  bread.  In  his  abfence 
fome  of  the  natives  vifited  his  people  and  flole 
a  hatchet.  Two  guns  were  fired  at  them, 
suid  they  fled.  In  his  return  he  faw  feveral 
parties  of  the  favages,  male  and  female,  carry- 
ing away  their  children  and  their  corn.) 
and  hiding  theiiilelves,  as  he  and  his  com- 
pany pafTcd.  He  was  alarmed  at  this 
ftrange  appearance  )  but  much  more  fo, 
when  early  the  next  morning  a  fhower  of  ar- 
rows came  flying  among  his  people,  two  of 
whom  were  killed  and  feveral  others  mounded. 
The  favages  having  taken  their  revenge,  fled  ; 
and  it  was  in  vain  to  purfue  them.  The 
dead  were  buried  at  the  foot  of  the  crofs ;  and 
whilil  the  funeral  fervice  was  performing,  tha 
favages  were   dancing   and  yelling  in  mock 

concert. 


334 


D    E      M    O    N    T    S; 


concert,  at  a  convenient  diftance,  but  wiVhin 
hearing.  When  the  French  retired  on  board 
their  bark,  the  favages  took  down  the  crofs, 
dug  up  the  bodies  and  ftripped  them  of  their 
grave  clothes,  which  they  carried  off  in  tri- 
umph. '- 
:»;  This  unhappy  quarrel  gave  Poutrincburt^^ 
bad  idea  of  the  natives.  He  attempted  to 
pafs  farther  round  the  cape  ;  but  was  prevent- 
ed by  contrary  winds ;  and  forced  back  to  the 
feme  harbour,  where  the  favages  offering  to 
trade,  fix  of  feven  of  them  were  feized  and  put 
to  death.  -  '  ,  ,  ,  '■">>  -. 
1  The  next  day  another  attempt  was  made  !o 
fail  farther  ;  but  the  wind  came  againft  them. 
At  the  diftance  of  fix  or  feven  leagues  they 
difcovered  an  ifland ;  but  the  wind  would  not 
permit  them  to  approach  it ;  they  therefore 
gave  it  the  name  of  Douteufe,  or  Doubtful. 
This  was  probably  either  Nantucket  or  Ca- 
pawock,  now  called  Martha's  VTueyard  ;  and 
if  fo,  the  conteft  with  the  Indians  was  on  the 
fouth  fliore  of  Cape  Cod  ;  where  are  feveral 
harbours  and  ftreams  of  frefh  water.  To  the 
harbour  where  he  lay,  he  gave  the  name  of 
Port  Fortune. 

It 


■'l^.-^-'V. 


''  '■'.■■. '."W' 


D    E      M    O    N    T    S. 


335 


;..  It  was  now  late  in  the  feafon  and  no  prof- 
pe<St  appeared  of  obtaining  any  better  place 
for  a  fettlement ;  besides,  he  had  two  wound- 
ed men  whofe  lives  were  in  danger.  He 
therefore  determined  to  return,  which  he  did 
by  the  fhorteft  and  moft  diredt  courfe ;  and 
after  a  perilous  voyage,  in  which  the  rudder 
was  again  broken,  and  the  bark  narrowly  ef- 
caped  fhipwreck,  he  arrived  at  Port  Royal  on 
the  14th  of  November.  ^W^t-  -ir  rf-^^v  ^^-^ 
.  The  manner  in  which  they  fpent  the  third 
winter  was  focial  and  feilive.  At  the  princi- 
pal table,  to  which  fifteen  peribns  belonged,  an 
order  was  eflablifhed,  by  the  name  of  Uordre 
de  bon  temps.  Every  one  took,  his  turn  to  be 
caterer  and  fleward,  for  one  day,  during  which 
he  wore  the  collar  of  the  order  and  a  napkin, 
and  carried  a  ilaff.  After  fupper  he  refigned 
his  accoutrements,  with  the  ceremony  of 
drinking  a  cup  of  wine,  to  the  next  in  fuccef- 
fion.  The  advantage  of  this  inftitution  was, 
that  each  one  was  emulous  to  be  prepared  for 
his  day  j  by  previoufly  hunting  or  fishing,  or 
purchafing  fifh  and  game  of  the  natives,  who 
conftantly  refided  among  them,  and  were  ex- 
tremely pleafed  with  their  manners.  1 

Four 


-%! 


M.  Foof  crt^  dfed  in  «i!l4Wttr  5  Sitti^re^ 
iiwrkcd  thai  i^fc  W6re'«'  fluggtte  rMffctfui;* 
The  winter  wae  mild  a^dd  fcir.  Off  a'€iln^y 
ih  the  middle  of  January,  iftar  dJvintf-fet^'ite, 
they  «•  fported  and  had  iftuilc  '5h  the  fiVa*1^ 
and  in  the  iamt  month  they^eiit  t^o  l^aigul^^y 
to  fee  their  t(M-^  6dd,  Sfld^hcd  chfeerfdllyin 

i!i  At  the  fir^  5p6liing  of  the  fprrrtg  (1607) 
they  began  to  prepare  gardens  ;  the  product 
6f  ^lirhich  was  extremely  grateful ;  as  \9tt6  aU 
To  the  nutnberlefs  fifh  which  came  itfto  th^ 
river 4  Toey  a^o  eredtcd  a^atfcr  mall,  which 
not  otily  (ivtd  them  much  hard  labour;  at  thd 
h^nd  mill  1  but  gave  them  more  ^irhe  for  Bih^ 
ing.  The  ftfti  which  they  took  \^ei'€  called 
herrings  and  pilchards  3  of  which  thfey  pickled 
fcvcwil  hogflieads  ib  be  ftnt  hortie  to  FhAce.  * 
*  In  April  they  began  to  build  Wb  baVks,  iii 
Which  they  might  vilit  the  j3ofts,  frequented 
by  the  fifhermenj  and  learn  fortid  news  froitf 
theii-  mother  country,  as  wetl  as  get  fupptjes 
for  their  fubMence.  Having  no  pitch  to  pa^ 
the  feams,  they  were  obliged  to  cut  piitt  trdesif 
and  burn  them  in  kilns,  by  v^hich  n^Hs  they 
gbtained  a  fofficicncy,  „  *^ 

<  ^        On 


I*" 


f.i' 


On  Afcenfion  day,  a  veflH  arrived  from 
i*i''rancc,'  deftined  to  bring  fuppHcs  j  a  large 
iiiare  of  Which,  the  crew  had  un^enerotifly 
confumed  in  their  voyagc.^^^ '^he  letteris 
brought  by  this  veflel  informed  them  that  the 
company  of  Merchants,  affociated  with  Dc 
Monts,  was  dicouraged  j  and  that  their  fhip 
was  to  be  employed  in  the  fifhery  at  Ganfeatr* 
The  feafon  of  this  prcceiitjing  was,  that  con- 
trary to  the  King's  edi£l,  the  HoHanddrs  had 
intrudfed  themfelves  into  the  fur  trade,  in  the 
fi?-^  of  Ganada  i  having  be6n  conducted  by  a 
tf  ifbas  Frerichman  ;  in  conlfejcjuence  of 
which,  the  King  had  revoked- the  exclufive 
privilege  Which  he  had  given  to  Be  Monts 
fbr  ten  years  *  The  avarice  of  thefe  Holland- 
iei-s  was  h  great,  th^t  they  had  opened  the 
graves  of  the  (dead,  and  taken  the  beaver^kins 
ih  which  tn©  corpfes  had  been  buried.  This 
outrage  vt^s  fo  highly  refented  by  the  favages 
at  Cai^atii  that  they  killed  the  perfon,  who 
had'  ihbWn  the  places  ^ where  the  dead  Were 
laidi  This  news  was  extremely  tin  welcome,  as 
it  portended  the  dcfirudlion  of  the,  colony* 

I^otitrincourt  howfcyer  was  fo  well,  pleafeil 
with  his  iituation,  that  he  determined  to.  re 


.nuij.;^!-?  z^ 


C?    IW^r   Vi^'Vc^h' 


oi!w 


turn 


-m 


338"      D    E      M    O    N    T    S. 

turn  to  ity  though  none  but  his  own  family 
fhonld  accompany  him.  He  was  very  defir- 
cus  to  fee  the  ifTue  of  his  attempt  at  agricul- 
ti  ic,  and  therefore  detained  the  veffel,  as  long 
gs  he  could  ;  and  employed  his  bark  in  fmalll 
voyages,  about  the  bay,  to  trade  for  furs,  and 
gather  fpecimens  of  iron  and  copper  to  be 
tranfportcd  to  France.  When  they  were  all 
ready  to  fail,  he  i^rried  eleven  days  longer 
than  the  others,  that  he  might  carry  home 
the  firft  fruits  of  his  harveft.  Leaving  the 
buildings,  and  part  of  the  provifion  with  the 
{landing  ct>rn,  as  a  prefent  to  the  friendly  na- 
tives, he  finally  failed  from  Port  Royal,  on 
the  I  ith  of  Auguft,  and  joined  the  other  vef- 
fels  at  Canfeau  ;  from  which  place,  they 
proceeded  to  France,  where  they  arrayed  in 
the  latter  end  of  September.  '    ,  . 

Specimens  of  tht  wheat,  rye',  barley,  and 
oats  were  ihown  to  the  King  ;  which,  with 
other  produdions  of  the  country,  animal  and 
mineral,  were  fo  Highly  acceptable,  that  he  re- 
newed and  confirmed  to  De  Monts  the  privi- 
lege of  trading  for  beavers  j  that  he  might 
have  it  in  his  power  to  eftablilh  a  colony. 
In  confequence  of  which,  the  next  (pring  fev- 
cral  families  were  fent  to  renew  the  plants  tion, 

who 


•<.,. 


tv- 
>n, 


D    %     MONT    S.        339 

who  fouad  that  the  favages  had  gathered  fev- 
en  barrels  of  the  torn  which  had  been  left 
ftanding ;  and  had  referved  one  for  their 
friends  whom  they  expeded  to  return. 

The  revocation  of  the  exclufive  patent 
given  to  De  Monts,  was  founded  on  com- 
plaints, made  by  the  mafters  of  fifhing  v^flels, 
that  the  branch  of  commerce  in  which  they 
were  engaged  would  be  ruined.  When  thia 
patent  was  reflored,  it  was  limited  to  one 
year ;  and  on  this  condition,  that  he  fhould 
make  an  eftablifhment  in  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence. De  Monts  therefore  quitted  his 
connexion  with  Acadia,  and  the  compa- 
ny of  Merchants,  with  whom  he  had  been 
conneded,  fitted  out  two  (hips  for  the 
port  of  Tadoufac,  in  1608.  The  fur  trade 
was  of  very  confiderable  value,  and  the  com- 
pany made  great  profits ;  but  De  Monts  find- 
ing their  intcrefts  hurt  by  his  connexion  with 
them,  withdrew  from  the  a/Tociation. 

Poutrincourt  refolving  to  profccute  his 
plantation  at  Port  Royal,  the  grant  of  which 
had  been  confirmed,  to  him  by  the  King, 
fcnt  Biencourt,  his  fon,  to  France,  (i6o8)  for 
a  fupply  of  men  and  provifions.  One  condition 
of  the  grant  was,  that  attempts  fhould  be  made 

X  2  to 


'-■«■ 


^ 


«  1 


r 

'  convert  the  natives  to  the  Catholic  faith,  it 
was  therefore  necefTary  to,  engage  the  alliftancc 
of  fome  ccclefiaftics.  The  firil  who  chibrac- 
(?d  the  propofal  were  the  Jefuits,  by  whofe 
zealous  exertions  a  contribution  was  foon  made 
for  the  purpqfe  j  and  two  of  their  order,  Biard 
and  Mafle,  embarked  for  the  new  plantation. 
it  was  not  long  before  a,  controverfy  arbfe  be- 
tween them  and  the  proprietor,  who  faid  **  it 
iyas  his  part  to  rule  them  them  on  earth,  and 
theirs  oiily  to  guide  him  to  heaven.'**  After 
his  depakure  for  France,  his  fon  Biencourt, 
Sifdaining  to  be  coniroled  by  thofe  whom  he 
had  invited  to  refidfc  with  hilii,  threatened 
ihcm  with  corporal  punifhment,  in  return  for 
their  fpiritual  anathemas.  It  became  necef- 
fary  then!  that  they  fliould  feparate.  The  Je- 
fuitsi  reihov'ed  to  mount  Defart,  where  they 
planted  gardens  and  entered  on  the  bufihcfs  of 
their  miflion,  which  they  continued  till  1613 
or  1614  ;  when  Sir  Samuel  Argal  from  Vir- 
ginia broke  up  t;he  French  fettlements  in 
Acadia.     In  the  cncdlmter  oiic  of  thefe  Jefuits 

^  Was  killed  and  the  other  was  made  prifoner. 

^  Of  ]the  other   Frenchmen,   fome    difperfed 

*  fliefttfclves  in  the  woods  and  mixed  with   the 

favages 

'    •Parchasv.  i8o8* 


#  < 


^l-' 


,D    E    'M    O    N    T    §.        341 

favagcs  ',  fome  went  to  the  river  St.  Law* ' 
renccand  ilrengthened  the  fettlejnent  which , 
Chamnlain  had  made  there  i  and  <Ahers  re- 


r 


s 


turned  to  r  ranee. 
^,i..Two  advantages   were  expefted  to   refult 
from  eftabliihing  a^  colonjr   in  the   river  St.  ^ 
Lav/rence  :  One  was,  an  extenfion  erf"  the  fur 
trade,  and  another  was  the  hope  of  penetrating  p 
weft  ward,  though  the  lakes,   to  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and   finding  a   nearer  communication  , 
with  China.     One  of  the  veflels  fent  by   the 
co^Tipahj  of  merchants,  in  i6o8,  to  that  river, 
was  commanded  by  Champiain.  In  his  form-  > 
er  voyage  he  had  marked  the  ftrait  above  the 
Ifle  of  Orleans,  as  a  proper  lituation  for  a  fort ; 
becaufe  the  river  was  there   contrad^ed  in  its 
breadtb,  aad  the  Northern  fh    j  was  high  and 
commahdiii  J     He  ^rr^ved  there  in  the  begin-  ' 
ningof  July,  and  immediately  began  to  clear 
the  woods,  to  build  houfes,  and  prepare  fields 
and  gardens.     Here  he  fpent  the  winter,  and 
his  company  fuifered   much   by  the  fcurvy. 
The  remedy  which  Cartier  had  ufed,  was  riot 
to  be  found,  or  the  favajges  knew   nothing  of 
it.     It  is  fuppofed  that  the  former  inhabitants 
.had  been  extirpated,  and  a  new  people   held 
polleflion.* 

X  3  In 

*  Purchas  v,  1642.  '     ». 


•■\ 


V 


—  'I 


342        D    E      M    O    N   %    i] 

:  In  the  fpring  of  1609,  Chainplain,  with  two 
other  Frenchmen  and  a  party  of  the  natives, 
went  up  the  river  now  called  Sbrel  and  enter- 
ed the  lakes,  which  lie  toward  the  fouth,  s^nd 
communicate  with  the  country  of  the  Iroquois 
To  the  largefl  of  thefe  lakes  Champlain  gave 
his  own  ilame,  which  it  has  evpr  fince  retain- 
ed. On  the  fhore  of  another,  which  he  called 
Lake  Sacrament,  now  Lake  George,  they  were 
difcovercd  by  a  company  of  the  Iroquois,  with 
whom  they  ha4  a  (kirmifh.  Champlain  killed 
two  of  them  with  his  mufquet.  The  fcalps 
of  fifty  were  taken  and  brought  to  Qucbeck  in 
triumph.      ■"'■'"■  ^^- 

In  the  autumn,  Cha^iplain  went  to 
France,  leavmg  Capt  Pierre  to  command  ^ 
and  in  1610  he  returned  to  Qucbeck;  to  pcrfefl 
the  cqlpny,  of  wh+.,*i  he  may  cpnfidered  as 
the  founder.  ^-'— ^*',\  . ,  •  -^-'^y         -g^  ■ 

After  the  death  of  Henry  IV,  he  ob- 
tained of  the  Queen  Regent,  a  commif- 
fion  as  Lieutenant  of  New- France,  with  very 
cxtenfiye  .powers.  This  copimiilion  was 
confirmed  by  Lewis  XIII  ^  and  Champlain  was 
coiitii^ued  in  the  Government  of  Canada.  ■      ^ 


4-' 


D    E      M    O    N    T    S. 


'343 


*! 


^     The  religious  controverfies,  which  prevail- 

'  ed  in  France,  augmented  the  number  of  colo^  i 
nifls.  A  fettlement  was  made  atTrois  Rivieres* 
and  a  brifk  trade  v^as  carried  on  at  Tadoufac. 
In  1626,  Quebeck  began  to  alTume  the  face 
ofa  city,  and  the  fortrefs  vv^as  rebuilt  with 
ilone  ;  but  the  people  were  divided   in   their 

Irreligious  principles  and  the  Hugonot  party 

^-prevailed. 

In  this  divided  ftate,  (1629)  the  colony 
was  attacked  by  an  armament  from  England 
under  the  conduft  of  Sir  David  Kirk,  He 
failed  up  the  river  St.  Lawrence  and  appeared 
before  Quebeck,  which  was  then  fo  miferably 
fupplied,  that  they  had  but  feven  ounces  of 
br£:id  to  a  man  for  a  day.  A  fquadron  from 
France,  with  provifion  for  their  relief*  entered 
the  river ;  but,  af^'jr  fome  refiftancc,  were  tak- 
en by  the  Englifli.  This  difappointment  in- 
crcafed  the  diftrefs  of  the  colony  and  obliged 
Champlain  to  capitulate.  He  was  carried  to 
France  in  an  Englifh  (hip ;  and  there  found  the 
minds  of  the  people  divided,  with  regard  to 
Canada ;  feme  thinking  it  not  worth  regain- 
ing, as  it  hod  coft  the  government  vaft  fums, 
without  bringing  any  return ;  others  deeniing 


the 


■■■^i 


X4 


'♦ 


■« 


,  ,■    '"Si 


J44        P     E      M    O    K    T     9^ 

i\ip*  fi{hcry  and  fur  trade  to  be  great  nadonal 
obje^s,  efpecially  as  thfy  proved  to  be  a  i^ur-f 
fery  for  feamen.  Thefe  fentimentSy  fMpported 
by  the  folicitation  of  ChamplaiQi  prevailed  i 
and  by  the  treaty  of  St.-  Germain's,  in  1632^ 
Canada,  Acadia  ^4  Cape  Breton  were  reitorr 
ed  to  France. 

The  next  year  Cnamplain  refunied  his  gov- 
ernment, and  the  company  of  New  France 
were  reftored  to  their  former  rights  and  pri- 
vileges. A  large  recruit  of  inhabitants,  with 
g  competent  fupply  of  Jefuits,  arrived  from 
France;  ^d  with  fome,  difficulty  a  million 
was  eflabli^ed  among  theHurons ;  and  a  frm- 
inary  of  the  order  was  begun  at  Quebeck.,  In 
the  midft  of  this  profperity  Champl^in  died, 
in  the  month  of  December,  1635  ;  and  was 
facceeded  the  next  year  by  De  Montma^ny. 

Champlain'  is  charadcrized  as  a  man  of 
good  fenfe,  llrong  penetration  and  upright 
views  J  volatile,  adtive,  enterprj^sing,  firm  and 
valiant.  He  aided  the  Huroas  in  their  wars 
with  the  Iroquois,  and  perfonally  engaged  in 
their  battles  ;  in  one  of  which  he  was  wound- 
ed. His  zeal  for  the  propagation  of  the 
Catbolip  religion  was  fo  great  that  it  was  a 
;  pommon 


^    ir 


D    E      MO    N    T    S.        3^ 

common  faying  with  him,  that  "  the  falvtti6n 
of  onp  fp«J  was  pf  more  value  than  tbp  9pn- 
quc'ft  of  an  empire^***  » 

•  Charlefoix  ^ift.l^wvcHe,  Frajice,  Tom.  i,  p.  197,  410. 


t  V 


XiV.  FERDINANDO 


>  J,- 


* 


•^^ 


^\^ 


'  |isjkti 'i^t^fljitj 


;'T\  ♦    ,1  \ 


'34^ 


1?^%,^*^'^' 


XIV.    FERDINANDO    GORGES, 


AMD 


^ 


m         I 
I 


JOHN    MASON. 

VV  E  know  nothing  concerning  Gorges 
in  the  early  part  of  his  life.*  The  firft  ac- 
count we  have  of  him,  is  the  difcovery  which 
he  made  of  a  plot  which  the  earl  of  EiTex 
had  laid  to  overthrow  the  government  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  the  tragical  ifTue  of  which 
is  too  well  known  to  be  here  repeated.  Gorges, 
who  had  been  privy  to  the  confpiracy  at  firft, 
communicated  his  knowledge  of  it  to  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  his  intimate  friend,  but  the 
enemy  and  rival  of  Eflex.-f  '      ^     ^  *  ■?<  ; 

There  was  not  only  an  intimacy  between 
Raleigh  and  Gorges,  but  a  fimilarity  in  their 
genius  and  employment  j  both  were  formed 
for  intrigue  and  adventure  ;  both  were  inde- 
fatigable in  the  profecution  of  their  fanguinc 
projects  ;  and  both  were  naval  commanders. 

During  the  war  with  Spain,  which  occupi- 
ed the  laft  years  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  Gorges, 
with  other  adventurous  fpirits,  found  full  em- 
ployment 

•  In  JofTelyn's  voyage   he  is  called  "  Sir  F.  G.  of  Aflitoik 
Phillips,  in  Somerfct,"     p.  197. 
f  Hume. 


>     .    V 


■^ 


GORGES. 


347 


ployment  in  the  navy  of  their  miiVrefs. 
When  the  peace,  which  her  fucceflbr,  James  I, 
made  in  1604,  put  an  end  to  th?ir  hopes  of 
honor  and  fortune  by  military  enterprizes, 
Sir  Ferdinando  was  appointed  Governor  of 
Plymouth,  in  D«yon(hire.  This  circum- 
ftance,  by  which  the  f))irit  of  adventure  might 
feem  to  have  been  reprefled,  proved  the  bcca- 
fion  of  its  breaking  out  with  fre{h  ^^^^^9 
though  in  a  pacific  and  mercantile  form,  0on- 
neded  with  the  rage  for  foreign  difcoveries, 
which  after  fome  interruption,  had  again  .<#^> 
cd  the  Englifli  nation.  ^-^- 

Lord  Arundel,  of  Wardour,  had  employed 
a  Captain  Weymouth  in  fearch  of  a  north- 
weft  pafTage  to  India,  This  navigator  having 
miftaken  his  courfe,  fell  in  with  a  river  on  the 
coaft  of  America,  which,  by  his  defcription, 
muft  have  been  either  Kenebeck,  or  Penob- 
fcot.  From  whence  he  brough-  ^  i^ngland, 
five  of  the  natives,  and  arrived  in  the  month 
of  July,  1605,  in  the  harbour  of  Plymouth, 
where  Gorges  commanded,  who  immediately 
took  three  of  them  into  his  family.  Their 
names  were  Manida,  Sketwarroes  and  Taf- 
quantum  5  they  were  all  of  one  language, 
though  not  of  the  fame  tribe.     This  accident 

proved 


'sP- 


,««v^- 


■^^i**. 


jiAk 


w 


34? 


GORGES. 


proved  the  occafion,  under  God's  providence, 
of  preparing  the  way  for  ^  more  perfect  dif- 
cpvery  than  had  yet  been  made  of  this  part  of 
NorthrAmerica. 

Having  gained  the  afFe(5tions  of  thefe  fava- 
ges  by  kind  treatment,  he  found  them  very 
docile  and  intelligent  j  and  from  them  he 
learned  by  inquiry,  many  particulars  concern- 
ing ifceir  country,  its  rivers,  harbours,  iflands, 
ji^Jfed  other  animals  ;  the  numbers,  difpo- 
iition,  manners  and  cuftoms  of  the   natives  ; 

^^^tl^eir  government,  alliances,  enemies,  force 
and  methods  of  war.  The  refult  of  thefe  in- 
quiries ferved  to  feed  a  fanguine  hope  of  in- 
dulging his  genius  and  advancing  his  for- 
tune by  a  more  thorough  difcovery  of  the 
country. --•.■--•  ■\,'**r'^'^     .: ';t  ^  ,\.Jr...^^^.. 

His  chi^f  aiTociate  in  this  plan  of  difcovery, 

was  Sir  John  Popham,  Lord  Chief  Juftice  of 

the:King's  Bench,  who,  by  his   acquaintance 

.with  differs  noblemen,  and  by  their  intereft  at 

.^.court,  obtained  from  King  James  a  patent  for 

snaking  fettlements  in  America,    whi':h    was 

.now   divided    into   two  diftridls,   apd   caUed 

♦  North   and   Soiith  Virginia.     The   latter  of 
^  thefe  diilrids  was  put  under  the  care  of  cer- 

..  tain  noblemen,  knights,  and  genilemen,  who 
.>  \ve;e 


■'■<*" 


>T_>I--Vf^i-. 


\* 


■  •  7 


GORGES. 


m 


\Vcfe  flyled  the  Lortdon  Company  j  the  former 
under  the  dire(ftion  of  others  in  Briftol,  Exe- 
ter ah'd  Plyhiouth,  who  xvere  called  the  Ply- 
mouth Company,  becaufe  their  meetings  were, 
uflially  hetld  there.  ._.;:x.V4:,c^^*4  ' 

i  By  the  joint  efforts  of  tliis  company,  of 
ivhich  Pbphatn  and  Gorges  we;'e  two  of  the 
riloiitenterprifing  members ;  a  fhip,  command-  ' 
ed  by  Henry  'Chalong,    was  fitted  out,  and 
failed  iii  Augul>,   1 606   for  the  difcovcry  of 
tlie  coutitry,  from  which  the  favages  had  been 
brought,  and  two  of  them  were  pur  on  board* 
The  orders  given  to  the  mailer,  were  to  keep 
ill  ^s  high  a  latitude  as  Cape  Breton,   till  he 
Ihould   difCbveY  the  main  liand,  and  then  to 
range  the  coaft  fouthward,  till  he  fhould  find 
the  place  from  which  the  natives  had  been 
taken.     Inftead  of  obfcrving  thefe  orders,  the 
Captain   falling   fick  on  the  palfage,  made  a 
fbuthern  courfe,  and  firft  arrived  at  the  ifland 
of  Porto  Rico,   \^^here   he  tarried  fome  time 
for  the  icco very  of  his  health  j  from   thence 
Coming^  northwardly,  he  fell   in  with  a  Span- 
i{h  fleet  from   the   Havannah,  by  whom   the 
fhip  was  fcized  and  carried  to  Spaini  ^^ 
Captain  Prynne,  in  another   (hip, 
failed  from  Briftol,  with  orders  to  find  Cha-. 

long,     ' 


t ' 


A^ 


3  50 


QJO    RGBS- 


long,  and  join  with  him  in  a  furvey  of  ths 
coafl,  had  better  fuccefs ;  for  though  he  faiU 
cd  of  meeting  his  confort,  yet  he  carried  homci^ 
a^particular  account  of  the  coafls,  rivers,  and; 
harbours,  with  other  information  relative  t^^ 
the  country,  which  made  fo  deep  an  impref- 
fion  on  the  minds  of  the  company,  as  to 
ftrengthen  their  refolution  of  profecuting  their 
enterprize.  ^^ 

It  was  determined  to  fend  over  a  large  num- 
ber of  people  fufficient  to  begin  a  colony.  For 
this  purpofe  George  Popham  was  appointed 
prefident ;  Raleigh  Gilbert,  admiral ;  Ed- 
ward Harlon,  matter  of  ordnance  ;  Robert 
Davis,  ferjeant  major ;  Elis  Beft,  marfhal;  . 
Mr.  Seaman,  fecretary  ;  James  DavJs,  com- 
mander of  the  fort ;  Gome  Carcw,  xoarcher. 
All  thefe  were  to  be  of  the  council ;  and  be- 
lides  thefe,  the  colony  confifted  of  loo  men, 
who  were  fly  led  planters.  They  failed  from 
Plymouth  in  two  fhips  (May  31,  1607)  and 
having  fallen  in  with  the  ifland  of  Monahigon. 
(Auguft  I .,)  landed  at  the  mouth  of  Sagada- 
hock,  or  Kenebeck  river,  on  a  peninfula, 
where  they  ere<Sled  a  ftore  houfe,  and  having 
fortified  it  as  well  as  their  circumftances  would 
admit,  gave  it  the  name  of  Fort  St.  George.  > 

'  '  By     , 


-f, 


■■W-'  "Y'-'- 


\\\ 


O  rO    R    G    E    S. 


2S^ 


By  means  of  two  natives,  whom  they/ 
brought  with  them  from  England,  viz.  Sket* 
warroes,  fent  by  Gorfcs,  and  Dehamida,  byj 
Popham,  they  found  a  cordial  welcome  among 
the  Indians,  their  fachems  offering  to  conduct 
and  introduce  them  to  the  Ba(haba  or  great 
chief,  whofe  relidence  was  at  Penobfcot,  and 
to  whom,  it  was  expedied,  that  all  ftrangcrs 
fhould  make  their  addrefs.* 

The  Prelident  having  received  feveral  invi- 
tations, was  preparing  to  comply  with  their 
requeft,  and  had  advanced  fome  leagues  on 
his  way,  but  contrary  Winds,  and  bad  weather^ 
obliged  him  to  return,  to  the  great  grief  of 
the  fachems,  who  were  to  have  attended  him. 
The  Bafhaba  hearing  of  the  difappointment, 
fent  his  fon  to  vifit  the  Prefident,  and  fettle 
a  trade  for  furs. ..  .        .    .    -  ^    ,.  .,    ^     .    >^ 

The  fhips  departed  for  England,   in   De- 
cember, leaving  behind  them  only  45  perfons 
of  the  new  colony.     The  feafon  was   too  far 
\\     ■'  "  ,       \      *  ';    ,    advanced 

•  The  Bafliaiba  of  Penobfcot,  was  a  prince,  fuperior  in  rank 
to  the  facuems  of  the  feveral  Tribes.  All  the  fachems,  weftward, 
as  far  as  Naumkeeg  [Salem]  acknowledged  fubje£lion  to  him. 
He  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  accounts  of  the  firft  voyages  to 
New-England  ;  but  was  killed  by  the  Tarrateens  ip  1615,  be« 
fore  any  effeftual  fettlementwas  made  in  the  country.  We  have 
no  account  of  any  other  Indian  chief  in  thefe  northern  parts  of 
America,  whofe  authority  was  fo  extenGve. 


\ 


'4.° 


•i 


\   • 


'^r. 


GO    R    C    E    S/^ 


^    '/) 


advanced  before  their  arrival  to  begin  planting 
for  that  year,  it  there  had  been  ground  pr«psCr- 
ed  for  >tillagc.  They  had  to  fubfift  oil  th^ 
provifions  which  they  had  brought  ffom^ 
England,  stnd  the  fi(h  and  game  which  the 
country .  afforded*  The  feveri^y  of  ari  Ame-k 
fican  winter  was  new  to  them  j  and  th'ough 
it  was  obferved,  that  the  fame  wintei!^  was  un- 
commonly fevere  in  England,  yet  that  cif-* 
cuttiftance  being  unknoWh,  could  riot  allevi- 
ate their  diftrefs.  By  Tome  accident^  theii' 
flore  houfe  took  fire,  and  was  confumed,  vv4th 
ths  greater  part  of  theii^  provifions,'  in  the 
middle  of  the  winter*;  and  in  the.fpring 
(1608)  they  had  the  additional  nfiisforiurie  tQ 
Ipfe  their  Prefideht,  C|aptain  Pophafe,  by 
death.  The  fliip,  which  their.,  fripn^ls'  in 
England  had  by  their  united  exertions,  fen t 
over  with  fupplies*  arrived  a  few  days  after, 
With  the  melancholy,  news  of  the  death  .of 
Sir  J<5hn  JPopham,  Which  happened  while 
flieky  waiting  for  a  wind  at  Plymouth*  The 
command  of  thfe  colony  now  devolve^  *pn 
Gi|bert;>  fcut  the  next  (hip  brpugfeiaji  ac- 
count,  of  the  death  oi  hiis  brothet  Sir  Jciha 
Gilbert,  which  obliged  liim  to  re^urri  tofeiig*^ 
land^.  tjQ   take.  Q^rq  of  the  fift^te  to  wI^ichM 


.•?•  v.'.'ii/M  vi : 


•  fticc^dedi 


ie> 


O    R    G    E     S.  353 

fucceeded;  Thefe  repeated  misforttines  and 
difappointraents»  operating  with;  the  difguft 
which  the  new  colonifls  had  taken  to  th^ 
climate  and  foil,  determined  them  to  quit  the 
place.  Accordingly,  having  embarked  with 
their  Prefidcnt,  they  returned  to  England^ 
carrying  with  them,  as  the  fruit  of  their  la-^ 
hour,  a  fmall  vefTel,  which  they  had  built 
during  their  reiidence  here,  and  thus  the  firft 
colony,  which  was  attempted  in  New  Eng» 
land,  began  and  ended  in  one  year^ 

The  country  was  now  branded  as  intolera^ ' 
bly  cold,  and  the  body  of  the  adventurers  re- 
linquiihed  the  defign.  Sir  Francis  Popham, 
indeed,  employed  a  (hip  for  fome  fucceeding 
years  in  the  Bfhing  and  far  trade ;  but  he,  at 
length,  became  content  with  his  lofles,  and 
none  of  this  company  but  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  had  the  refolution  to  furmount  all 
difcouragements.  Though  he  finccrely  lament- 
ed thelofs  of  his  worthy  friend,  the  Chiei  juf- 
tice,  who  had  zcaloufly  joined  with  him,  in 
thefe  hitherto  fruitlefs,  but  expenfive  labours, 
yet,  **aB  to  the  coldnefs  :*  the  clime  (he  fays)  ' 
he  had  too  much  experience  in  the  v^'orld,  to 
be  frighted  with  fuch  a  blaft,  as  knowing" 
many  great  kingdoms  and  large  territories 
Y  more 


m 


•354 


GORGES. 


more  northerly  fcated,  and  by  many  degrecsr 
colder,  were  plentifully  inhabited,  and  divers 
of  them  ftorrd  with  no  better  comu'riditius 
than  the^e  parts  afford  if  like  iniuilrf ,  ar* 
and  labour,  be  ufsd." 

,  Such  perfeverin^  ardor  m  the  face  of  fo  ma- 
ny difcouragenieats,  miiit  be  allowed  to  dJC- 
cover  a  mind  formtd  for  iDtcrprize,  and  fully 
periliadcd  of  the  practicability  of  the  una;?:- 
la'-ing.   '       !■  -  '..'    '■;        •    ...   .  ■      ,  y  -. 

WiitM  he  found  that  he  could  not  be  fec- 
cndsd  HI  his  attempts  for  a  thorough  difcov- 
i:ry  of  the  country,  by  others,  he  determined 
to  carry  it  on  by  himfelf  j  and  for  this  pur- 
pofe  he  purchafed  a  ihip,  and  engsged  with  a 
mafter  and  crew  to  go  to  the  coufl  of  New 
England  for  the  purpofe  of  fifhing  and  traffic, 
the  only  inducement  which  feafaring  people 
could  have  to  undertake  fuch  a  voyage.  On 
board  this  fhiphe  put  Richard  Vines,  and 
feveral  others  of  his  cwn  fcrvants  in  whom  he 
placed  the  fuUefl  confidence  and  whom  he 
hired  at  a  great  expenfe  to  ftay  in  the  country, 
over  the  winter,  and  purfue  the  difcovery  of 
it.  Thefe  perfons  having  left  the  blip's  com- 
pany to  follow  their  ufual  occup  >si  on  the 
coafl,  f»'"velled  into  the  land,    ■■•:  ^   meeting 

with 


GORGES. 


355 


of 

[he 
ng 


with  the  ravages,  who  had  before  returned  to 
America,  by  their  a(Ii(bnce  became  acquainted 
with  fuch  particulars   as  Gorges  wifhed  to 


'-■MW   }  ■  ■!'  -Pff 


■''  U 


know.  *:^^  v.rii>n;;.-Mi^ 
'  Mr.  Vines  and  his  companions  were  received 
by  the  Indians  with  great  hofpitality,  though 
their  reiidence  among  them  was  rendered  haz- 
ardous ;  both  by  a  war  which  raged  among 
them,  and  by  a  peftilence  which  accompanied 
or  Aicceeded  it. 

This  war  and  peftilence  are  frequently 
fpoken  of  by  the  hiftorians  of  New  England^ 
as  remarkable  events,  in  the  courie  of  Provi-- 
dence,  which  prepared  the  way  for  the  eftab* 
lifhment  of  an  European  colony.  Concern- 
ing the  war,  we  know  nothing  more  than 
this ;  that  it  was  begun  by  the  Tarratenes,  a 
nation  who  refided  eaflward  of  Penobfcot. 
Thefe  formidable  people  furprized  the  Bafha- 
ba,  Oi  chief  fachem,  at  his  head  quarters,  and 
deftroyed  him  with  all  his  family  $  upon 
which  all  the  other  fachems  who  were  fubor- 
dinate  to  him,  quarrelled  among  themfelves 
for  thf  fever  :ignty :  and  in  thefe  difTenfions 
'n\'i.ny  of  ihcn.  as  well  as  of  their  unhappy 
people  pcrifhed.  Of  vhat  particular  kind  the 
^  Y2  pcftilcnce 


* 


35^ 


G    O   H    G    E    S. 


peilUence  was»  we  have  no  certaia^  informa^ 
tion  t  but  it  (eeins  to  have  been  a  difbrdcr  pe- 
culiar to  the  Indians,  for  Mr.  Vines»  and  his 
companions,  who  were  intimately  converiant 
ivith  them,  and  frequently  lodged  in  their 
wigwam3«  were  not  in  ihe  leaft  degree  afFeO:- 
ed  by  it>  though  it  fwept  off  the  Indians  at 
fuch  a  prodigious  rate>  that  the  living  wer« 
not  able  to  bury  the  dead,  and  their  bones 
were  found  feveral  years  after,  lying  about  the 
village*  where  they  h^d  refided.  Th$  extent 
of  this  peftilence  was  between  P^nobfcot  in 
the  ea{l,  and  Narragan^t  in  the  weft.  Thefe 
two  tribes  eicaped,whilft  the  intermediate  peo- 
ple were  wailed  and  deftroyed.  A  k  iun.*.i*u 
;  The  information  which  Vines,  obtained  fpr 
Sir  Ferdinando,  though  fatisfa^iory,  in  one 
view,  produced  no  real  advantage  proportion- 
ate to  the  expenfe.  Whilft  he  was  deliberat- 
ing by  what  means  he  ihould  farther  profe- 
putehis  plan  of  colonization,  Capt.  Henry 
HarJey,  who  had  been  one  of  the  unfortunate 
gdveBturers   to  Sagadahock,    came  to  him, 

•       bringing 

*  Mr.  Gookin  %s,  that  he  "had  difcaurfed  with  fome  old 
Indifins  who  were  then  youths,  who  told  him,  that  the  bodies  of 
the  fick  were  ail  over  exceeding  yettow,  (which  they  defcribed  by 
pointing  to  a  yellow  garment)  both  before  they  died  and  after- 
Ward."     See  Colleflions  of  Hiftorical  Society  for  179^.   p    148. 


GORGES. 


35? 


bringing  a  native  of  the  Iflaod  Capawock, 
now  called  Martha's  Vineyard,  wh6  had  been 
treacheroufly  taken  from  ht8  own  country  by 
one  of  the  fiOiing  (hips  and  ihown  in  London 
as  a  fight.      Gorges  received   this    favage, 
whofe  name  was  Epenow^  with  great  p)ea^ 
hrc :  and  about  the  fame  time  recovered  AC- 
iacumet,  one  of  thofe  who  had  been  fcnt  in 
the  unfortunate   voyage  of  Captain  Chalong. 
Thefe  two  Indians  at  firft,  fcarcely  underflood 
each  other  >  but,  when  they  had  grown  better 
acquainted,  Affacumet  informed  his  old  mafter 
of  what  he  had  learned  from  Epenow  con- 
cerning bis  country.     This  artful  fellow  h';d 
invented  a  flory  of  a  mine  oj  gold'm  his  native 
ilUnd  which  he  fuppofed  would  induce  fome 
adventurer  to  employ  him  as  a  pilot,  by  which 
m^ans  he  hoped  to  get  home,  and  he  was  not 
difappointed  jn  his  expedkation ,        *  *  »  ^^ »  ?« - 
-  Gorges  had  engaged  the  Earl  of  Southamp* 
ton,  then  commander  of  the  Ifle  of  Wight, 
to  advance  one  hundred  pounds,  and  C^ 
Hobfon  another  hundred,  and  alfo  to  go  on 
the  difcovcry.     With  this  affiftance,  Harley 
iailcd  in  June  1614,  carrying  with  him  feveral 
land   <^oldicrs  and  the  two  before  mentioned 
Ini-  .  s,  with  a  thiid  named  Wanape,  who 
Y3  had 


•i. 


#% 


35S  GORGE    S- 

had  been  fcnt  to  Gorges  from  the  Ifle  of 
Wight.  0»'  '\r.  a -rival  of  the  (hip,  fhc  was 
foon  pih..:d  *o  the  iiland  of  Capawock,  and' 
to  the  harbour  where  Epenovv  was  to  perform 
his  promife.  The  principal  inhabitants  of 
the  place, with  fome  of  h*  r,'  i  kinimen,came 
on  hoard,  with  whom  he  held  a  conference 
and  contrived  his  efcape.  They  departed, 
p  omifing  to  return  the  next  day  with  furs  for 
IrafHck.  Epenow  had  pretended  that  if  it 
were  known,  that  he  had  difcovered  the  fe- 
crets  of  hiS)  country,  his  life  would  be  in 
danger,  but  the  company  were  careful  to 
watch  himj  and  to  prevent  his  efcape.  'ad 
dreiTed  him  in  long  clothes,  which  could  eafi- 
ly  be  laid  hold  of,  if  there  fhould  be  occafion. 
His  friends  appeared  the  next  morning  in 
twenty  canoes,  ?r\d  lying  at  a  diftance,  the 
Captain  called  to  them  to  come  on  board, 
which  they  deciming,  lipenow  was  ordered 
to  renew  the  invitation.  He,  mounting  the 
forecaille,  hailed  them  as  he  was  diredcd,  and 
at  the  fame  inflant,  thond^  one  held  him  by 
the  coat,  yet  being  {^^  'Ug  ^nd  heavy,  he  jump- 
ed into  the  water,  ♦.is  countrymen  then  ad* 
vanced  to  receive  him,  and  fent  a  fhowcr  of 
>rrpws  into  the  Oiip,  which  fo  difconcerted 

the 


GORGES. 


359 


the  crew,  that  the  prifoner  completely  efFe(5l- 
cd  his  efcape.     Thus  the  golden  dream  van- 
ished, and   the  (hip  returned  without  having 
performed  any  fervices  adequate  to  the  ex- 
penfe  of  her  equipment.    .  n^i  >  .     i^  •  .c 
^Thc  Plymouth  company  were  much  dif- 
couraged  by  the  ill  fuccefs  of  this  adventure ; 
but  the  fp  :it  of  emulation  between  them  and 
the  London  company  proved  very  ferviceable 
to  the  caufe  in  which  they  were  jointly  en- 
gaged.    For  thefe  having  fent  our  four  {hips 
under  the  command  of  Michael  Cooper,  to 
South  Virginia,  [January,  1615]  and  Captain 
John  Smith,  who  had  been  employed  by  that 
company,  having  returned  to   England,  and 
engaged  with  the  company  at  Plymouth,  their 
hopes  revived.     Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,   in 
ci  icert   with  Dr.  Sutliffe,  Dean   of  Exeter, 
and  feveral  others,  equipped  two  veflels,  one  of 
two  hundred,  the  other  of  50  tons,  on  board 
of  which  (befides  the  compliment  of  Teamen) 
were  lixteen  men  who  were  deftined  to  begin 
a  colony  in  New  England.     [March,  161 5] 
When  they  had  failed  one  hundred  and  twen- 
ty leagues,  the  large  (hip  loft  her  mafts,  and 
fprung  a  leak  j  which  obliged  them   to  put 
back  under  jury  mafts  to  Plymouth.     From 
Y  4  thence 


36q 


GORGES. 


thence  Smith  failed  again  [June  24]  in  1^ 
bark  of  fixty  tons,  carrying  the  {unc  fixteea 
men  1  but  on  this  fecond  voyage,  was  taken  by 
four  French  men  of  war,  and  carried  to 
France.  The  vefTcl  of  fifty  tons,  which  had 
been  feparated  from  him,  purfued  her  voyage, 
and  returned  in  fafety ;  but  the  main  defiga 
pf  the  voyage,  which  was  toeffe<5t  a  fettlement, 
was  frudrated.    it/ ■'*>'*  '    .   .   jEs.  ;  HwWi*.»     *.** 

The  fame  year  (Odlober)  Sir  Richard  Haw- 
kins, by  authority  of  the  Plymouth  companyi^ 
of  which  he, was  Prefidcnt  for  that  year,  vifit- 
cd  jhe  coall  of  New  England^  to  try  what 
fervices  he  could  do  them  in  fcarching  the 
^oi^ntry,  and  its  commodities ;  but  on  his  ^r-x 
rival,  finding  the  natives  engaged  in  war,  he 
paffed  along  the  coaft  to  Virginia,  and  from 
thence  returned  to  England,  by  the  way  of 
Spain,  where  he  difpofcd  of  th^  fi(h,  which 
he  had  taken  in  the  voyage.      .  ,  nn.,.^  ri j*.-,,?; 

After  this,  fhips  were  fent  every  ieafisn  by: 
the  London  and  Plymouth  Companies  on 
voyages  of  profit  j;  their  fi(h  and  furs  came  to 
a  good  market  in  Europe,  but  all  the  attempts 
which  were  made  to  colonize  North  Virginia, 
by  fome  nnforefeen  accidents  failed  of  fuccefs. 
Qorgcs,  however,  had  his  mind  ftill  invariably 

bent 


O    O    R    O    E    S. 


3«t 


bent  on  his  original  plan,  and  every  incident 
which  feemed  to  favour  his  views,  weis  etger*. 
]y  improved  for  that  purpofe.  Being  pofTe^T^ 
ed  of  the  journals  and  letters  of  the  fevertil 
voyagers,  and  of  all  the  information  which 
could  be  had,  and  being  always  at  hand,  to 
attend  the  meetings  of  the  Company,  he  con- 
trived to  keep  alive  their  hopes,  and  was  the 
prime  mover  in  all  their  tranfadkions.  •  -  ^ 
About  this  time  Captain  Thomas  Dermer, 
who  had  been  employed  in  the  American 
ftfhery,  and  had  entered  fully  into  the  fame 
views  J  offered  his  fervice  toaflift  in  profccut* 
ing  the  difcovery  of  the  country.  He  was 
at  Newfoundland,  and  Gorges  prevailed  on 
|he  company,  to  fend  Captain  Edward  Ro- 
craft,  in  a  ihip,  to  New  England,  with  ord*. 
ers  to  wait  there  till  he  fhould  be  joined  by 
Dermer,  Rocraft,  on  his  arrival,  met  with  a 
French  interloper,  which  he  feized,  and  then 
failed  with  his  prize  to  South  Virginia.  In 
the  mean  time  Dermer  went  to  England,  and 
having  conferred  with  Gorges  and  the  com* 
pany,  on  the  intended  difcovery,  went  out  in 
a  fliip,  which  Gorges  himfelf  owned  -,  hoping 
to  meet  with  Rocraft,  but  was  much  perplex- 
ed at  not  finding  him,  '  t 

Having 


5v. 


362 


GORGES. 


Having  ranged  and  examined  every  part  of 
the  coafty  and  made  many  ufeful  obfervations, 
which  he  tranfrnitted  to  Gorges,  he  fhaped 
his  courfe  for  Virginia,*  where  Rocraft  had 
been  killed  in  a  quarrel,  and  his  bark  funic. 
Dermer  being  thus  difappointed  of  his  con- 
fort,  and  of  his  expeded  fupplies,  returned  to- 
the  northward.  At  the  ifland  of  Capawock, 
he  met  with  Epenow,  who  knowing  him 
to  be  employed  by  Gorges,  and  fufpedting 
that  his  errand  was  to  bring  him  back  to 
England,  ponfpired  with  his  countrymen,  to 
feize  him  and  his  companions,  feveral  of 
whom  were  killed  in  the  fray  :  Dermer  de- 
fended himfelf  with  his  fword,  and  efcaped, 
though  not  without  fourteen  wounds,  which 
obliged  him  to  go  again  to  Virginia,  where  he 
died.  The  lofs  of  this  worthy  man,  was  the 
moft  difcouraging  circumftance  which  Gorges 
had  met  with,  and  as  he  himfelf  expreffes  it, 
**  made  him  almoft  refolve  never  to  intermed- 
dle egain  in  any  of  thefe  courfes."  But  he  had 
in  h&.  io  deeply  engaged  in  them,  and  had  fo 
many  perfons  engaged  with  him,  that  he 
could  not   retreat  with   honour,   whilft  any 

hope 

*  It  is  faid  that  he  was  the  firft  who  pafTcd  the  whole  extent  of 
Long  Ifland  Sound,  and  difcovered  that  it  was  not  connected  with 
the  continent.     This  was  in  1619. 


GORGES. 


363 


of 

th 


hope  of  fuccefs  remained.  Soon  after  this,  a 
profpeA  began  to  open  from  a  quarter,  where' 
it  was  leaft  expected.   ••  -- i  i^ ->     ,^^.:...^.ia^^ 

The  patent  of  1606,  which  divided  Virgin-* 
ia  into  two  colonies,  exprcfsly  provided  that 
neither  company  (hould  begin  any  plantation 
within  one  hundred  miles  of  the  other.  By 
this  interdiction  the  middle  region  of  North 
America  was  negledted,  and  a  bait  was  laid  to 
attradt  the  attention  of  foreigners. 

The  adventurers  to  South  Virginia  had  pro- 
hibited all  who  were  not  free  of  their  compa- 
ny from  planting  or  trading  within  their  lim- 
its ;  the  northern  ccmpany  had  made  no  fuch 
regulation;  by  this  means  it  happened  that 
the  South  Virginia  fhips  could  fi(h  on  the 
northern  coaft,  whilft  the  other  company 
were  excluded  from  all  privileges  in  the  fouth- 
ern  parts.  The  South  Virginians  had  alfo 
made  other  regulations  in  the  management  of 
their  bufinefs,  which  the  northern  company 
were  deliroas  to  intimate.  They  thought  the 
moft  effedual  way  to  do  this,  was  to  procure 
an  exclufive  patent  With  this  view,  Gorges, 
ever  aftive  to  promote  the  interefl  which  he 
had  efpoufcd,  folicited  of  the  crown  a  new 
charter,  which,by  the  intereft  of  his  friends  in 

court,    . 


3^4 


O    O    R    G    E    S. 


court,  was  after  iorhe  delay  obtained.  By 
this  inftrument  forty  noblemen,  knights  and 
gentlemen,  were  incorporated  by  the  ftylc  of 
*'  the  council  cilabliflied  at  Plymouth,  in  the 
county  of  Devon,  for  the  planting,  ruling  and 
governing  of  New  England  in  America."  The 
date  of  the  charter  was  November  3,  1620* 
The  territory  fubjeft  to  their  jurirdi<ltion  was 
from  the  40th  to  the  48  th  degree  of  n<jrfh 
latitude,  and  from  fea  to  fca.  This  charter  is 
the  foundation  of  all  the  grants  which  were 
made  of  the  country  of  New  England. 
'  Before  this  diviiion  was  made,  a  number  of 
families,  who  were  ftyled  Puritans,  on  ac- 
count of  their  feeking  a  farther  reformation  of 
the  Church  of  England,  which  they  could 
liot  obtain,  and  who  had  retired  into  Holland 
to  avoid  the  fevcrity  of  the  penal  laws  againft 
diffenters,  meditated  a  removal  to  America. 
The  Dutch  were  fond  of  retaining  them  as 
their  fubjc6ts,  and  made  them  large  offers,  if 
they  would  fettle  in  fome  of  their  tranfmarine 
territories  -,  but  they  chofe  rather  to  relidc  in 
the  dominions  of  their  native  prince,  if  they 
could  have  liberty  of  confcience.  They  h^d, 
by  their  agents,  ncgociated  with  the  South 
Virginia  company,  and  obtained  a  permiflionr 

to 


GORGES. 


3^5 


to  tranfport  themfclvcs  to  America  within 
their  limits  ;  but  as  to  the  liberty  of  con- 
fcience,  though  they  could  obtain  no  indul- 
gence from  the  crown  under  hand  and  ieal, 
yet  it  was  declared,  that  **  the  King  would 
connive  at  them,  provided  they  behaved 
peaceably."  As  this  was  all  the  favour  which 
the  fpirit  of  the  times  would  allow,  they  de- 
termined to  cail  themfelves  on  the  care  of 
Divine  Providence  and  venture  to  America. 
After  feveral  dilafters,  they  arrived  at  Cape 
Cod  in  the  42d  degree  of  north  latitude, a  place 
remote  from  the  objedt  of  their  intention, 
which  was  Hudfon's  river.  The  Dutch  had 
their  eye  on  that  place  and  bribed  their  pilot 
not  to  carry  them  thither.  It  was  late  in  the 
fcafon  when  they  arrived  j  their  permiflion 
from  the  Virginia  company  was  of  no  ufe 
here  ;  and  having  neither  ai»thority  nor  form 
of  government,  they  were  obliged  for  the  fake 
pf  order,  before  they  difembarked,  to  form 
themfelves  into  a  body  politic,  by  a  writter* 
inftrument.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the 
colony  of  New- Plymouth  ;  and  this  event 
happened  (Nov.  ii,  1620)  a  few  days  after 
King  James  had  ligned  the  patent  for  incor- 
porating the  council,      Thefc  circumftances 

ferved 


366 


GORGES. 


lerved  the  intereft  of  both,  though  then 
wholly  unknown  to  each  other.  The  coun* 
cil,  being  informed  of  the  eftablKhmen:  of  a 
colony  within  their  limits,  were  fond  of  tak*- 
ing  them  into  their  protcdlion,  and  the  colony 
were  equally  defirous  of  receiving  that  pro- 
tc<ftion  as  far  as  to  obtain  a  grant  of  territory. 
An  agent  being  difpatched  by  the  colony  to 
England,  Sir  F.  Gorges  interefted  himfelf  in 
the  affair,  and  a  grant  was  accordingly  made 
{1623)  to  John  Peirce,in  truft  for  the  colony. 
This  was  ,  their  iirft  patent  5  they  afterwards 
(1629)  had  another  made  to  William  Bradford 
and  his  aUbciates.  ;  .  ;  ^   -  /  <  >,■"*- 

,  One  end  which  the  council  had  in  view, 
was,  to  prevent  the  accefs  of  unauthorized  ad- 
venturers to  the  coaft  of  New-England.  The 
crews  of  their  /hips,  in  their  intercourfe  with 
the  natives,  being  far  from  any  eflablifhed 
government,  were  guilty  of  great  iicentiouf- 
nefs.  Befides  drunkennefs,  and  debauchery, 
feme  flagrant  enormities  had  been  c/mmitted, 
which  not  only  injured  the  reputation  of  Eu- 
ropeans, bat  encouraged  the  natives  to  ads  of 
hoftility.  To  remedy  thefe  evils,  the  coun- 
cil thought  proper  to  appoint  an  officer  to  cx- 
crcife  government  on  the  coaft.     The  firft 

perfon 


GORGES. 


36; 


perfon  who  was  fent  in  this  charadcr^  was 
Capt.  Francis  Weft  j  who  finding  the  fi(her- 
men  too  licentious  and  rohuft  to  be  control- 
ed  by  him,  foon  gave  up  this  inefFedbual  com- 
marid.     They  next  appointed  Capt.  Robert 
Gorges,  a  fon  of  Sir  Ferdinando.     He  was 
like  his  father,  of  an  aftive  and  enterprizing 
genius,  and  had  newly  returned  from  the  Ve- 
netian war.     He  obtained  of  the  council  a 
patent  for  a  tra(^  of  land  on  the  northeaftern 
fide  of  Maffachufetts   Bay,  containing  thirty 
miles  in  length  and  ten  in  breadth,  and  by  the 
.influence  of  his  father,   and  of  his  kinfman 
Lord  Edward  Gorges,  he  was  difpatched  with 
a  commifiion  to  be  "  Lieutenant  General  and 
Governour  of  New  England"  They  appointed 
for  his  council  the  aforefaid  Weft,  with  Chrif- 
topher  Lc^et,  and  the  Governour  of  New  Ply- 
mouth for   the  time  being.     Gorges  came  to 
Plymouth  in  1623,  publifhcd  his  commifiion, 
and  made   fome  efforts  to  execute  it.     He 
brought  over  with  him  as  a  Chaplain,  Willi- 
am Morrell,  an  Epifcopal  clergyman.     This 
was  the  firft  eflay  for  the  eftablifhment  of  a 
General  Government  in  New  England,   and 
Morrel  was  to  have  a  fuperintendence  in  ec- 
clefiaftical,  as  Gorges  had  in  civil  afBiirs  ;  but 

he 


368 


GORGED* 


he  made  no  ufe  of  his  commiflion  at  Ply- 
mouth (  and  only  mentioned  it  m  hisconver-* 
iation  about  the  time  of  his  departure.*  -Thi9 
general  government  was  a  darling  objc<a  with 
the  council  of  Plymouth,  but  was  much 
dreaded  by  the  planters  of  New  England ) 
however,  all  the  attempts  which  wiere  made  to 
carry  it  into  execution  failed  of  fuccefs.  Gor- 
ges, after  about  a  year's  rcfidence  in  the 
country,  and  holding  one  court  at  Ply- 
mouth, upon  a  Mr.  Wefton,  who  had  be- 
gun a  plantation  at  WciTagulTet,  [Wey- 
mouth] wnere  Gorges  himfelf  intended 
a  fcttlement,   was  recalled  to  England,   the 


.V-.  .4.". 


'  *V- 


rti  ,^^" 


fupplies 


>  I 


'  '*'  This  Morrell  appears  to  have  been  a  dili^'ftnt  inquirer  Into 
the  ftateani  circumftances  of  the  country,  its  nutural  produflions 
and  advantages,  the  manners,  cufioms,  and  govemnient  of  the 
natives  ;  the  refult  of  b's  obfeivations  he  wrought  into  a  poem 
which  he  printed  both  in  Latin  and  Englifli.  The  Latin  is  by  no 
means  deftitute  of  claHical  merit,  of  which  the  following  linos 
may  ferve  as  an  evidence.  ■  ^ , , 

**  Eft  locus  occiduo  procul  hinc  fpatiofus  in  orbe   'X^'^ 
' '" "     Plurima  regna  tenens,  populifque  incognitus  ipfis  t^ 
t»^fcv*   Felix  frugifcris  fulcii,  fimul  a:quore  fclir,  * 

Pxaedii  perdivcs  vuriis,  &  flumine  dives,      /    '  ^f    -^'^ 
Axe  fatis  calidus,  rigidoque  a  fngore  tutus.'*     »  .  •  . 

Th'edefcriptionitfeif  is  juft  and  animated,  and  the  EngliOi 
trtnllation  (cotifidering  the  date  of  it)  is  very  tolerable.  It  is 
printed  ui  the.  C9lleitiens  of  the  Hifioricai  Society,  for  1799, 
page  i%5. 


a 


9.  %  %:       369 

fuppli^s  which:  he  expedtcd  to  have  receive4 
•haying  failed.  This  failure  w^s  owing  to  ond, 
Qf  thoie  crofs  accidents  which  continually  be^ . 
f^  the  Council  of  Plymouth.  Tnough  the 
ett^tion  of  th^  board  was  really  beneficial  to 
th^  natjon,  and  gave  a  proper  diredlion  to  the 
fpir^t  pjF  colonizing,  yet  they  had  to  druggie 
vvitl^  the  oppofing  interefts  of  various  foirts  of 

The  company  of  South  Virginia,  and  in- 
deed the  mercantile  intereil  in  general,  find- 
irjg  themfclves  ^eluded  from  the  privilege  of 
fiihing  ^nd  trajffic,  complained  of  this  inftitu- 
^tion  as  a  monopoly.  The  commons  of  Eng-. 
land  were  growing  jealous  of  the  royal  prfe- ' 
rpgative ;  and  wifhingto  reftrain  it ;  the  grant- 
ing charters  of  ini^orporation  with  excluiive 
advantages  of  commerce  was  deemed^  ufur-, 
pation  on  the  rights  of  the  people.  Com- 
plaints were  firft  made  to  the  King  in  coun- 
cil ;  but  nvj  difpofition  appeared  there  to 
countenance  them.  It  happened  however,  that 
a  parliament  was  called  for  (bme  other  purpo- 
fcs  (February  1^24)  in  which  Sir  Edward 
Cook  was  chofen  fpeaker  of  the  commons. 
He  was  well  known  as  an  advocate  for  the 
liberties  of  the  people,  and  an  enemy  to   pro- 


11 


i 


..-    :,* 


t 

1 


'  '.'  * 


370 


O'    6    R*   G     E'   S. 


j; 


je£tors.     The  King  was  at  firft  in  a  good  hu- 
rtioiir  with  his  parliament,  and  advantiagc  was 

taken  of  a  demand  for   fubficiies  to  brins;  io ,  ^ 

Ctii    j^  •  CL  -     r       A^r  ■'t'.''■'^v.^^-is^^:t\..• 

W^  agaipft  monoponcs.  ,    . 

The  houfe  being  refolved  into  a  comihittee, 
Sir  Ferdiniando  .Gorges  was  called  to  the   bar,  * 
where  the   fpeaker   inf9rrtied   him,  that   the 
patent  granted  to  the  council  of  Plymouth  was 
complained  of  as   a   grievance  \    that  under 
colour  of' planting  a  colony,  they  were  purfu- 
ing  private  gains  :  that  though  they   refpc(Sl- 
»;d  him  as  a  perfon  of  worth  and  honour,  yet 
the  public  intereft  was  to  be  regarded  before  all 
perfonal  confiderations ;  and  therefore  they  re- , 
quired  that  the  patent  be  delivered  to  the  houfe. . 
Gorges  anfwered,  that  he  was  but  one  of  the 
Ct)mpany^  inferior   in    rank   and  abilities,   to 
many  cJthers  ^  that  he  had  no  power  to  de- 
liver it,  withoat  their  confent,  neither  in  fadt, 
was  it  in  his  cuftody.       Being   afked    where 
it  was,  he  faid,  it  vl^as  for  aught  he  knew,  ilill 
remaining  in  the  crown-office,   where   it  had 
been  left  for  the  amendment  of  fome  errors. 
As  to  the  general  charge  he  anfwered  ^     that 
he  knew  not  how  it  could  be  a  public  griev^ 
ance  3   fince  it  had  been '  undertaken  for  the 
advancement  of  religion,  the  enlargement   of 

the 


tr 


■  "'7^    '^- 


■j\ 


►*. 


GORGES. 


37' 


itie  bounds  of  the  natioh,  the  increase  oiT  trade, 
and  the  em.  ^nyment  of  many  thoufands  of 
people ;  that  it  could  not  be  a  trionopofy  •  for 
though  a  few  only  were'interefted  in  the  bu- 
finefs,  it  was  becaufe  many  could  not  be  in* 
dueed  to  adventure  where  their  loflcs  at  iirft 
were  fure,  and  their  gains  uncertain ;  and» 
indeed,  fa  much  lofs  had  been  fuftained  that 
moft  of  the  adventurers  themfclves  were 
vi  ary  ^  that  as  to  the  profit  arifing  from 
the  fiihery  it  was  never  intended  to  be  con- 
verted to  private  ufe,  as  might  appear  by  the 
offers  which  they  had  made  to  all  the  maritime 
cities  in  the  Weft  of  England  ;  that  the  grant 
of  exclufive  privileges  made  by  the  crown, 
was  intended  to  regulate  and  fettle  plantations, 
,by  the  profits  arifing  frc:  i  the  trade,  and 
was  in  effcft  no  more  than  -^arty  gentlemen 
and  lords  of  manors  in  England  enjoyed 
without  offence*  Ke  added,  that  he  was 
glad  of  an  opportunity  for  fuch  a  parliamen- 
tary inquiry,  and  if  they  would  take  upon 
themfclves  the  bufinefs  ot  colonization,  he 
and  his  aflbciatds  would  be  their  humble  fer- 
vants  as  far  as  lay  in  their  pcver,  without  a;iy 
re*-ofped:  to  the  vaft  expenfe  which  they  had 
already  incurred  in  difcovcring  and  taking  pofn. 
Z  z  fefiion 


\ 


yr^ 


G     O-    R     Gr    E^    S*> 


rcflion  of  the  country,  and. bringing  iw»  :"rs  to 
thcli-  tlien  prefent  fituation.     He  ali<^  wf^irtd,, 
tliat  if  any  thing  further  was  to  b«>  ioquiff4'! 
into,  it  might  be  given  him   in   detail  |i  wilh 
liberty  ©f  anfwering  by  his  coun<:iJ.     - 
.   A  committee  was  appointed  to  examine  xhe^ 
patent  and  make  objections  i  which  were  do\i-K 
vered  to  Gorges ;  accompanied  with  a  decla« 
ration  from  the  fpeaker  that  he  ought  to  look 
upon  this  as  a  favour.    Gorges  having  acknow- 
ledged  the  favour,  employed  council  to  draw* 
up  anfwera  to  the  objections.      His  council 
were  Mr.  (afterwards  Lord)  Finch,  and  Mr, 
Caltrup,  afterwards  attorney   general  to  the 
court  of  vi  irds.   Though  in  caufes  where  the  , 
nrovYsj  'nTk-.l  parliament  arc  concerned  ^  parties^ 
council  are  often  afraid  of  wading  deeper  than 
they  can  fafely  return  j  yet  Gorges  was  fatisfied 
with  the  condud  of  his  council,  who  fully 
anfwered  the  obje<5bions,  both  in  point  of  Law 
and  Jujlice  3  thefe  anfwers   being  read,   the 
houfe  afkcd  what  further  he  had  to  fay^   upon 
which  he  added  fome  obfervations  in  point  of 
Folky,  to  the  following  efFedt :       ^r^^  *  -  &< . 
V   That  tbe  adventurers  had  befen  at  great  coft 
qnd  pains  to  enlarge  the  King's   dominions  -^ 
to  employ  many  feamen,  handicraftsmen,  and 

^    labourers  ; 


'G    4>    K   -G     E    S. 


•373 


^  a  iimple  courle 
,8  4>ccn  given 
"Ountry,  could 
ekhcr  by   the 


labourers';  'to  '^ttle  a  flourifhing  plantation, 
and  advance  religion  Hi  thofc  favag  *  countries  | 
matters  of  ^he  UighcfV  CToniequence  to  the 
nation,  and  far  exceeding  all  the  advantagis 
Which  tould  be  expe  ed 
of  fifhing,  whidh  muP  ^^ 
over  J  for  that  fo  vaU 
not  long  remain  unpolfe 
French,  Spaniards,  or  Dutch  ;  fo  that,  if  the 
plantations  were  to  be  given  up,  the  fifhery 
rtiuft  inevitably  be  loft,  and  the  honour,  as 
well  as  intcreft  of  the  nation,  greatly  fufFer  5 
ihat  the  mifchief  already  done  by  the  pepfons 
vrho  were  foremoft  in  their  complaiifts  was 
intolerable ;  for,  in  their  diforderly  intercourfe 
with  the  favagcs,  they  had  been  guilty  of  tho 
greateft  exceffes  of  debauchery  and  knavery, 
and  in  addition  to  all  thefe  imnf^oralities,  they 
had  furniihed  them  with  arms  and  ammuni> 
tion  ;  iby  which  they  were  enabled  to  def- 
troy  the  peaceable  fi(hermcn,  and  had  become 
formidable  enemies  to  the  planters.  ^^Ir  r.K 
'^  He  further  added,  that  he  had,  in  zeal  for 
the  intereft  of  his  country,  deeply  engaged 
his  own  eftate,  and  fent  one  of  his  fons  to  the 
American  coaft,  belides  encouraging  many  of 

thither ;  this  he  hoped  would 


go 


b? 


.Su^Oc* 


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Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  '4580 

(716)  872-4503 


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374         oca   a   t   ft.  .; 

be  ah  apology  for  his  earneftnefs  in  this  plea^i 
aaif  be  bad  (hewo  lefs  warmth  it  imgbc  havQ,f 
been  coni^riied  into  negligence  and  iii< 
gratitude.  ,         ^  ^4 

Th^^  pleas,  however  es^rneft  and  tatiomli^ 
were  to  no  purpofe.  The  parliainent  pre^o 
fented  to  the  King  the  grievances  of  the  na^l: 
tion,  and  the  patent  for  New-England,  wat- 
^he  firft  on  ^e  lift.  Gorges,  however, .  had 
^ken  care  that  ^he  King  (hould  be  previoiifly 
acquainted  with  the  objedions  and  anfwers  ; 
and  James  .was  fo  jealous  of  his  prerogative, 
that  though  he  gave  his  ailent  to  a  declaraw 
tory  a€t  again|l  monopolies  ia general,  yet,;he 
would  not  recal  the  patent,  Hoii^ever,  i^iit 
deference  to  the  voipe  of  the  nation,\the,c/^uDif 
cil  thought  iit  to  fufpend  their  oper^tionfiii 
Thi5|  proved  for  a  while,  difcouraging  U> 
the  fpjrit  of  adventure-  and  occafioned  the 
recalling   |lob<;rt  porges  from  bis  governs^ 

-ment..  -'  '-^'M  ^mit'^ 

*  But  the  .parliament  having  proceeded;  with 
more  freedom  and  tDoldnefs  in  their  com- 
plaints, than  fuitcd  the  feelings  of  James,  he 
diflblved  them  in  hafte.  before  they  could* 
proceed  to  meafures  for  remedying  the  difor- 
dcrs  in  chqfch  and  ftate,  wb jch  had  been  tl^e 


ct  o  It  a  E>  5^  ^ 


i^' 


^  f\ih]e6t  of  complaint ;  and  fome  of  the  noore 
liberal  fpeakers  were  committed  to  prirQn.  Tliis 
Served  10  d^nap  the  Ipirit  of  feS^rmation,  ah^^ 
prepared  the  wny  for  ^pother  colony  of  emi^- 
grants  to,  New-lSngUpd. 

About  the  fanv?  ]tf  me,  the  Wfmoh  ambaf;- 
fador  put  in  a  claim-  in  behajf  of  his   court 
to  theifr  territories,   to   which  Gorges  vfiam* 
fuiilmoned  to  anfwer  f)efpre  th^  King  and 
council,  which  he  did  in  fo  supple  ancl  con^ 
yincing  a  manner,  that  the  claim  was  for  thajt 
iftme'filenced.     Gorges  then,  in  the  name  of 
the  Council  of  Plymouth,  complained  of  thp 
Dutch,  as  intruders  on  the  English  poHef-* 
iions  in  America,  by  mfi^ing  a  fettlement  on 
Hudfon's '  river.     To  this,  the  Sta^s  made  an^ '  > 
fwerVthat  if  any  fuch  things  had  been  4one,  ^ 
\t  was  without  their  order,  as  they  had  pnlv 
^ereded  a  company  for  the  Weft  Indies.     This 
^  aniwer,  made  the  cpuncil  relblye  t9  proiecute 
their  bufinef^  and  reniove  thefe  intruders. 
^p  Hitherto    Qorges    appears    in    the  light 
of  a  zealous,   indefatigable    and  unfucceli-- 
ful    adventurer ;    but   neither   his .  labours, 
expenfe,  nor  ill  fuccefs  were  yet   cpn^e  tp  a 
conclufion. 


'^ 


■  m: 


Tq 


4si-:i,f 


•  / 


0 


•fe   t)    1R    1G    B    S. 

To  entertain  a  Juft  view  of  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  we  t^oft  confider  h^m  both  as  a  mem- 
ber bf  this  fcoiincil  of  PtymoCith,  pXw^iftg  ih^ 
genera}  mtercft  of  American  |>lantsitioAs  )  ixA 
at  the  fanfxe  time  as  ah  advenfurer,  uiidi^t^Ic^ 
it\^  a  fettlemirft  of  his  6wn,  id  s^  ^fticWat 
pariroC  the  territory  which  was  fubje6^  to  the 
|uriKUaion  of  the  cbancil .  Having  formed  an 
int/macy  with  Capt;  JohnMlafori^tjoycrridur 
of  Portfmouth,  in  the  county  of  Hahts,  Who 
was  alfo  a  member  of  the  council  -,  and  ha v- 
Sng  (1622)  jointly  with  hini  ptocured  froih 
the  council,  a  grant  of  a  lai^e  extent  itf  tfodn- 
*try,  which  they  called  XW0>z/!(7,  oitendihg  from 
the  river  Merrimack  to  Sagadahbck,  and  froih 
the  ocean  to  thelakeS  and  river'of  Canada,  they 
indulged  fanguine  expedition  of  iucci 
From  the  accounts  given  of  the  country  by 
Jome  romantic  travellers,  they  had  conceived 
an  ided  of  it  as  a  kiiid  of  terre'^naTparadife^  not 
merely  capable  of  producing  all  ^he  neceiiaries 
and  conveniencies  of'  life  but  as  already  rjchly 
furnifhed  by  the  bountiful  hand  of  nature. 
*The  air  was  faid  to  be  pure  and  falubrious  5 
the  country  plea{arit  and  delightful,  full  of 
goodly  forcfts,  fair  vallies,  and  fertile  plains  | 
abounding  in   vines,  chefnuts,   walnuts,  and 

many 


•   V 


^    Z^    ^     a    Q    £ 

"6   t>   1ft.   ft   E   IS^. 


.  Miny  othifrTotts  of  fftiit'j   t!ie  Vi^cJ!^  ftMi 

'With  Mi  ^d  <^riVir6'it(^'ThrrtK  i^obaiy  mii6^ 

Vdfl  6f  tiihiicr  fr(isfes.  \  Ta  ifii  gVc^'t  1ilce;<»  tit 

'woods  and 'ricadbws/liaving  grc4t/ft^^    of 

Iteigs,  filhi5w  fer/clks/tocinicks,  W^vars  atti 

otiicr  g^e  J  aiii  thfcfc  -ifl^ds  were  iuppblc^ 

to  lie  commoHioulIy  fituate  for  Habitaiiioh'and 

traj]ic.'  19  ihe  ntl^ft  of  a  fine  take,   aiiduhdins 

witli  the  fndjl  delicite^firti.      This  lake  "was 

kholiigh't'tq   he   lels  Wan  "i  bb  tnifes  diftarit 

*fr6in  the  ,feac6aftVa^nd  there  Was  foiric  fccret 

expectation  that  mines   and .  precious  liooes, 

wbiitd  |he*  the  reward  bfthcir  pa'tien  t  and  dll  i- 

cent  attention  to  the  buunels   of  dilcovcry. 

.  3ucH  wdrc  the  charais  ofl  Lacohia  I 

,   It  has  "hccn  IJcforc  ohTei^cd   that    Gbfgcs 

had  fcht   over  Hichard  Vines,   with   ftJfnc 

others,  on  a  difcovery,  to  prepare  the' way  for 

a  colony.     The  place  which  Vines'  pitched 

upon,  was  at  the   mouth  of  Ihe  'river  Baco. 

Some  years  after,  another  fetfle'ilicht  was   made 

ori    the  "fiver  of  Agamehtlcus,  by*  Francis 

Norton,  whom  Gorges  fent  over  with  a  rium- 

ber  of    other    people,   having  procured  for 

them  a  patent  of   12,600  acres  pnthe  caitfide 

of  the  river,  and  12,000    more   on   the  weft 

-  r   ;s  fide  ; 

•  -  *  Lake  Champlain.  » 


;i^ 


\    ,■ 


■\^  \ 


■■■a^t. 


i  . 


378  G    O     R     G    E     S.    « 

iide  ;  his  fon  Ferdinando  Gorges. being  named 
as  one  of  the  grantees ;  this  was  the  beginning 
of  the  town  of  York.      Norton  was  a  Lieu<rt 
tenant  Colonel,  and  had  raifed  himfelf  to  that 
rank  from  a  common    foldier,  by  his  own 
merit.    In  this  company  were  feveral  artific- 
ers, who  were  employed  in  building  faw  mills,   , 
and  they  were  fupplied  with  cattle  and  othep  u 
neceflaries  for  the  bufinefs  of  getting  luoaber.^ivt 
^^Aboutthefamc  time   (viz.  1623)'  a  fettle-  . 
(nent  was  begun  at  the  river  Pifcataqua,  by 
Captain  Majbn,  and  feveral  other  merchants, 
among  whom  Gorges  had  a  (hare.   The  prin- 

'  cipal  defign  of  thefe  fettlements  was,  to  eftab- 
lifli  a  pernuinent  Hfhery,  to  make  ialt,  to  trade 
with  the  natives,  and  to  prepare  lumber  for 

*  exportation.  Agriculture  was  but  a  fecondary 
objedt,  though  in  itielf  the  true  fource  of  all 

-  opulence  and  all  fubfiftence^. ,^.rju^?  tiltt-^mc^ 

Thefe  attempts  proved  very  expenfive  and 

yielded  no  adequate  returns.      The  a^ciates 

were  difcouraged,  and  dropped  off  one  after 

another,  till  none  but  Gorges  and  Mafon  re- 

;  mained.  Much  patienge  was  neccflary,  but 
in  this  cafe  it  could  be  grounded  only  on  eu- 
thufiafm.  It  was  not  poflible  in  the  nature 
of  things  that  their  intereft  fliould  be  advanc- 

'.. cA 


GORGES. 


«> 


37f 


td  by  the  manner  in  which  they  condu<acd  1^  ^ 
their   buiinefs.      Their  colon  ifls  came  pver'V 
either  as  tenants  or  as  hired  fervants.      The  > 
prodtice  ofthe  plantation  could  not  pay,  their  i 
wages,  and  they  foon  became  their  own  maf-  i ' 
ters.      The  charge  of  making  a  fettle^nent  i 
in  iiich  a  wildernefs  was  more  than  the   value  "^ 
of  the  lands   when  the  improvements  were  4^ 
made  :  overfeers  were   appointed,   but  they  r 
could  not  hold  the  tenants  under   con^tnand  y 
nor  prevent  their  changing  places  oj^  every  i 
difcohtent :  The  proprietors  thennfelves  never  » 
came  in  perfon  to  fuperintend  their  intereils,  % 
and  tio  regular  government  was  eflab^iihed  tp  ^ 
punifti  offenders  or  pre(crvc  orc^er.     For  thefe  [ 
reafons  though  Gorges  and  Mafon  expended 
frorti  firft  to  lail  more  than  iwenty  thoufand 
pounds  each,  yet  they  only  opened  the  way  for 
others  to  follow,  and  the  money  w^^^lpft  to 
them  and  their  pofterity.*        ■  .y^v,^.  >:*. 

Whilft  their  private  ihtereft  Was  thus  fink- 
ing in  America,  the  reputation  of  the  coun- 
cil of  which  were  members  lay .  under  fuch 
difadvantage  in  England  as  tended  to  endanger 
their  political  exiftence.  As  they  had  been 
incorporated  for  the   purpofe,  not   merely  of 


erantmg  \. 

* 

•  See  Hiflory  of  Ncw-Hampfliirc,  vol.  i.  Chap.  i.  li. 


i.,> 


y^ 


n. 


f.' 


5B6  0    <5    il    6   fi    8*.       ^    ,, 

%Hn^n%  lands/  bUt  ^  mttkin|;  itdlUal  >{)tiAdi«^ 

tiokvs  in  America,  tiity  Wei<e  forid  Off  Menieou- 

rAging  «tl  ttttemptSft  Irblh  wliM«f»i^  ^Uiller, 

^hi^h  flight -itiDtsse  tlictr  yieWs  "tfOi-xezT 
{Sedations,  w 

The  edclefiaftical  gOTernqient  at  ihis  time 
tikrweii  Ho^Mberty  to  ^rupnioits  conicibides ; 
fdr  Whichf^ttfeti  m&njr  Whaliad  hitherto^  been 
"pfiBkdhXt  inMbers  (»f  lhe$  liitioiial>  churchy 
ftil4  A^i^6(|  t6  cbiitiftUe  fuch,  linding  lliic  no 
indulg't'rvcer  ^uld:  be  gnmted,  itumed  ctheir 
tht>aghts  '^a^i^  Athene^  where  fouie  ^  their 
ibreth^eii  hftdalrdidy^  made  a  fettlement. .  They 
'^rft  pUfchal^d  of  the  council  of  ypiyoiooth  a 
Jarge  territory,  and-after^ard  obtaiiied  ^f  the 
'CroWn  iai  chiarter,  %y-^  which  they  were  ^»infti^ 
'tuteda  body  pidlittcMtbin  the  realm.  Ih  June 
'td'iQ  tb6y  brought'  their  charter ,tt>'Arocri<f a. 
and  b^g&n  the  cojony  of  Majfachufetts,  This 
proved  ap  effe^lual  fettleixient,  ari^  the  rc^ 
fort  ft  Whi^h  rendered  it  fo  were  the  the  aealand 
rardonr  Which  animated  their  cxerti0ni  5  the 
*w«lUh  which  they  poflcffcd-,  and  which  they 
'•c6nvcrttd  into  matefials  for  a  new  plan-tation  j 
but  principally  th^  prefence  of  the  adventurers 
•themfclvesi  on  the  jpot^  wl>enc  their  fortunes 
Were  to  be  expended   and   their  zeal  exerted. 


.*^V.TSf 


■>rt  >'  ■ 


*  ^ 


G    O    R    O    g    ». 


38> 


The  (^fler^Dce  ^tween  a  man's  doing  bufinefi^ 
by  hinaf^^f,  afid  by  his  fubi^tutes^  was  nevee 
nHWf  ^)y  exemplified  than  in  tl;^  frqa^u^^ 
Qf  tbf  MnQ'^chpfetts  pl^intf  rSj  compared  witl^ 
tb^t  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  :  wb^t  fhe  on<) 
bad  been  labouring  for,  ab(>ve  twenty  yeai;9 
witbput  any  fuc<:er$,iiras  realisged  by  the  others 
i,d  tw0  qr  tbr?<«  years ;  jn  iive^  they  were  Co 
far  adtani^d'  as  ta  be  able  to  fi^nd  out  a  cold* 
tiy  froi|)  iiiemielves  %q  begin  Sifiplher  ;at;  Con-^ 
i^e£ticut^r  and  inlefs  than  ffin^  |hey  founded 
an  Ul^HPerfity  which  "has  eye;-  fmcft  pri^MC'^ 
«d  aiA  uninterrupted  fuGtefJion ,  of  fervipeablo 
men  in  •cbweh  and  ftate« '  n  -;^-  "■- • 
1  The  great  nuqdber  of  people  who  flocked  to 
thi^  nevr  plantation,  raifed  an  alann  in  Eng^ 
land.  As  they  had  manifeiled  their  difcon-* 
tent  with  the  eceleiia{(|cal  government*  it 
it  wa«  fufpeded  that  they  Mmed  ^indep^ndmcet 
and  would  throw  oiF  their  allegiance  tb  th« 
crown*^  'I'Ws  j^iloufy  WW  fo  ftrong,  thai  a 
royal  order  was  made  to  reflndn  any  from 
coming  hither  who  ^uld  not  firfl:  take  the 
9athfirof  allegiance  and  fupremacy,  and  obtain 
9  licence  for  tbeir  rem6va3.«4f?  4*?*  j>*f'^M>*'^ 
i  To  reBitc  this  jealous  cavil  againd  th6 
planters  of  New- England^we  need  only  to  ob*^^ 


■-■*i 


4 


*^^ 


e 


fcrvc. 


*^. 


-\ 


v1 


382 


GORGES. 


^^. 


-    J.  ' . '  '    ■  •  •  •  .^  ..^  ■ 

ferve,  that  at  the  time  when  they  began  their 

fettlement,  and  for  many  years  after,  the  lands 
which  they  occupied  were  objedj  of'  envy 
both  to  the  Dutch  and  French.  The  Dutch 
claimed  from  Hudfon,  as  far  as  ConneAicut 
river,  where  they  had  eredted  a  trading  hotiftw 
The  French  claimed  all  the  lands  of  New 
England ;'  and  the  Governour  of  Port  Royal, 
when  he  wrote  to  Governour  Winthrop,diredi- 
ed  his  letters  to  him  as  Governour  oftkeEngliJk 
at  Bojion  in  Acadia,  Had  the  New  England 
planters  thrown  off  their  fubjtftion  to  th« 
crown  of  England  they  muft  have  become  a 
prey  to  one  or  the  other  of  thefc  rival  poW^ef  s; 
Of  this  they  werie  well  aware,  and  if  they  had 
entertained  any  idea  of  independency,  which 
they  certainly  did  not  (nor  did  their  fuccejfors 
till  driven  to  it  by  Britain  herfelf)  it  would 
have  been  the  mod  impolitic  thing  in  the 
world  to  have  avowed  it,  in  the  prcfence  of 
neighbours  with  whomi  they  did  not  wi(h  td 
beconttefted.  ^   '^^\^^.'i^^ 

This  jealoufy,  however  grbtindlefs,  had  W 
influence  on  the  public  councils  of  the  nation,' 
as  well  as  on  the  .  fentiments  of  individuals, 
and  c&ntributed  to  incrcafe  the  prejudice  which 
had  bfWrt  formed  againft  all  who  were  con* 


'to*). 


■i\ 


y* 


cern^ 


.i::^.' 


rr 


to 


.  /     G    0    R    G    E    S.  383 

»         -«        ■ 

ceriied  in  the  colonization  of  New  England. 
The  merchants  Aill  confidered  the  Council  of 
Plymoiiifi,  as  monopolizing  a  lucratitre  branch 
of  trade;  "The  South  Virginia  company,  dif- 
reli/hed  their  exclufive  charter,  and  iparcd  no 
pains  to.  get  it 'revoked. '-.  The  popuUr  party 
in  the  commons  regarded  them  as  fuppofters  > 
of  the  prerogative,  and  tinder  the  royal  tn^u*- 
eiice.*  The  high  church  party  were  iacenf- 
ed  againft  them  as  enemies  of  prelacy;  becaufe 
^ey  had  favoured  the  fettlement  of  the  Puri* 
tans  within  their  territory:  and  the  King  him-* 
ielf  fiifpedkd  that  the  colonies  in  New  'Eng-i* 
land  bad  too  much  liberty  to  confift  with  his 
notions  of  gbvernment.  Gorges  was  looked 
upon'  as  the  author  of  all  the  ihifchief  j '  and 
being  publicly  called  upon,  declaimed,  **  that 
(hough  he  had  earneftly  fought  the  intereft  of 
the  plantations,  yet  he  could  not  ianfwer  for  ^ 
•he  evils,  which  had  happeint^a  by »thcm/*  If  ,^ 
was  -extremely  mortifying  to  him  to  find-that  ' 
after  all  his  eJtertions  and  expenfes  in  thef(fr~ 
vicex)f  the  nation,  he  had  become  a  very  un« 
popular  charadUr,  and  had  enemies  on  all  lides. ' 

■       \      ■ .  '  ,  ■  .t'l'.tl.'-'^tWt 

*  This  mabifeflly  appeals  frdm  the  grant  which  they  vfete  d^ » 

bilged  to  nuiketo  Sir  William  Alexander,  of  the  country  of  Novf' 
Scotia,  by  virtue  of  a  meffage  from  the  King,  which  they  confider- 
ed as  a  command.     This  grant  was  conBrmed  t«  kim  by  the  King, 
and  he  fold  it  to  the  French* 


M. 


ll 


A 


m 


il 


j^4,        Gr_C>    R    G    E    S.^     • 

thp  rrf^gji^tipf^  of  tl^c  chaoter  ip  t^^  crowo-i 
yd  ^  ,4!Yi%i^  9^  %  tmitoty  ini  twelvq 
Iprd/hipus.tq  Ipp  united  wifier  one  C^neral  Carpv.- 
^rnq^f .  As  ^l^  charter  of  JV^faflkhuic^U  i^od. 

i|»  the  ¥ray  pf  4thi^  prpjc|*»  W»  >"  .-WijJIWi^ipar 
V^ifh'  Mj|(pf^.  pctitipacd  the  jcrpv\^  for^  ro^. 

qatipH  of  it.  This  bi:Qug;ht  on  him  th%  i|r 
.vyill  of  tho/c  colopij^  a3fp»  whp^fronft  t)^^ 
^mP  m^r^^^  ^»4  Ma^o  ?« their  cnpmiop., 
Bpfer^th^  OQMiiciL  fu?rfn.d^«d  th^ir  charm, 
thry  inadc  'grapls  torfqwje  ofth^ir  q^|i  ii»c9n-< 
htf^.  of  mcWj5difl:ria8,from  Maryteftd  t<|  ?t^ 
9rpir,^pif  ng  ^kh  the  diftri^  fww  ?*l»-^ 
<mA  tp  3»g^<b^k,extanding  one  h(Uvd^cl?od' 
Vm^Sy  i|>ites>of ^bvfftfd  into  fhe  cpufify,.  ^as 
aiijgncd  tp  Gotges«  In  June  1 6 3  j^«  th$  co^n- 
ci)  r^figned  iheir  charter,  and  potitipned  the; 
Kipg.a^d  the  lords  of  th^  privy  council  for  .-> 
^pnfirijaatiop  ^.the  fevefal  prpprjc^^y  grants, 
^n4  tb(B^(h|b)ii]to9Qnt  of  a  geners^SPverinqMot, 
Sir  iP^dinapdo  Gorges,  then  thntus  ^TH.ypars 
of  pg?,  was  th?  |)crf0n  Ko|Binated  tn  b?  th^ 
Q^tral  Qoverxwr.  AhOwt  this  time*  M»fpn, 
one  ftf^^the  principal  adors  in  this  aSair,  was 
rcQjpycdj^y  death  :  and  a,{b^p»  which  wa§,  in- 
tended for  the  fervice  of  the  new  governoient^ 


■»  »• : 


^•\ 


■r.  i 


GORGES."  385 

Mimd  broke  in  launching.  A  quo  warranto  . 
WM  ifllied  agaioil  the  MafTachufetts  charter, 
but  4he>prQcettding8  upon  it  were  delayed,  and 
never  completed-.  An  order  of  the  King  in 
eouncil»  was  alio  iffued  in  1637,  for  the  eftab- 
liifaaicnt  of  the  general  government,  and  Gor- 
get iwa»  therein  appointed  Governour  ;  hut  the 
troubles  in  Scotland  and  England,  at  this  time 
gitw  vcty  ferious  and  put  a  check  to  the  bud- 
inefa.  Soon  after,  Archbifhop  Laud  and  fome 
other  lords  of  council,  who  were  zealous  in 
the  a^air,  lo^^  their  authority,  and  the  whole 
projcft  came  to  nothing.  '     '^ 

•  *  Gorges  however,  obtained  of  the  crown  in 
'  1639,  ai  confirmation  of  his  own  grant,  which 

■  ^as"*  ftyled  the  Province  of  Maim,  and  of 
which  he  v/as  made  Lord  Palatine  with  the 

•  fame^  porwcrs  and  privileges  as  the  bifhop  of 
Durham  in  the  County  Palatine  of  Durham. 
In  virtue  of  thefe  powers,  he  conflituted  a 
^▼emment  within  his  faid  prpvince,  and  in- 
t:orpor&ted  the  plantation  at  Agamenticus  in- 
to a  city,  by  the  name  of  Gorgeana,  of  which 

•  his  coufin,  Thomas  Gorges,  was  Mayor,  who 
refided  there  about  two  years,  and  then  return- 

-    cd  to  England.     The  council  for  thfc  admin- 1 

■  ^ilration  of  government  were  Sir  Thomas 
''"?  "  A  a  Joffelyn^ 


386  GORGE     S. 

Joflelyn,  Knight,  Richard  Vines,  (Steward) 
Francis  Champernoon  (a  nephew  to  Gorges,) 
Henry  JolTdyn,  Richard  Boniton^  William 
llooke,  and  Edward  Godfrey.  ;  .^t  >..  J*m''> 
The  plan  which  he  formed  for  the  govern- 
rnent  of  his  province  was  this  :  It  was  to  be 
divided  into  eight  counties,  and  thefe  into 
fixteen  hundreds,  the  hundreds  were  to  be 
Subdivided  into  parifhes  and  tythings,  as  the 
people  fliould  increafe.  In  the  abfence  of  the 
proprietor  a  lieutenant  was  to  preiide.  A 
chancellor  was  conflituted  for  the  decifion  of 
civil  caufes ;  a  treafurer  to  receive  the  revenue, 
a  marlhal  for  managing  the  militia,  and  a 
marihal's  court,  for  criminal  matters  ;  an  ad- 
miral, and  admiral's  court,  for  maritime  caufes ; 
a  mafter  of  ordnance  and  a  fecretary.  Thefe 
officers  were  to  be  a  {landing  council.  Eight 
deputies  were  to  be  eledled,  one  from  each 
county,  by  the  inhabitants,  to  fit  in  the  fame 
council  ',  and  all  matters  of  moment  were  to 
be  determined  by  the  lieutenant  with  advice 
of  the  majority.  This  council  were  to  ap- 
point juftices,  to  give  licences  for  the  fale  of 
lands  Jii^je^  to  a  rent  of  four  pence  or  fix  pence 
per  acre.  When  any  law  was  to  be  enacted 
or  repealed,  gr  public  money  to  be  raifcd, 

they 


GORGES.  387 

they  were  to  call  on  the  counties  to  ele^  each 
two  deputies,  "to  join  with  the  council  in  the 
performance  of  the  fervice/'  but  nothing  is 
faid  of  their  voting  as  a  feparate  houfe.  One 
lieutenant  and  eight  juftices  were  allowed  to 
each  county ;  two  head  conftables  to  every 
hundred  -,  one  condable  and  four  tythingmen 
to  every  parifh ;  and  in  conformity  to  the  in- 
ilitutions  of  King  Alfred,  each  tythingman 
was  to  give  an  account  of  ths  demeanor  of  the 
families  within  his  ty thing,  to  the  conflable 
of  the  pari(h,  who  was  to  render  the  fame  to 
the  head  conftables  of  the  hundred,  and  they 
to  the  lieutenant  and  juftices  of  the  county ; 
who  were  to  take  cognizance  of  all  mifdemean- 
ors  ;  and  from  them  an  appeal  might  be  made 
to  the  proprietor's  lieutenant  and  council. 

Forms  of  government,  and  plans  of  fettle- 
ment,  are  much  more  eafily  drawn  on  paper, 
than  carried  into  execution.  Few  people 
could  be  induced  to  become  tenants  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  fuch  a  colony  as  MaflTachu- 
fetts,  where  all  were  freeholders.  No  provi- 
fion  was  made  for  public  inflitutions ;  fchools 
were  unknown,  and  they  had  no  miniflers, 
till  in  pity  to  their  deplorable  ftate,  two  went 
thither  from  Bofton  on  a  voluntary  million. 


A  a  2 


and 


388 


a    O    R    G    E    s. 


and  were  well  received  by  them.  The  city  of 
Gorgeana,  though  a  lofty  name,  was  in  fa£t 
but  an  incpniiderable  village  3  and  there  were 
only  a  few  houfes  in  fon^  of  the  bcil  placed 
for  navigation.  The  people  were  without 
order  and  morals,  and  it  was  faid  of  fome  of 
them,  that  "  they  had  as  mahy  fharcs  in  a 
"womoftt^s  they  had  in  a  fiihtng  boat."*  Gor- 
ges himfelf  complained  of  the  prodigality  of 
his  fervaiits,  and  had  very  little  confidence  in 
his  own  fons,  for  whofe  aggrandizement  he 
had  been  labo|iring  to  eftablifh  a  foundation. 
He  had  indeed  eredted  few  mills  and  Corn  mills, 
and  had  received  fome  acknowledgment  in  the 
Way  of  rents,  but  lamented,  that  he  had  not 
reaped  the  "happy  fucccfs  of  thofe  who  are 
their' own  ftc wards,  and  the  difpofers  of  their 
own  affairs." 

'  How  long  Gorges  continued  in  his  office 
as  Governour  of  Plymouth,  docs  not  appear 
from  any  materials  within  my  reach.  In 
1 625,  he  commanded  a  (hip  of  war  in  a  fquad- 
ron  under  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  which 
was  fent  to  the  affiftance  of  France,  under  pre- 
tence of  bfeing  employed  againft  the  Gcnoefe. 
But  a  fufpicion  having  arifen  that  they  were 
*    .  deftined 

*  Hiuchinfon's  Colleftion  of  Papers,  p.  424. 


G    c     RGBS.  m 

deftined  to  affifV  Louis  againft  his  protdbiTt 
fubjcds  at  Rochellc,  as  foon  as  they  were  ar- 
med at  Dieppe^  and  found  that  they  had  been 
deceived^  Gorges  was  the  fird  to  break  his 
orders  and  return  with  his  fhip  to  England. 
The  others  toUowed  his  example,  and  their 
zeal  for  the  Proteflant  religion  was  much  ap> 
plauded.*  ?'  v   ti  r    n    . 

When  the  civil  difTenfions  in  Erigland  broke 
Out  into  a  war,  Gorges  took  the  royal  fide  -, 
and,  though  then  far  advanced  in  years,  engaged 
perfonally  in  the  fervice  of  the  crown.  He 
was  in  Prince  Rupert's  army  at  the  fiegc  of 
'^Briftol  in  1643;  and  when  that  city  was  re- 
taken in  1645  by  the  parliament's  forces,  he 
•was  plundered  and  imprifoned.'f'  His  politic 
cal  principles  rendered  him  obnoxious  to  the 
ruling  powers,  and  when  it  was  neceflfary  for 
him  to  appear  before  the  commidioners  for 
foreign  plantations,  he  was  feverely  frowned 
upon,  and  confequently  difcouraged*-^ »  *  •  ^ 
'n  The  time  of  his  death  is  uncertain  -,  he  is 
fpoken  of  in  the  records  of  the  Province  of 
Maine  as  dead  m  June  1647.  Upon  his  de- 
ceafe,   his   eftate  fell   to  his  cldeft  fon,   John 


■•:•! 


,  xiJ  »r»  Gorges, 


♦  Hume, 

+  JofTelyn  fays  that  he  was  ftveral  times  plundered  an<J  impri^ 
funecl.  p.  x^'j. 


390 


G    O    R     G    E     S. 


Gorgc«,   who,  whether   difcouraged   by    his 
father's   ill  fuccefs,  or  incapacitated  by   the 
fcverity  of  the  times,  toek  no  care  df  the  prov- 
ince, nor  do  we   find  any  thing  memorable 
concerning  him.     Mod  of  the  commidionefs 
who  had  been  appointed  to  govern  the  prov- 
ince deferted  it ;    and  the  remaining  inhabit- 
ants  in   1649,   were  obliged  to  combine  for 
their  own  fecurity.     In  1651,  they  petitioned 
the  Council  of  State  that  they  might  be  con- 
iidered  as  part  of  the  commonwealth  of  Eng- 
land.    The  next  year,  upon  the  requeil  of  a 
great  part  of  the  inhabitants,    the  colony  of 
MafTachufetts  took  them   under  their  protect- 
tion,  being  fuppofed  to  be  within  the  limits 
of  their  charter;  fome  oppofition  was  made 
to  this  ftep;    but  the  majority  fubmitted  or 
acquiefced  ;   and   confidering   the  difficulties 
of  the  times,  and  the  unfettled  ilate  of  affairs 
in  England,  this  was  the  befl  expedient  for 
their  fecurity.  *'.     -      i.^m  =.         .,...,..  ^;;;    . 
On  the  death  of  John  Gorges,  the  proprie- 
ty defcended  to  his  fon  Ferdinand©  Gorges,  of 
Weflminfler,  who  feems  to  have  been  a  man 
of  information   and  a(ftivity.     He  printed  a 
defcription  of  New  England  in  1658,  to  which 
he  annexed  ^  narrative  written   by  his  grand- 
father 5 


G    O    R    G    E    S. 


39^ 


father;  from  which  this  account  is  chiefly 
compiled  j  but  another  piece  which  in  fome  ' 
editions  is  tacked  to  thefe,  entitled  "Wonder 
working  Providences,"  was  unfairly  afcribed 
to  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  though  written  by  * 
a  Mr.  Johnfon  of  Woburn  in  New  England. 
'  On  the  reftoration  of  King  Charles  II. 
Gorges  petitioned  the  crown,  complaining  of 
the  MafTachufetts  colony  for  ufurping  the 
government  of  Maine,  and  extending  their 
boundary  lines.  In  1664,  commiffioners  were 
fent  to  America,  who  finding  the  people  in 
the  Province  of  Maine  divided  in  their  opin-  * 
ions  with  refpedt  to  matters  of  government, 
appointed  juftices  in  the  King's  name  to  golr-r 
ern  them  ;  and  about  the  fame  time  the  pro- 
prietor nominated  thirteen  commiilioners  and 
prepared  a  fet  of  inftrudtions  which  were  en- 
tered on  the  records  of  the  province.  But 
upon  the  departure  of  the  royal  commiflion- 
ers  the  colony  refumed  its  jurifdidtion  over 
them.  Thefe  two  fources  of  government  kept 
alive  two  parties,  each  of  whom  were  always 
ready  to  complain  of  the  other  and  juftify 
themfelves. 

An  inquiry  into  the  conducfl  of  MafTachu-. 
fetts  had  been  inftituted  in  England,  and  thq 
A  a  4  colony 


S9a 


G    O    R    G    E    S. 


colony  was  ordered  to  fend  over  agents  to  an^ 
iwer  the  coniplaints  of  Gorges,  and  Mafon,  the 
proprietor  of  New  Hampfbire,  who  bad  jointf 
}y  propofed  to  fell  their  property  to  the  crown 
to  make  a  government  for  the  Duke  of  Mon^ 
mouth.  This  propofal  not  being  accepted, 
the  colony  themfelves  took  the  hint,  and 
thought  fhe  moft  effectual  way  of  iilencing 
fhe  complaint  would  be,  to  make  a  purchafe. 
The  circumdances  of  the  Province  of  Maine 
were  fuch  as  to  favour  their  views.  The  In- 
dians had  inyaded  it,  moil  of  the  fettlements 
were  dc^royed  pr  deferted,  and  the  whole 
country  was  in  trouble ;  the  colony  had  af- 
forded theni  all  the  afliflance  which  was  in 
their  power^  and  they  had  no  help  from  any 
other  quarter.  In  the  height  of  this  calamity 
John  Ufher,  Efq.  was  employed  to  negociate 
with  Mr.  Gorges  for  the  purchafe  of  the 
whole  territory,  which  was  efFe^ed  in  the 
year  1677.  The  fum  of  twelve  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds  fterling  was  paid  for  it,  and  it  has 
ever  iince  been  a  part  of  Maflachufetts.  It  is 
now  formed  into  two  counties,  York  and 
Cumberland ;  but  the  DifiriSi  of  Maine,  as 
f  ftablifhcd  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States, 
,  comprehend$ 


G    O     R    G    ft     S. 


m 


comprehends  alfo  the  counties  of  Lincoln, 
Wafliington,  and  Hancock ;  extending,  from 
Pifcataqua  to  St.  Croix  ;  a  territory  large  e- 
nottgh,  when  fully  peopled^  to  be  formtff  into 
a  diflin€t  ftate.  i^-vt  ^'^:ii*^;n^;^^^??'  if^^^  */? 


^mnmm^h-^'  XV.  henrtT 


^>r<»  'i'^jsLi^^'' 


^','  ill'  y 


*t      ':'^-<' 


;»-"^   .LA    t'*'> 


.>.:.'♦; 


'■  f  .• 


».  -J  ( . 


■'J 


i<     :      •     •       I 


■\' 


w7    Hiui 


-  f"  •    .■■■;■ 


'394 


'O 


if    .  ¥) 


ti|i,J/ 'k>- ;^3ii^iiij^'o  «ii.J  tiil::  ^0im&'iiii^y^, 


XV.    H  E  N  R  Y    H  U  D  S  O  ti. 


_.iV- 


_  V  .  , 


Notwithstanding  the  fruiticfs 

attempts,  which  had  been  made,  to  find  a  paf- 
fage  to  India,  by  the  north,  the  idea  was  not 
given  up ;  but  it  was  fuppofed,  that  under  the 
direction  of  fome  prudent,  refolute  and  expe> 
rienced  commander,  the  objeft  might  yet  be 
attained.  A  fociety  of  wealthy  and  fanguine 
adventurers,  in  England,  believed  the  practi- 
cability of  the  paflage  -,  and  with  a  refolution 
and  liberality  almoft  unexampled,  raifed  the 
money  to  carry  on  this  expcnfive  undertaking. 
They  gave  the  command  of  the  expedition, 
to  Henry  Hudson,  a  feaman  of  enlarged 
views  and  long  experience ;  in  whofe  knowl- 
edge and  intrepidity  they  could  fafely  confide  3 
and  whofe  enterprising  fpirit  was  exceeded  by 
none,  and  equalled  by  few  of  his  contem- 
poraries.* 

When  the  fhip,  whiv^h  they  had  deflined 
for  the  voyage,  was  ready,  Hudfon  with  his 
crew,  according  to  the  cuftom  of  feamen  in 
that  day,  went  to  church  on  April  19,  1607, 
and  there  partook  of  the  Lord's  Supper. -f    On 

the 


*  Forfter's  northern  voyages  p.  324, 
+  Purchas  iv.  567. 


HUDSON. 


395 


the  firft  of  May,  he  failed  from  Gravcfend  ; 
and  on  the  21ft  of  June,  difcovercd  land,  in 
lat.  73",  on  the  caftern  coaft  of  Greenland, 
which  he  called  HoU  with  Hope.  -  -^v 

'  His  defign  was,  to  explore  the  whole  coaft 
of  Greenland,  which  he  fuppofed  to  be  an 
ifland ;  and,  if  poflible,  to  pafs  round  it,  to  the 
northweft ;  or  elfe  diredtly  under  the  pole. 
But  having  failed  as  far  as  the  latitude  of  82*, 
he  found  the  fea  obftru<5ted  by  impenetrable 
ice ;  and  was  obliged  to  return  to  England ; 
where  he  arrived  on  the  15th  of  September. 

By  this  voyage,  more  of  the  eaftern  coaft  of 
Greenland  was  explored,  than  had  ever  before 
been  known ;  and  the  ifland,  afterward  called 
Spitzbergcn,  was  firft  difcovercd.  It  alfo  o- 
pened  the  way  to  the  Englifti,  and  after  them 
to  the  Dutch,  to  profecute  the  whale  fiftiery 
in  thofe  northern  feas.        ' '"'    '  '  *".  ' ' 

The  next  year,*  the  fame  company  of  ad- 
venturers refolved  to  make  another  attempt, 
and  fent  Hudfon  again,  to  find  a  pafiage  by 
the  northeaft.  He  failed  on  the  2  2d  of  A- 
pril  1608.  The  higheft  latitude,  to  which 
he  advanced  in  this  voyage,  was  75"  30'.  Af- 
ter having  made  feveral  attempts,  to  pafs  be- 
tween 


•  Purchas  iv,  p.  574, 


39^ 


HUDSON. 


twecn  Spitzbcrgcn  and  Nova  Zembla,  which 
he  found  impracticable  ',  the  feafon  was  fo  far 
fpcnt,  and  the  winds  fo  contrary,  that  he  had 
not  time  to  try  the  ftrait  of  Waygats,  nor 
Lumley's  Inlet ;  and  therefore  thought  it  bis 
"  duty,  to  fave  vidual,  wages  and  tackle^  by  a 
fpeedy  return."  He  arrived  at  Gravefend  on 
the  2oth  of  Auguft.*  ''■''  '  .  >^  -ta  v 
After  his  return  from  his  fecond  voyage,  he 
went  over  to  Holland  and  entered  into  the 
fervice  of  the  Dutch.  Their  Eaft  India  com- 
pany fitted  out  a  (hip  for  difcovery,  and  put 
him  into  the  command. -f*  He  failed  from 
Amfterdam  on  the  25th  of  March  1609.:!:     ' 

-  '     •         The 

*  In  the  journal  of  th's  voyage,  written  by  Hadfon  himfeif,  i» 
the  following  remark.  "June  15,  lat.  75^7',  this  morning  one 
of  our  company  looking  overboard  faw  a  mermaid,  and  calling  up 
fome  of  the  company  to  fee  her,  one  more  came  up,  and  by  that 
time,  flic  was  come  clofe  to  the  Ihip's  fide,  looking  eamcftly  on  the 
men,  A  little  after,  a  fea  <:ame  and  overturned  her.  From  thp 
navel  upward,  her  back  and  breads  were  like  a  woman  ;  (^s  they 
(ay  that  faw  her)  her  body  as  big  as  one  of  us  ',  her  (kin  very 
white  ;  and  long  hair  hanging  down  behind,  of  colour  black.  In 
httr  going  down,  they  faw  her  tail,  which  was  like  the  tail  of  a  por- 
poife,  and  fpeckled  like  a  mackarel.  Their  names  that  faw  her  were 
Thomas  Hilles  and  Robert  Rayner."     Purchas  iv.  575. 

+  This  is  faid  on  the  authority  of  Dr,  Forfter,  The  journal 
faiys  nothing  of  it.     It  was  written  by  Robert  Juet,  his  mate. 

ibid.  581. 

J  Smith,  in  his  hiftory  of  New  York,  following  Oldmixon  and 
•ther  fecond  band  authorities,  places  this  voyage  in  1608.  But  as 
the  journals  of  Hudfon's  four  voyages  are  extaat  in  Purchas^,  I  take 
all  dates  from  bim. 


IJt    U    D    S    O    N.  397 

The  higheA  latitude  which  he  made  in  this 
voyage  was  71°  46'  j  where  he  found  the  fcji 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Nova  Zembla  fo  fill- 
ed with  ice,  and  covered  with  fogs,  that  it  was 
impofTible  to  pafs  the  fVrait  of  Waygats  to  the 
caftward.  He  therefore  tacked  and  fleered 
wcflerly,  toward  Greenland  ;  intending  to  fall 
in  with  Bufs  Idand,  which  had  been  feen  by 
one  of  Frobifher's  fhips  in  1 578  j  but  when 
he  came  into  the  latitude  where  it  was  laid 
down,  he  could  not  find  it. 

He  then  fleered  fouthweflerly  ;  pafTed  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland  among  the  French 
fhips  which  were  ftfhing,  v/ithout  fpeaking 
with  any  of  them  ;  and  failed  along  the  coafl 
of  America.  In  this  route  he  difcovered 
Cape  Cod  and  landed  there  ;  then  purfued  his 
courfe  to  the  fouth  and  wefl ;  making  remarks 
on  the  foundings  and  currents,  till  he  came 
to  the  entrance  of  Chefapeak  bay.  Here 
he  plied  off  and  on  for  feveral  days,  and  then 
turned  again  to  the  northward.  «-»  ..j    ,,       .« ^ 

In  his  return  along  the  coafl,  on  the  28th 
of  Augufl  he  difcovered  the  great  bay,  now 
called  Delaware,  in  the  latitude  of  39°  5', 
In  this  bay  he  examined  the  foundings  and 

currents. 


uke 


898 


HUD     S    O     N. 


currents,  and  the  appearance  of  the  land  $  but 
did  not  go  on  fhore.   hi,      •'        -'-^.y^'^ 

From  this  bay,  pafling  along  a  low  marihy 
9oaft  fkirted  with  broken  iflands,  on  the 
ad  of  September  he  faw  high  hills  to  the 
northward  ;  which  I  fuppofe  were  the  Nev- 
crfinks  in  New  Jerfcy.  -  -    <     '  .  • 

V  On  the  4th  of  September,  he  came  to  an- 
chor in  "  a  very  good  harbour"  in  the  latitude 
40°  30^,  which  is  the  bay  within  Sandy  Hook. 
On  the  6th,  the  boat  was  fent  to  furvey  what 
appeared  to  be  the  mouth  of  a  river,  diftant 
four  leagues.  This  was  the  Arait  called  the 
Narrows,  between  Long  Ifland  and  Staten 
Jlland  ;  here  was  a  good  ucpth  of  water  j 
and  within  was  a  large  opening,  and  a  narrow 
liver,  to  the  weft  ;  the  channel  between  Ber- 
gen Neck  and  Staten  Ifland.  As  the  boat 
was  returning,  it  was  attacked  by  fome  of 
the  natives,  in  two  canoes.  One  man,  John 
iColman,  was  killed ;  he  was  buried  on  a  point 
of  land,  which,  from  that  circumftance,  vv;.s 
called  Colman's  point.  It  is  probably  S  jay" 
Hook,  within  which  the  (hip  lay.  i  :'f  i^-  - 
.  On  the  1 1  th,  they  failed  through  the  Nar- 
rows, ki^  ^  frund  a  **good  harbour  fecurefrom 
all  wii'ils,      Tb^  next  day,  they  turned  againft 

a  N.  W. 


'J 


HUDSON,  399 

a  N.  W.  wind,  into  the  rrouth  of  ^he  river, 
which  bears  Hudfon's  name  5  and  came  to 
anchor  two  leagues  within  it.  Oa  thefe  two 
days,  they  were  vifited  by  the  natives,  who 
broug^t  corn^  beans,  oyflers  and  tobacco. 
The  y  i!  id  pipes  of  copper,  in  which  they 
in>oVM  ;  and  earthen  pots,  in  which  they 
drefkJ  their  meat,  Hudfon  would  not  fufFer 
tbem  to  ilay  on  board  by  night,  •  '^  *<  .v^.r*.^ 
:  From  the  12th  to  the  19th  of  September, 
he  failed  up  the  river  1  which  he  found  about 
a  mile  wide  and  of  a  good  depth,  abounding 
with  fi(h,  among  which  were  **  great  ftore  of 
falmons."  As  he  advanced,  the  land  on  both 
iides  was  hi^,  till  it  became  very  mountain- 
ous. This  '*  high  land  had  many  points,  the 
channel  was  narrowband  there  were  many  eddy 
grinds.".-"'    '^.-M.'»,i.    ■ -n-r.    -v- -  .    ■- .- 

From  a  careful  enumeration  of  the  com- 
puted diilances,  in  each  day's  run,  as  fet  down 
in  the  journal,  it  appears  that  Hudfon  failed 
iifty  ^hrce  leagues.  To  this  diftance,  the  river 
was  navigable,  for  the  Ihip  -,  the  boat  went 
up  eight  or  ten  leagues  farther  5  but  found 
the  bottom  irregular,  and  the  depth  not  more 
than  feven  feet.     It  is  evident  therefore  that 


v>-s 


he 


400 


HUDSON. 


he  pcniscrated  this  river,  as  far  as   where  the 
city  of  Albany  now  ftands.     i-  ^  <     *  ?vr  mim- 

The  farther  he  went  up  the  river,  the  more 
friendly  and  hofpitable  the  natives  appeared. 
They  gave  him  fkins  in  exchange  for  knives 
and  other  trifles.  But  as  he  came  down,  bel- 
low the  mountains,  the  lavages  were  thievifh 
and  troublofome,  which  occafioned  frequent 
quarrels,  in  which  eight  or  nine  of  them  wcrd 
killed.  The  land  on  the  eaftern  fide  of  the 
river  near  its  mouth,  was  called  Manabata. 

On  the  4th  of  Odober  he  came  out  of  the 
river ;  and  without  anchoring  in  the  bay,  flood 
cut  to  fea  I  and  fleering  dire6lly  for  Europe, 
on  the  7th  of  November  arrived  *'  in  the  range 
of  Dartmouth  in  Devonfhire."  Here  the 
journal  ends.  -  ^      -^         • '     '  '  "^'*^*^  ' 

•  The  difcoveries  made  by  Hudfon,  in  this 
remarkable  voyage,  were  of  great  mercantile 
Confequence  to  his  employers.  It  has  been 
faid,  that  he  "  fold  the  country,  or  rather  his 
right  to  it,  to  the  Dutch."*  This  however  is 
queftionable.  The  fovcreigns  of  England  and 
France  laid  equal  claim  to  the  country,  and 
it  is  a  matter  which  requires  fome  difcuffion, 
whether  the  Hollanders  were,  at  that  time,  fo 

far 


*  Smith's  hiftory  of  New  York,  p.  14.     Carey's  edition. 


VI' 


H    U    D     8    O    l^i 


401 


far  admit,tc(L  into  the  community  of  nations^ 
as  to  derive  rights  wl;(ich  would  be  acknowl- 
edged bjf  the  other  European  powers.^  How^ 
9(e|:»  wbilii  they  were  ftruggling  for  exig- 
ence ^among  the;  nations,  they  were  growing 
rich  by,  their,  mercantile  adventures  }  and  this 
^capital  difcovery,  made  at  their  expenfe»  was 
a^ource  of  no  fmall  advantage  to  them. 
;Ttiey  had,  for  fome  tinie  before^  cafl  an  eye 
09  the  fur  trade  -,  and  had  even  bribed  ibme 
Frenchmen,  to  admit  them  into  the 
traffic  at  Acadia  and  Su  Lawrenee^i  The 
difcovery  of  Hudfon's  river^  gave  them  at  on/ce> 
an  entrance  of,  above  fifty  leagues  into  the 
heart  of  the  American  continent  j  in  a  iltua- 
tipn,  where. the  beft  furs  could  bo  procured 
without  any  interruption  from  either  the 
French  or  the  Englifli.  The  place  indeed 
lay,  within  the  claim  of  both  thefe  nations  z 
Acadia  extended  from  the  latitude  of  40**  to 
48" ;  and  Virginia  from  34**  to  45' ;  but  the 
French  had  made  feveral  fruitlefs  attempts  to 
pafs  fouthward  of  Cape  Cod  ;  and  had  but 
jull  begun  the^r  plantations  at  Acadia  and  St. 
Lawrence.  The  EngliQi  had  m^de  fome  ef- 
forts to  eftablifh  colonies  in  Virginia,  one  of 

which 

•  Chalmer}'  Annals.  568. 

Bb  ■     ' 


402 


fl    U    D    S    O    N. 


which  was  {truggjing  for  exiftefncc,  and  others 
had  failed,  both  in  the  fouthern  and  nortfhcm 
divilion.  Befides,  King  James,  by  a  fif^oke  of 
policy  peculiar  to  himfelfy  in  dividing  Virgmia, 
between  the  North  and  South  Cortipanies,  had 
interlocked  each  patent  with  the  other ;  and 
at  the  fame  tmie  inter diBed  the  patentee^  from 
planting  within  one  hundred  miles  of  each 
other.*  This  uncertainty,  concurring  with 
other  caufes,  kept  the  adventurers  at  fuch  a 
diftance,  that  the  intermediate  country,  by 
far  the  moft^  valuable,  lay  expofed  to  the  in- 
trulionsof  foreigners  5  none  of  whom  knew 
better  than  the  Dutch,  how  to  avail  them- 
felves  of  the  ignorance  or  inattention  of  their 
neighbours,  in  the  purfuitc^  gain.    ;      *^.<    . 

But  whether  it  can,  at  this  time,  be  deter- 
mined or  not,  by  what  means  the  Holland- 
ers acquired  a  title  to  the  country  j  certain  it 
is,  that  they  underftood  and  purfued  the  ad- 
vantage which  this  difcovery  opened  to  them. 
Within  four  years,  a  fort  and  trading  hou(e 
were  ere<fted  on  the  fpot  where  Albany  is  now 
built ;  and  another  fort  6vi  the  S.  W.  point 
ai  the  ifland,    where  the  city   of  New- York 


...Vi 


now 


♦Seepage  41,  42.      See  alfo  Hazard'*  Collcftion,  vol,   r, 


■P'S«  50. 


HUDSON. 


40 


"now  ftands  5  by  a  company  of  Merchants, 
-who  had  procured  from  the  States  General 
a  patent  for  an  excluiive  trade  to  Hudfon's 
river. '^  ■'—v^  '■■     ■^'-t  , -■.^-.-- .-,.    -  .^. .,  . 

'  The  tranfa€tions  between  Hudforl  and  his 
I)utch  employers  are  not  dated  in  the  ac- 
counts of  his  voyages.  Dr.  Forfter  fays  that 
he  offered  to  undertake  another  voyage  in  their 
fervicc>  but  that  they  declined  it,  upon  which 
he  returned  to  England  -,  and  again  entered 
into  the  fcrvice  of  the  Company^  who  had 
before  employed  him.  '    '• 

•"'The  former  attempts  for  a  northern  pafTage 
having  been  made  in  very  high  latitudes,it  was 
now  determined,  to  feek  for  one,  by  pafling 
to  the  weftward  of  Greenland,  and  examining 
the  inlets  of  the  American  continent.  For 
this  purpofe  a  fhip  was  fitted  out,  and  the 
command  was  given  to  Hudfon  ;  but,  unhap- 
pily, the  Company  infifted  that  he  (hould  take 
with  him  as  an  afliftant,  one  Colburne,  a  very 
very  able  and  experienced  feaman.  Their 
great  confidence  in  Colburne's  fkill  excited 
Hudfon's  envy  ;  aad  after  the  (hip  had  fallen 
down  the  river,  he  put  him  on  board  a  pink, 
bound  up  to  London,  with  a  letter  to  the 
owners,  containing  the  rcafons  of  his  con- 
B  b  2  dua  ; 


404 


HUDSON, 


dudl ;  and  then  proceeded  on  his  voyage* 
[April  22, 1 6 ID.]  Thisrafh  (lep  gave  the  crew 
an  example  of  diibbedience,  v^hich  was  fo 
feverely  retaliated  on  himfelf,  as  to  prove  the 
caufcof  his  ruin.  ,  ::*  i 

.  He  went  round  the  north  of  Scotland, 
through  the  Orkney  and  Faro  iflands,  and  on 
the  nth  of  May  made  the  caftern  part  of 
Iceland.  Sailing  along  itfi  fouthern  fhore,  in 
fight  of  the  volcanic  mountain  Hecla,  he  put 
into  a  harbour  in  the  weftern  part  of  the  illand ; 
where  he  met  i with  a  friendly  reception  from 
the  inhabitants ;  but  found  great  diflenlicns 
among  his  crew,  which  he  could  not  appeafc 
without  much  difficulty.  - 

Having  doubled  the  fouthern  promontory  of 
Greenland,  he  fteercd  N.  W.  for  the  Ameri- 
can continent.  In  this  paflage  he  was  fo  en- 
tangled with  floating  ice,that  healmoft  defpair- 
ed  of  getting  clear.  But  at  length,  with  much 
labour  and  peril,he  forced  his  way  through  the 
ftrait  and  into  the  bay  which  bear  his  name. 
The  farther  he  advanced,  the  greater  were  the 
murmurings  among  his  men.  He  removed  his 
mate  and  boatfwain  and  put  others  into  their 
places.  This  difcipline  not  only  rendered  him 
more  unpopular ;  but  inflamed  the  difplaced 
officers  with  bitter  refentment  againft  him. 

The 


\\ 


HUDSON.  405 

'  The  whole  fummer  having  been  fpcnt,  in 
examining  the  eaAern  and  fouthern  extremities 
of  the  deep  and  extenfive  bay,  which  he  had 
difcovered  ;  in  0(5tober  it  was  too  late  to  re- 
turn 3  the  difcovery  was  yet  incomplete,  and 
he  was  loth  to  leave  it.  He  had  taken  but 
half  a  year's  provifion  from  England.  It  was 
therefore  ncceffary  to  huiband  what  was  left, 
and  procure  more  by  hunting  ;  which  was 
done  in  great  plenty,  by  -reafon  of  the  numer- 
ous flights  of  fowl,  which  fucceeded  each 
other  through  the  winter.  >    f     -■<,■■■■ 

In  November  the  fhip  was  frozen  up.  Soon 
after  the  gunner  died,  and  a  controverfy  took 
place  about  dividing  his  clothes.  Hudfon 
was  partid  to  Henry  Green,  a  young  man  of 
a  debauched  character,  whom  he  had  taken  on 
board  ;  and  whofe  name  was  not  on  the  (hip's 
books.  This  young  man  ungeneroufly  took 
part  with  the  difcontented,  and  loil  Hudfon'^ 
favour.  '  ■■  ,  .    V  • 

-  They  had  to  ftruggle  with  a  fevere  winter, 
and  bad  accommodations,  which  produced 
fcorbutic  and  rheumatic  complaints.  Thefe 
were  relieved  by  a  decoction  of  the  buds  of  a 
tree  filled  with  a  balfamic  juice  ^  the  liquor 
was  drank,  and  the  buds  applied  to  the  fwelled 
joints.  This  is  fuppofcd  to  have  been 
Populus  balfamifera^ 


the 


Bb3 


Whea 


4o6 


HUDSON, 


When  the  fpi 


the  birds  difap- 


g  came  on, 

pearcd,  and  their  provifions  fell  fhort*  To 
flill  the  clamour  among  the  difcontented, 
liudfon  injudicioudy  divided  the  remaining 
ftores,  into  equal  (hares,  and  gave  each  man 
his  portion ;  which  fome  devoured  at  once 
?ind  others  preferved.  ->  - 

The  Ihip  being  afloat,  he  began  to  fail  to- 
ward the  N.  W.  to  purfue  the  objedt  of  his 
voyage  ;  when,  (June  21,  1611)  a  confpira- 
cy  which  had  been  fometime  in  fermentation, 
broke  out  into  open  mutiny.  The  difplaced 
mate  and  boatfwain,  accompanied  by  the  in- 
famous Green  and  others,  rofe  and  took  com- 
mand of  the  fliip.  They  put  Hudfon,  his 
Ion,  the  carpenter,  the  mathematician,  and 
five  others,  moft  of  whom  were  fickand  lame, 
into  the  fhallop  ;  with  a  fmall  quantity  of 
meal,  one  g\in  and  ammunition,  two  or  three 
fpearS  and  an  iron  pot  j  and  then  with  the 
mofl:  favage  inhumanity  turned  them  adrift. 
This  is  the  lafl  account  of  Hudfon.  Wheth- 
er he,  with  his  unhappy  companions,  periflied 
by  the  fea,  by  famine,  or  by  the  favages,  i^ 
unknown.  .     ..    ■? 

The  confplrators  put  the  fhip  about  to  the 
eaftward  and  haflcd  to  get  out  of  the  bay. 
Near  Cape  Digges,  they  met  with  {even  canoes 

horn  they  were   attacked. 


^y 


I'T""! 


The 


HUDSON. 


407 


The  perfidious  Gceen  was  killed^  and  three 
others  wounded,  of  whom  two  died  in  a  few 
days.  The  miferable  remnant,  purfued  their 
courfe  hojneward,  and  fufFered  much  by  fam- 
ine ;  but  ^t  length  arrived  in  Ireland,  and  from 
thence  got  to  England.  u^^^       -^ ; 

This  account  of  the  unfortunate  end  of 
Hudfon  and  the  return  of  the  (hip,  is  taken, 
from  a  narraUve  written  by  Abacuc  Pricket,* 
whom  the  mutineers  preferved,  in  hope  that 
by  his  connexion  with  Sir  Dudley  Digges, 
one  of  the  owners,  they  fhould  obtain  their 
pardon.       ,?:         .    ^t    ^  ^^.        r       „;    _;,.  .   f 

The  moil  aftonifhing  circumftance  in  this 
horrid  adt  of  cruelty,  is  the  oath,  by  which 
the  confpirators  bound  thcmfelves  to  execute 
their  plot ;  the  form  of  it  is  preferved  by 
Pricket,  and  is  in  thefe  words. 

<*  You  (hall  fwear  truth,  to  GOD,  your 
Prince  and  Country  ;  you  fliall  do  nothing 
but  to  the.  Glory  of  GOD,  and  the  good  of 
the  adtion  in  hand,  and  harm  to  no  man/* 
It  is  to  be  hoped,  that  lh&  abfurdity,  bypoc- 
rify,  and  blafphemy  of  this  tranfaftion  will 
ever  be  unparalleled  in  the  hiflory  of  humaa 
depravity  I    , 

•  Purchas,  iv,  5^7, 


^■h. 


-  / . 


tii 


POSTSCRIP  T...    . 

-  •• '  '  'I      ,        - 

f  ■  I 

1  HE  author  is  fo  much    indebted  td^ 
i^AKLUYT  and  Purchas,  that  he  thinks  it 
))ut  jud  to  give  fome  account  of  them  and 
their,  writings.  - 

Richard  Hakluyt,  Prebendary  of 
Weftminfter,  was  born  in  Hcrfefot-dfhire, 
1553.  He  early  turned  his  attention  to'  geo-^ 
graphy,  and  read  Icdures  in  that  fcience  at 
Oxford,  where  he  \vas '  educated,  and  ^yhere 
he  introduced  maps  and  globes,  into  the  pub- 
lic fchools.  In  1^82  he  published  a  fmall 
colledion  of  voyages  and  difcoveries  y  and 
going  tvyo  years  after  as  chaplain  to  Sir  Ed- 
ward Stafford  ambaflador  to  France,  he  there 
met  with  and  publiflied  a  M.  S.  entitled,' 
I'be  Nofcihle  Hijiory  of  Florida,  hy  Laudon-. 
nierre  and  other  Adventurers,  He  returned  to 
England  in  1538,  when  he  applied  himfelf  to 
collcdl,  tranflate  ai^d  diged  all  the  voyages, 
journals  and  letters  that  he  could  procure, 
which  he  publiflied  firft  in  one  volume,  1589, 
\6  which  be  afterward  added  two  others,  and 
reprinted  the  firft  in  1599,  and  1600.  He 
was  a  man  oi  indefatigable  diligence  and 
great  integrity  ;  much  in  favour  with  Qucea 
jplizabeth's  miniftry,    and    largely  converfan^ 

with 


•T 


4tf^ 


with  feamen.     He  died  in  1616,  ind  his  ma- 
nufcripts  fell  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  ParchaSb  ; 

[Wood  and  Northouck.]  ' 

A  complete  fet  of  Hakluyt's  Voyages  is  in 
the  library  of  the  MafTachufetts  Hiftorical 
Society. 

Samuel  Purchas  was  born  at  Thack- 
fteadin  EfTex,  1577,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  firft  vicar  of  Eaftwood  in 
Eflex,  then  redor  of  St.  Martin's  London. 
He  publifhed  a  folio  vplume  entitled,  Purchas 
his  Pilgrimage t  or  Relations  of  the  World  and 
the  Religions  obferved,  in  all  Ages  and  Places ^ 
&c.  The  ^/6/r^  edition  of  it,  is  dated  1617. 
When  Mr.  Hakluyt's  papers  fell  into  his  hands 
he  compiled  four  other  volumes,  which  were 
printed  1625  ;  they  are  entitled,  Purchas  his 
Pilgrims.  Part  i,  ii,  iii,  iv.  The  whole 
makes  a  fet  of  five  volumes.  They  confift 
of  journals,  letters,  narratives,  tranflations  and 
abridgements,  comprehending  all  the  travels^ 
tind  difcoveries  made  in  all  parts  of  the  world, ' 
and  are,  with  Hakluyt's  work,  the  largeft  and 
moft  authentic  coUedion  of  the  kind,  extant 
for  that  time.  By  the  publifliing  of  this  vol- 
uminous work,  Purchas  brought  himfelf  into 

debt; 


410 


V    •  in 


•  t  ■? 


debt  J  and  it  has  been  faid  that  he  dkd  in 
prifon  i  but  Northouck  fays  he  died  in 
own  houfe  in  London,  1628. 

A  complete  fct  of  Purchas's  Pilgrims  is  in 
the  library  of  Harvard  College. 


Jin  -u 


{*-• 


•  .j*i 


Hl>    f.'IV     I 


)  *♦ 


*  "  "  ERRATA.  '    - 

Page  ^.  note  ^  read — failing  tveflward  faw  ihc  f.tsrUUff  fun  on  the  right 
hand. — 3 S',  dele  the  marginal  note. — 186,  line  4,  fiom  bottom,  for  heard 
mi  herd. — 190,  line  6,  for  N|abille  read  Mobille. — 108,  note,  line  /},  for 
about,  read  a  boat. — 220,  line  4,  from  bottom,  dele  the  firft  of.  ",22,  line 
6,  after  weed  infert  in. — ^363,  line  6,  from  bottom,  read  imitate.         •  -  -  ' 


■A 


I7je 


X.  - '" 


TA<Srccr.ssioKo/SovsREi«K8e/"M«  Edropean  Natiok* 
tolio  have  had  Poss«sstOMSor  Conns  xio  Nstn  Amkrica*  ^ 
ENGLAND. 


A.    D. 

148s 

JJC9 
IS47 
«J53 

?SS« 
1603 
1615 
1648 

1653 
1658 
1660 
T685 
2688 
1694 
1701 
J714 

1727 
1760 

A.    D. 

1483 
1498 

1547 

1559 
JS6o 

1574 

^589 
1610 

1643 

1715 


Henry  VII. 
Henry  VIII 
Edward  VI. 
M«ry. 
Eiizabeth. 
James  I. 
Charles  I. 
Commonwealth. 
O.  Cromwell. 
R.  Cromwell. 
Charles  II. 
James  II. 

William  and  Mary 
William  III. 
Anne. 
George  I. 
Geoige  II. 
George  III. 


FRANCE. 
Charles  VIII. 
Lewis  XII. 
Trancis  I. 
Henry  II. 
Francis  II, 
Charles  IX. 
Henry  II» 
Henry  IV, 
Lewis  XIII, 
Lewis  XIV. 
Lewis  XV, 


.i*. 


y 


1773 
J79» 


A.    D. 
1474 


Lewis  XVI. 

Republic. 


% 


SPAIN.     *Y 

Ferdinand  V.  and  IfabellM 


-in.. 


I-  King     T 
V.  Emp.    "'.^ 


f  ■  ' 


of  SpaiQ 

and 
Portugal. 


%\ 


• 

% 

f 

Vn  • 

'    t  .  <t      *   • 

+* 

•  't  ■  a   ^  •■•  1  '   • 

.•.'•T 

S3^ 


INDEX. 


rfi; 


■^ 


.'V< 


CADIA,  its  Limits, 
Africa,  Circuinnavigaie(r, 
Aguado,  fent  to  Hifpaniola, 
America,  Peopled  in  Part  from  the  Eaft, 
■'  )  Named  from  Amerigo, 

Argal  Samuel,  his  Voyages, 
Azores,  Difcovered, 

B. 
Bchaim  Martin, 

,  Difcovers  Congo  and  Benin, 
Bifon, 

Bligh  Lieutenant,  his  Hazardous  Voyage, 
Botello,  his  Daring  Voyage  from  India  to  Lifbon, 
fiovadilla,  Superfedes  Columbus, 
Brazil,  Difcoyered, 
Breton  Cape,  Teamed, 
BjO-Ifland, 
Buzzard's  Bay  Difcovered,  .  ^ 

C. 
Cabot  John  and  Sebaftian, 
Cabral,  Difcovers  Brazil, 
Canary  Iflands  Difcovered, 

■  ■'  ,  Volcanos  in, 
Cape  Cod  Difcovered  by  Gofnold, 
— — — ,  Vifited  by  the  French  from  Acadia, 

— — — , ,  by  Hudfon, 

Carrier  James, 

Chaleur  Bay,  Difcovered, 

Champlain  Samuel, 

■  ■,  Sails  up  the  St,  Lawrence, 
•    '   '      — ,  Builds  a  Fort  at  Quebeck, 

,  Difcovers  the  Lakes, 

'— ,  Surrenders  Quebeck  to  the  Englifli,        .     . 

■■ ,  his  Death  and  Charafter,  / 

Charaibes,  Emigrants  from  the  Eaft,  ,i,  • 

Columbus  Chriflopher, 

'■■',  his  Reafons  for  Seeking  India  in  the  Weft, 
- —  ',  his  Firft  Vm-age, 

'  -,  his  Second  Voyage, 

— — ,  his  Third  Voyage,  ^c'   . 

,  his  Fourth  Voyage, 

•— ,  Wrecked  on  Jamaica, 

■^  ■  ■      ■-,  his  Death  and  Charafter, 


n. 


a»3 

7 

109 

•5 

297»3»« 
»3» 

129 

134 

,  47 

M 

«5 

28 

159 

77 
235 

28 

•a 

24 

23a 
328, 332 

-^•'  897 

159 
102 

320 

323 
34' 
342 

343 

344 
29 

.86 

90 

104 

'  ..-.••  110 

116 

119 

123»  »24 

Columbus 


INDEX. 


3*3 

7 

109 

»S 

I.  3»« 
»3» 

129 

»34 
47 
14 
*5 

"il 

159 

77 

235 

28 

«3 

24 

332 
897 

159 
162 

320 

323 
341 
342 
343 
344 
29 

86 

90 

99 

104 

110 
it6 
119 

V   »24 

us 


Columbus  Bartholomew, 
Congo,  Difcovercd, 
Croix  St.  Port  of, 

,  Ifland  of, 
Cuba,  difcovercd, 


,-> 


D.     / 

.1  ist.j.  rai 


Delaware  Bay,  difcovercd, 
Dermer  Tbomas, 
Drogio, 

Dutch,  intrude  into  the  Fur  Trade, 
I  ,  complained  of  as  Intruders, 
— — ,  pollefs  Fludfoii's  River, 

E. 
Eclipfe  Lunar,  fortunate  to  Columbus, 
Kgg,  fet  on  its  Imalleft  £nd, 
Elizabeth  Ifland, 
Eflotiland, 
Eudoxus,  his  Voyage, 


> 


Fog  Banks, 

Fortifications,  antique, 

Frifland, 

Fontede,  Stiait  of, 

Fuca  John  dc, 

— — ,  Strait  of,  defcribed. 


r. 


G. 


Galpe,  Bay  of,  difcovercd, 

Gilbert  Humphrey, 

>  ■  ■      ,  takes  poffeflion  of  Newfoundland, 

— — — ,  is  loft  at  Sea, 

Gorges  Ferdinando, 

)  his  Pcrfeverance, 
— — — ,  his  Defence  before  the  Commons, 

,  his  Complaint  againii  the  Dutch, 

,  his  Expenfe  ana  Lofs, 

,  his  Misfortunes  aad  DeatR, 

Gorges  Thomas, 

Gorges  Robert, 

Gorges  John, 

Gorges  Ferdinando,  ad. 

Golnold  Bartholomew,  his  Voyage, 

,  his  Death, 

Grenville  Richard, 

,  his  Voyage  to  Virginia, 
»  ,  his  Death, 

Greenland,  difcovercd, 
Guanahana,  difcovered, 
Cuadaloupe,  difcovered, 


4iS 

96,  107 

m 

X06 

361 

70 

387 

875 

St 

-•■•(■  '  .  •  > 

'ft 

67»  75 

s«4 

225,  228 

16a 

—  196 

soo 

S46 

853 

870 

,.-J  875 

•  879 
'  ™  3J9 

«o^  374 

390 
390 

23* 

«39 

'  ao6 

213 

221 

48 

lOl 

26,  104 

Hanae, 


*«al 


•INDEX. 

II. 


/•'? 


H»nno,  his  Voyage, 
Hifpatiiola,  (lifcovcicd, 
Homony,  defcribed, 
Hudfun  Henry, 

• 's  River,  difcovered, 

» i'.i       's  Bay,  difcovered, 

. his  Misfortunes  and  Death,  .    ""- 

Jamaica,  difcovered,  •"" 

•i— ,  Columbus  Wrecked  on, 

James-town, 

Jefuils  Introduced  to  Port  Royal, 

iodependence  of  the  Colonies  Sufpe£le4) 

K. 
Kirk.  David,  takes  Quebeck, 

*^« 

Laconia,  defcribed, 

Lane  Ralpii,  Governour  of  Virginia, 

iiBwrencc  St^  Bay  and  River  difcovered, 

'Line  of  Demarkation, 

Liflion,  Columbus  puts  in  at, 

M.  -         ■  , 

Madoc,  Prince  of  Wales, 
Maine,  Province  of| 

,  its  Plan  of  Government* 

-— ^i ,  protcfted  by  MafTachufctts,  -      .      - 

, J  purchafed  by  Maffachufetts, 

Mafon  John,  connected  with  Gorges, 
,  his  Plantation  at  Pifcataqua, 

,  his  great  Expenfe  and  Lofs, 

Maffachufetts  Colony  Eilablifhed, 

Mermaid  fcen, 

Monfoons,  known  to  the  PhenicianSj 

Mentreai,  difcovered  and  named, 

Monts  de,  '  ' , 

•— ^.,  his  Patent  for  Acadia, 

■  — — — ,  his  Fort  at  St.  Croix, 

— ,  auits  Acadia, 

JMorell  William,  ftrft  Epifcopal  Clergyman  in  New  England 

N. 
fNecho,  his  Voyage  round  Africa,  "       "  '  ' 

'Newfoundland,  difcovered,  .'' 

*< ,  its  Productions, 

' ; ,  State  of  its  Fifhery, 

' J  Poireffed  by  the  Englifh, 

Newport  Chriiiopher,  his  Voyages, 


•4 

21t 

394 

399 
404 

406 

106 
119 

255 
340 
38 1 

343 

376" 
214 
163 
103 

»39 

?• 
385 

386 

390 
392 

37^ 

378 

379 
3^0 

39^ 

172 
320 

323 
320 
339 
368 


>97 

200 

973,  288 
Norombega, 


INDEX. 

Norombega, 

Normans,  their  Navigation, 

O. 
Opecankanow,  Kingof  Pamaunky, 
Ovando,  Governour  of  Hifpaniola, 
,  his  Cruelty  to  Columbus, 

T*aria,  Gulf  of,  difcovered, 

'Piaul  the  Phyfician,  his  Letters  to  Columbu% 

Peftilence  among  the  Indians, 

'Phenicians,  the  F irll  Navigators, 

;-  ■  .         ,  conflruftion  of  iheir  Ships, 

— — — ,  their  Mercantile  Jealouly, 

Plymouth,  Council  of,  EUabliQied, 

— ,  embarralTed 

— ,  diflblved, 

■^ ,  Colony  EQabllflicd, 

'^Pocahontas,  £aves  Captain  Smith, 

•— — — ,  entertains  him  with  a  Dance, 

'■-  '  ,  reveals  her  father's  Treachery, 

•i- ,  her  Voyage  to  England, 

-^ ,  her  Death, 

^t'orland, 

•Port  Royal,  Plantation  at, 

Poulrincourt,  .ai; 

'Powhatan, 


■*^ 


-,  his  Coronation, 


'Quebeck,  named, 

,  Fort  built, 

•_^u_- — J  taken  by  the  Englifli, 
,  reflored  to  the  Franeh, 

'Raleigh  Walter, 

■ ,  his  D«atb, 

Roanoke,  difcovered, 
Roldan,  his  Mutiny, 


Q. 


R. 


S. 
Sable,  Ifland,  flocked  with  Cattle, 

— ,  conviQs  landed  at, 

Sagadahock,  Colony  at, 
Scurvy,  Remedy  for, 
Skralinffs, 
Smith  John, 

,  his  Encounter  with  the  Turks, 

' ,  fold  as  a  Slave, 

—————,  his  Efcape, 


328 
47 

119,  ^^l 

110 
141,  »47 

383 
384 

«,  365 
270 
284 

307 
310 

81 

325 
320 

256 

887 

323 
34» 
343 
344 

206 
sat 
«o8 

112 

209,  204 

321 

350 
176 

51 
240 
247 

a49 
250 
Smith 


» 


'♦' 


I-,     « 


4»6 


INDEX. 


£mitb  JoHhj  his  Voyage  to  South  Virginia, 

.— — • )  taken  by  the  Indians, 

',  faved  by  Pocahontas, 
•————,  rcleafed,  ^ 

,  his  Difcoverics,  _     \ 

'  ,  made  Prefident  of  Virginia, 

,  his  Fame  among  the  Indians, 

— ^ ,  his  Singular  Difcipline, 

I   "    , . i  his  Retarn  to  England, 

"■  )  "  "  ,  his  VoJ'age  to  North  Virginia, 

■    *     •  •        ,  his  Writings,  ,. 

'— > ,  his  Dfcath, 

Soto  Ferdinando  de,  his  Adventures  in  Florida, 
,  his  De'iith,      >  ; 


Tobacco  firft  known, 

— ,  carried  to  England, 

Trinidad,  Ifland  difcovered. 


*§3 
265 

270 

271 
277,  zoo 

281 

294 

290, 296 
303 

i .  305 

.»  ,  3»5 

__  3i9 

185 

?9a 


V. 


Vineyard  Martha  s,  difcovered 
irgmia  name(|, 

«--j ,  its  Topography  by  Herlof, 

*•«!  •<  '  ■■  ,  firft  Child  born  in, 

j-^- ,  Company,  their  Miftakes, 

V- ^  fecond  Patent,  ' 

— *- ,  divided  into  North  and  South, 

W. 
^White  John,  Governour  of  Virginia,  ' 
Winland,  difcovered, 

X. 
IXerxes,  his  order*  to  fail  round  Africa, 

Z. 
2«no, 
ZoBes,  Do£lrine  oft 


.,\ 


173 

22a 

110 

«34 

212 

si8 
srSfi,  289 

300 
.      348 

217 

S,  19 

67 
»7 


, 

£;ti 

. 

1  ■j'^ 

-ifc 

\ 

ye*! 

f 

!^.    ' 

1% 

v  9 

s 

(.■  e 

END  OF  VOL.   I, 


i .  *. 


265 

270 

Z'Jt 

281 

294 
,  296 

303 
305 
316 

3«9 
185 

?9a 
»73 

223 
110 

«34 

212 

si8 

,289 

300 
348 

217 
5« 

>#  »9 
67 


